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1 法律系碩士班碩士論文 指導教授 : 孫迺翊 博士 適足居住權於我司法裁判之 建構與落實 The Establishment and Fulfillment of the Right to Adequate Housing in Judiciary in Taiwan 研究生 : 陳姵妤 撰 中華民一〇六年二月二十三日

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5 謝辭 在論文寫到中後段時, 心裡時常冒出謝辭的內容, 或許是因為很想快點結束這場惡夢 ; 沒想到現在真的寫完 要離開校了, 想著謝辭二字卻是千頭萬緒, 不知從何下筆 當初進研究所前, 總是擔心自己怎麼可能有辦法寫出篇幅上百頁的論文 ( 愛幻想 焦慮無謂的事的老毛病 ), 可是我真的做到了 ~ 而且這本論文還有點厚! 回頭想想還是覺得一切都不真實的很不可思議 一年多的寫作時間真的可以用髮蒼蒼視茫茫來形容, 中間還經歷了長達幾個月的健康危機, 加上不時的卡關, 說這本論文是目前順遂人生中最的挫折, 一點也不為過 但其實能不負任何義務地享有這樣長的一段時間深入研究有興趣的議題, 真的是非常幸福的事情, 也絕對是會讓即將進 入職場的我懷念不已的 雖然在就讀這漫長的一千多個日子裡, 總有一些負面情緒和不開心的往事, 但我從不感到後悔, 因為來到這裡讓我認識了好多很棒的人 經歷過好多畢生難忘 的回憶 首先最要感謝的就是迺翊老師了! 那時做申請的備審資料時很斗膽的以老 師的文章為基礎, 再自己天馬行空的延伸, 開啟了和老師認識的機緣 雖然碩一修完二代保險的課後就被嚇跑, 但還是因為很喜歡老師, 繼續跟在屁股後面做了幾堂課的教助理和科技部計畫助理 到現在都還記得那個被一群人拱去拜託老師收我 當指導生 心臟乒砰跳緊張兮兮的下午, 老師竟然一口就答應了, 聽到當時想寫土地徵收的提議還哀嚎一聲, 趴在桌上說我會加油 自此之後, 就展開了一段老師和生之間相互折磨的過程 即便每次論文討論會回來, 通篇內容都被改的亂七八糟, 哀怨到不行, 但如果沒有老師, 我現在應該還是一團不成形的爛泥 老師有著非常深厚的功力和非常神奇的魔力, 瞄幾眼就能找出我思考的盲點或認知的錯誤, 再給予精闢評價 ; 在撰寫論文的過程中, 對於老師縝密的邏輯和清晰的思路更是非常佩服, 不敢說到了多少, 但從每一次的討論會中真的獲益良多 除了做研究的態度外, 老師的待人處事對我也有非常深刻的影響, 讓我過去衝動不經腦的個性收斂不少, 也時刻提醒自己為人正直 思慮周全的重要性 ; 而不論再忙再累再崩潰, 老師總會耐著性子陪我們熬過漫長的討論會, 身體力行認真負責的做事風格, 是常常遇事就想逃跑的我的好榜樣 就要畢業 不能繼續糾纏老師了, 真是捨不得啊 ~ i

6 老師您要健健康康的喔! 再來就是兩位辛苦的口試老師 : 傅玲靜老師和廖福特老師 有幸在傅老師剛進時就擔任幾次老師的助理, 私底下體會老師如同媽媽一樣的溫暖 ( 還有許多好吃的點心 ), 每次有問題前去討論時, 老師總會不厭其煩, 很有耐心的花好幾個小時循循善誘, 讓你問到滿足為止 口試前雖然耳聞老師嚴厲的術風格, 但口試當天老師仍以一貫熟悉的溫柔提點我許多應該改正的錯誤, 真的有點受寵若驚, 非常感謝老師的提攜和包容! 廖老師則是我在北時的際公法老師, 當時就充分體會到老師使生硬的課程變得生動有趣的舞台魅力 ; 從德交換生回台後瀕臨破產, 因緣際會下擔任老師在中研院的兼任助理工作, 得以請老師指點論文方向, 也因此得到邀請老師擔任口試委員的機會 老師在幽默風趣的談吐中精準指出我論文的缺失, 並且不吝嗇地給予鼓勵, 讓我在懷疑中重拾對自己的論文信心, 真的十分感恩 多 虧口試老師們的力協助, 才能讓我的論文有更佳的呈現, 雖然礙於時間壓力無法 把所有缺失修改的盡善盡美, 但老師們的指點已經銘記在心, 成為可以讓我受用一 輩子的珍貴資產 也要感謝其他公法中心的老師 : 定基老師 詹老師 秦雯老師 元豪老師 佳和老師和貞如老師, 修習老師們開設的課程總是收穫滿滿, 更謝謝老師們對我擔 任公法中心總幹時的各種莽撞行事給予無盡包容 感謝黃程貫老師, 非常喜歡老師的德文課程, 還有超級逗趣的笑聲 謝謝顏玉明老師, 總是如此親切和藹 謝謝孫門會的家, 每個月陪我度過難熬的討論會時光, 尤其是親愛的璧竹, 我們擔任對方的與談人 一年來互吐苦水 一起崩潰 再一起振作, 很開心我們能夠攜手從頭走到終點, 完成這項艱鉅的任務, 如果沒有妳還真不知道該怎麼辦 還有晁綱, 每次跟你討論問題都會讓我覺得自己笨的想鑽洞, 謝謝你總是願意花一堆時間在電話中替我解惑, 如果我的論文有因此看起來更像個樣子, 那都是因為你的功勞 感謝沛君姊, 總是很溫柔又直指核心的點出我論文的問題, 還多次與我分享重要文獻 感謝公法中心的軍志 之昱 以璇 念儂 奕安 雪梅 幸彤 長江 鍾安 明勳 紹萱 怡禎等長姐 凌亞 王井 蘑菇 娙妤 宜璇 QN 小艾 品嘉 黃柏 還有欣佑 肉包 明忠 老車 逸豪 小夫 威廷 哲瑋 懷慶, 好懷念碩一碩二常常可以聚在一起吃飯聊天打屁的時光, 研究所生涯好幸運有你們在 也很開心可以認識毛毛 老許 小龜 阿樂 小 mu 彥霖 星翰 儉忠 子靖 秉 ii

7 坤龍, 還有其他好多好多人, 謝謝你們豐富我的研究所生活 讓我不害怕念法律甚至有興趣繼續攻讀研究所, 必須歸功於啟蒙我公法習的文郁老師和銘輝老師 文郁老師可愛又親切, 三修行救濟法時總是在下課時間讓我天南地北的問問題 ; 銘輝老師則是在我四時加入北, 很幸運的能在考研究所前旁聽老師精彩的憲法課, 讓憲法習更扎實 當時甚至唐突的請素昧平生的銘輝老師替我和雅竣模擬口試, 老師不僅爽快地一口答應, 抽空為我們練習, 也給予許多實用的建議 即使畢業多年, 遇到兩位老師時仍會得到非常溫暖的關心 而我之所以有幸成為的生, 最不能忘記的就是三位辛苦帶領公法特戰部隊的長 : 黑 阿邊和啟瑞了! 讀書會的經費少之又少, 長們卻願意耗費無數心血與時間在我們這群非親非故的弟妹身上, 甚至常常自掏腰包為我們影印補充資料 忍受我各種無厘頭的提問, 還要批改我鄉民見解般的考卷 當時的講義還有 看了會笑的考試本都還好好的收藏在我的書櫃裡, 那段時光真的非常令人懷念而 且眷戀! 短短幾行字無法表達對你們的感謝, 沒有你們就不會有今天這本論文了, 謝謝你們的無私付出, 但願將來的自己也有這樣提攜他人的能力 也要謝謝特戰部 隊的每一個夥伴, 特別感謝亞蒨一直以來的協助與鼓勵, 還有摯友雅竣和強, 和你 們一起窩在四樓桌子苦讀 看函授 討論問題, 是我這輩子唸書最用功也最快樂 的日子 謝謝北每個同和長姐, 尤其是 97 級司法組和最愛的北法律男籃家庭, 給我太開心溫暖的四年, 讓我有熱情繼續走法律這條路 謝謝第 24 期第 5 梯第 5 組的律訓夥伴們, 讓我得以暫時從論文的煩躁中逃脫 謝謝孝宇 靖儀 Johnson Seven Joshua, 還有其他陪我度過永生難忘的交換生生活的朋友們 謝謝吳俊達律師, 對從事律師工作很沒自信的我給予許多鼓勵, 讓我有勇氣繼續嘗試 謝謝 Emma 杜彥萱 小喵 雅竣 侶揚 家聿 憲安 香玉 胡起綺 何憲 肥任 杜昭 黃翊恆 小奈 駱駝楓 一智 族繁不及備載, 雖然我是個不太會主動聯絡朋友的人, 但謝謝你們一直都在 特別感謝我的家人 : 謝謝爸爸 媽媽給我一個適足到不行 最舒適溫暖的家, 讓我從小到總是衣食無虞 ; 這幾年當米蟲的日子雖然偶有爭執, 但還是給予最的愛 包容和支持, 如果沒有你們, 我不可能這樣毫無後顧之憂地做自己想做的事 iii

8 謝謝姐, 不管我幾歲了還是把我當小妹妹般的疼在手心, 並且在求職或任何人生的疑難雜症上提供我最多的協助和鼓勵 謝謝叡, 同為念法律的一員常可以和你討教旁人冷感到不行的話題 謝謝宗, 雖然你真的很吵鬧, 還一直在論文根本沒寫完時就三不五時要檢查我有沒有在謝辭裡感謝你, 但你還是常讓我霸佔的電腦螢幕舒緩眼睛的不適, 甘溫啦 謝謝阿嬤和爺爺, 從小就對我們如此溺愛, 要保持身體健康喔 ~ 謝謝如同第二個媽媽的阿姨, 也是這麼的寵我 謝謝一起玩耍 最多才多藝的曉儒 謝謝總會指點我各種身心靈修養 待人接物態度的舅舅 謝謝哲瑋陪我上山下海, 滿足我的各種綺夢幻想, 不論開心難過, 你總是在身邊陪伴 最後, 希望這本論文的小小研究成果能夠幫助到這塊土地上曾經 正在 或者可能面臨迫遷威脅的人們, 謝謝你們的犧牲讓我們看見問題 期許臺灣真的有朝一 日成為人人都能安居樂業的美麗之島 在小小的書房裡 iv

9 摘要 我已於 2009 年透過制定施行法的方式將兩公約內法化, 正式引進適足居住權, 然而多年來嚴重違反本權利要求的迫遷案件依然不斷上演, 衝擊人民基本權利與臺灣在際社會上的人權信用甚鉅 由於司法部門係確認適足居住權定位並確保其實踐的關鍵角色, 本文乃以居住議題相關的司法裁判為核心, 探討在我究應如何透過司法途徑建構及落實適足居住權 經爬梳聯合針對此議題作成的權威文件, 本文整理出適足居住權的形成 發展 監督落實機制 內涵 以及締約應負擔的家義務等內容, 勾勒出對我而言尚屬陌生的適足居住權形貌 在我採取接納說的一元論架構下, 兩公約於經批 准後即容納為我法律體系的一部, 其規範效力並非取決於 兩公約施行法 ; 屬強 行際法性質的人權條款具有憲法位階的高度, 其餘則為法律位階, 並得在系爭人 權規定提升為基本人權層級後, 與包含一般性意見在內的際人權文件共同作為具 體明確的違憲審查指標 而為了盡可能消弭經社文公約上的適足居住權規定與我 憲法基本權間的落差, 本文檢驗了若干基本權條款, 認為居住自由 遷徙自由 生 存權 財產權 文化權及環境權可共同承接適足居住權的內涵, 使適足居住權得以 提升至憲法位階, 作為一項獨的基本權, 並指出過往與居住議題相關的法官解 釋審查依據應有疏漏 確憲法層次的適足居住權後, 本文全面檢視我涉及適足居住權的裁判並深入分析其中六則個案, 嘗試歸納我司法部門看待及操作適足居住權的模式, 再指出引進適足居住權的意義 適足居住權不因屬經社文權利即不具備可司法性, 司法者毋寧應於審理裁判時妥適運用合憲 合公約的法律解釋方法, 甚至在系爭個案 為消極抵禦侵害 不涉有賴法與行兩部門定奪的資源分配事宜時, 賦予公約條文直接適用的可能性 若衝突明確, 無法透過解釋方式排除內法律與公約牴觸的疑義, 法官在釋憲時亦應充分衡量適足居住權的各該憲法規範依據 本文最後並提醒, 部門同樣必須承擔實踐適足居住權的家義務, 不論是與居住相關的法令及行措施的檢討改進 抑或策及法令的制定, 均有待其積極作為, 始能在實害發生前即充分滿足適足居住權的保障, 避免事後救濟的緩不濟急 關鍵詞 : 適足居住權 迫遷 經濟社會文化權利際公約 兩公約 兩公約施行法 內法化 可司法性 合公約解釋 自動履行 直接適用 基本權第三人 效力 v

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25 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR 2 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ICESCR Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR International Bill of Human Rights The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, CESCR. 1 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with art Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with art Adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) in Paris on 10 December ICESCR art. 11(1): The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions. 1

26 4 7 ( socio-economic rights 7 8 eviction Lilian Chenwi, Putting flesh on the skeleton: South African judicial enforcement of the right to adequate housing of those subject to evictions, 8 HRLR 105, (2008); ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 1, 7 (1992). 8 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33: Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2 (2008), available at 9 Joël Audefroy, Eviction trends worldwide and the role of local authorities in implementing the right to housing, Vol. 6, No. 1 E&U 8, 10 (1994). 10 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Fact Sheet No. 25: Forced Evictions 1 (Rev. 1, 2014), available at 11 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, supra note 10, at

27 ) 7% 1913 Natives Land Act, Group Areas Act, Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, ISIS 170 TVBS Joël Audefroy, supra note 9, at

28 ) % % % %

29 ) ) ^

30 6

31 right to adequate housing the right to adequate standard of housing , , 2, 5,

32 ( adequate Oxford Dictionary satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity ) Definition of adequate in English, Oxford Dictionaries, (last visited Aug. 16, 2015). 8

33 ( housing 10 adequate 3 right to adequate housing right to housing / housing right 43 forced eviction 3 removal Habitat International Coalition, HIC 44 HIC-tionary of Key Habitat Terms forced removal 45 squattersforced eviction forced removal 43 right to housing housing right JESSIE HOHMANN, THE RIGHT TO HOUSING: LAW, CONCEPTS, POSSIBILITIES 5-7 (2013) First United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Habitat I HIC Forced removal: refers to various forms of coercive and often-violent displacement of persons from their habitation or residence. HIC-tionary of Key Habitat Terms, available at 9

34 46 eviction 47 3 ( 3 juridicité juridicity 48 justicability 49 justicability Eviction: The act or process of evicting; or state of being evicted Removal of a tenant from rental property by a law enforcement officer following the landlord s successful lawsuit ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 10 (1998), available at 12_1998_24_3756_C.doc. 10

35 Fact Sheets 53 ( 51 )

36 (

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39 Bill of Rights Karel Vasak A 30-year struggle the second generation of human rights Theodoor C. van Boven, Distinguishing Criteria of Human Rights, in THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 43, 49 (Karel Vasak ed., 1982) Imre Szabo, Historical Foundations of Human Rights and Subsequent Developments, in THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 11, 19 (Karel Vasak ed., 1982). 4 rights of solidarity Karel Vasak, A 30-Year Struggle the Sustained Efforts to Give Force of Law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, NOVEMBER 1977 THE UNESCO COURIER 29, 29 (1977). 5 Kristen David Adams, Do We Need a Right to Housing?, 9 NEV. L.J. 275, (2009). 15

40 ILO Recommendation 155 Concerning Workers Housing Scott Leckie, The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Right to Adequate Housing: Towards an Appropriate Approach, 11, HUM. RTS. Q. 522, (1989) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR American Convention on Human Rights, ACHR African Charter on Human and People s Rights, ACHPR 16

41 habitual residence 9 post-war human rights programme 1941 four freedoms freedom of speech and expression freedom of worship freedom from want freedom from fear International Magna Carta Matthew Craven, History, Pre-History and the Right to Housing in International Law, in NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON HOUSING RIGHTS 43, (Scott Leckie ed., 2003). 10 economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world. 11 Craven, supra note 9 in this chapter, at 43, Loc. cit. 13 UDHR art. 25 (1): Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including housing UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, HOUSING RIGHTS LEGISLATION REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 1-2 (2002). 17

42 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ICERD treaty, covenant, convention SCOTT LECKIE, FROM HOUSING NEEDS TO HOUSING RIGHTS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 7 (1992). 17 UN Doc. A/RES/429(V) (1950) ICERD (5) (iii)

43 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, ICMW Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, CRPD ) Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, CAT racist pogrom 22 CEDAW CRC ICMW UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at CRPD

44 ( Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR American Convention on Human Rights, ACHR 33 Right to respect for private and family life Hajrizi Dzemajl et al v. Serbia and Montenegro, CAT/C/29/D/161/2000 (2002). Roma, 2006 CAT JESSIE HOHMANN, THE RIGHT TO HOUSING: LAW, CONCEPTS, POSSIBILITIES (2013) Hajrizi Dzemajl et al v. Serbia and Montenegro, CAT/C/29/D/161/2000, para. 9.2 (2002). 29 ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 1 (1992). 30 ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 4 (1997). 31 ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 9 (1992). 32 LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at ACHR art. 21. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ECHR art. 8. HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at

45 35 ( 1986 Declaration on the Right to Development Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements ) Guidelines for Action , , United Nations Commission on Human Settlements3United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT 3United Nations Centre for Human Settlements UN-HABITAT LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at Adequate shelter and services are a basic human right which places an obligation on Governments to ensure their attainment by all people, beginning with direct assistance to the least advantaged through guided programmes of self-help and community action. Governments should endeavour to remove all impediments hindering attainments of these goals. 21

46 ) HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at

47 45 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN charter-based mechanism Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR treaty-based mechanism 49 3 Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC / ASEAN Community ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, ASCC Charter of the United Nations art. 1: promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion

48 United Nations Human Rights Council, UNHRC High Commissioner for Human Rights 1947 attorney-general for human rights / UN Doc. A/RES/60/251 (2006); a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly ) OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, WORKING WITH THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS PROGRAMME A HANDBOOK FOR CIVIL SOCIETY 75 (Rev. 1, 2008) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, VDPA3Increased coordination on human rights within the United Nations system 18 The World Conference on Human Rights recommends to the General Assembly that when examining the report of the Conference at its forty-eighth session, it begin, as a matter of priority, consideration of the question of the establishment of a High Commissioner for Human Rights for the promotion and protection of all human rights. UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (1993). 57 UN Doc. A/RES/48/141 (1993) , UN Doc. E/RES/1985/17 (1985). 24

49 United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT Sessional Working Group

50 state reporting 2. general comments general recommendations 3. communications or petitions 4. conduct inquiries equitable geographical distributionto 63 3 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ICERD International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ICESCRConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, CAT Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, ICMW International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, CPED Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, CRPD optional protocol treaty bodies Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Human Rights Committee Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Committee against Torture Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on Migrant Workers Committee on Enforced Disappearances Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33: Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 35 (2008), available at , 34 26

51 the representation of different forms of social and legal systems / ) 70 ( 66 UN Doc. E/RES/1985/17 (1985). 67 The Committee shall submit to the Council a report on its activities, including a summary of its consideration of the reports submitted by States parties to the Covenant, and shall make suggestions and recommendations of a general nature on the basis of its consideration of those reports and of the reports submitted by the specialized agencies, in order to assist the Council to fulfil, in particular, its responsibilities under articles 21 and 22 of the Covenant initial state report periodical report

52 concluding observation chronological order the initial review function the monitoring functionthe policy formulation function the public scrutiny function the evaluation function the function of acknowledging problemsthe information exchange function 1 OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS & UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH, MANUAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTING: UNDER SIX MAJOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS (Rev. 1, 1997); ICESCR, General Comment No. 1, para. 2-9 (1989) pre-sessional working group list of questions Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 16: The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 16 (Rev. 1, 2001), available at reporting guideline common core document treaty-specific document UN Doc. E/C. 12/2008/2 (2009). 76 Indicate: The measures taken to ensure access to adequate and affordable housing with legal security of tenure for everyone, irrespective of income or access to economic resources. 77 Indicate the legislative and other measures in place to ensure that housing is not built on polluted sites or in immediate proximity of pollution sources that threaten the health of inhabitants. 78 Indicate whether there are any disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, such as ethnic minorities, who are particularly affected by forced evictions and the measures taken to ensure that no form of discrimination is involved whenever evictions take place 28

53 ( Indicate the number of persons and families evicted within the last five years and the legal provisions defining the circumstances in which evictions may take place and the rights of tenants to security of tenure and protection from eviction

54 recommendations of a general nature general UN Doc. E/RES/1987/5 (1987);

55 Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year Agenda Habitat Agenda 97 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, VDPA ( 〇 ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 2, 10, 12, 15 (1992) / / UN Doc. A/RES/42/191 (1987), A/RES/43/181 (1988). 95 ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8 (1992) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UNCED. 3 Earth Summit Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Habitat II adequate shelter for allsustainable human settlements development in an urbanizing worldun Doc. A/CONF.165/14 (1996) UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (1993)

56 ICERD 5(e)(iii) 99 ( The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, VCLT ) the right to housing , Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art. 1; Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 7: Individual Complaint Procedures Under the United Nations Human Rights Treaties 3, 21 (Rev. 2, 2013), available at 32

57 complaint, communication petition admissibility stage 107 merits stage friendly settlement interim measure 110 ( ill-treatment intimidation Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 103 ) Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 102 in this chapter, at admissibility Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art. 4; Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 102 in this chapter, at follow upoptional Protocol to the ICESCR art. 6, 8, 9; Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 102 in this chapter, at Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 102 in this chapter, at Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art Optional Protocol to the ICESCR art. 13; Office of The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 102 in this chapter, at

58 Social Forum Forum on Minority Issues Special Procedures Complaint Procedure Universal Periodic Review, UPR mandate-holders 117 country- 112 UN Doc. A/RES/63/117 (2009) UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/5/1 (2007), A/HRC/RES/16/21 (2011). special rapporteur independent experts special representative working groups

59 specific thematic /9 120 The Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to nondiscrimination in the context, country visitcommunications Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 64 in this chapter, at UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2000/9 (2000). 121 UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/51 (2001) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 64 in this chapter, at ( the complaint procedure of the Human Rights Council individual complaints under the international human rights treaties OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at

60 the complaint procedure of the Human Rights Council working group on communications 127 working group on situations initial screening UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/5/1 (2007); OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at Human Rights Council Advisory Committee OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at

61 132 interactive dialogue 3 cooperative mechanism 3 universality indivisibility interdependenceinterrelatedness stakeholder / OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at 140; OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at UPR Working Group OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at ; ( adopt (follow-up OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at

62 Under-Secretary-General OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 55 in this chapter, at UPR-INFO , Navanethem Pillay /268 UN Doc. A/RES/68/268 (2014);

63 urban legislation, land and governanceurban planning and design urban basic services housing and slum upgrading % UN Doc. A/RES/56/206 (2002). 151 UN-HABITAT UN-HABITAT UN-HABITAT

64 /6 International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning 50% UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME, INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES ON URBAN AND TERRITORIAL PLANNING 1, 8-30 (2015) OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS & UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH, supra note 72 in this chapter, at

65 information groups local human rights committees Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions Paris Principles (1) (2) (3) OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS: HISTORY, PRINCIPLES, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 7 (Rev. 1, 2010). 158 UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1992/54 (1992); OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 157, at UN Doc. A/RES/48/134 (1993); OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 157, at OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 157, at

66 National human rights institutions, NHRIs 165 ) nongovernmental organization NGO national human rights commission OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 157, at 13. National human rights institutions are State bodies with a constitutional and/or legislative mandate to protect and promote human rights. They are part of the State apparatus and are funded by the State. 166 OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 157, at

67 ) Ombudsman(

68 ( ( NGO 177 NGO 178 NGO NGO ,

69 179 NGO 180 shadow report NGO NGO NGO NGO LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at counter report AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, HOLDING GOVERNMENT TO ACCOUNT A GUIDE TO SHADOW REPORTING ON ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 1, 4, 7-9 (2014);

70 186 NGO ) 3 11 (

71 NGO NGO NGO HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at

72 legal security of tenure 196 lease owner-occupation emergency housing 197 informal settlement ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 7 (1992). 196 legal security of tenure Oxford English Dictionary tenure the action or fact of holding a tenement the action or fact of holding anything material or non-material; hold upon something; maintaining a hold; occupation tenure ) tenure 3 Definition of tenure in English, Oxford English Dictionary, (last visited Sep. 12, 2016). 197 A community or group of households within a recognisable boundary which do not have legal title to the homes in which they live nor to the land which they occupy. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, MONITORING HOUSING RIGHTS: DEVELOPING A SET OF INDICATORS TO MONITOR THE FULL AND PROGRESSIVE REALISATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING 62 (2003) ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(a) (1992). 48

73 199 availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure affordability habitability 199 HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(b) (1992). 201 HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(c) (1992). 49

74 203 World Health Organization, WHO Health Principles of Housing accessibility HIV ( 207 right to land 203 HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at WHO 1989 ( 205 ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(d) (1992). 206 Leilani Farha, Is There a Woman in the House? Re/conceiving the Human Right to Housing 14 CAN. J. WOMEN & L. 118, 129 (2002). 207 ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(e) (1992). 50

75 208 location 209 resettlement cultural adequacy universality cookie-cutter HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(f) (1992). 210 HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 8(g) (1992). 213 HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at HOHMANN, supra note 27 in this chapter, at

76 Commission on Human Rights 1993/ ) indivisible interdependent interrelated Affirms that the practice of forced eviction constitutes a gross violation of human rights, in particular the right to adequate housing. UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1993/77 (1993). 216 ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 1 (1997). 217 UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/48 (2004). 218 the permanent or temporary removal against their will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection. ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 3 (1997) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Fact Sheet No. 25: Forced Evictions 3 (Rev. 1, 2014), available at Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, para. 5 (1993). 222 ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 4 (1997); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, supra note 220 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 10 (1997). 52

77 224 prima facie UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/48 para ; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, supra note 220 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 1 (1997) prima facie prima facie ) 226 The prohibition on forced evictions does not, however, apply to evictions carried out by force in accordance with the law and in conformity with the provisions of the International Covenants on Human Rights. ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 3 (1997). 227 ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 11 (1997) Undertaking major clearance operations only when conservation and rehabilitation are not feasible and relocation measures are made. United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, The Vancouver Action Plan: 64 Recommendations for National Action, part B.8, para. c(ii) (1976). 230 ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 11, 13, 14 (1997) ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 14 (1997). 53

78 Housing and Land Rights Network, HLRN 233 Loss Matrix Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacement, ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 15 (1997). 233 MBA UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/48, para. 68 (2004). 235 ICESCR, General Comment No. 7, para. 16 (1997); Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 43 (2007). 236 Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18 (2007). Miloon Kothari

79 The circumstances of forced evictions linked to development and infrastructure projects seldom allow for restitution and return. Nevertheless, when circumstances allow, States should prioritize these rights of all persons, groups and communities subjected to forced evictions. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 64 (2007). 238 When return is possible or adequate resettlement in conformity with these guidelines is not provided, the competent authorities should establish conditions and provide the means, including financial, for voluntary return in safety and security, and with dignity, to homes or places of habitual residence. Responsible authorities should facilitate the reintegration of returned persons and exert efforts to ensure the full participation of affected persons, groups and communities in the planning and management of return processes. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 65 (2007)

80 ) LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at

81 ( right to food Gross National Product, GNP WTO LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at

82 take steps 250 all appropriate means ( courts are generally already involved in a considerable range of matters which have important resource implications ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 1 (1991); ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 1 (1991); ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 2 (1991). 251 ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 3 (1991). 252 ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 5 (1991). 253 ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 10 (1998);

83 achieving progressively to the maximum of its available resources ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 9 (1991) ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 14 (1991). 59

84 minimum core obligation ( ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 10 (1991). 261 ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 10 (1991). 262 even where the available resources are demonstrably inadequate, the obligation remains for a State party to strive to ensure the widest possible enjoyment of the relevant rights under the prevailing circumstances. ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 11 (1991). 263 ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 11 (1991) UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at ) UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at 22-23; (

85 1. recognize/ respect slum squatter settlement protect Human Rights Committee fulfil/ ensure 273 supplementary UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at 22; LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at 65; UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at 22; ICCPR, General Comment No. 31, para. 8 (2004). 273 UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at 23-24; LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at

86 4. promote 275 ( ) immediate cross-cutting 280 formal discrimination substantive discrimination 281 affirmative action LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 20, para. 2 (2009). 280 ICESCR, General Comment No. 20, para. 7 (2009). 281 ICESCR, General Comment No. 20, para (2009). 282 ICESCR, General Comment No. 20, para. 8-9 (2009). 62

87 informal settlement other status place of residence NGO ( goods and chattels 285 ICESCR, General Comment No. 20, para. 25 (2009). 286 A community or group of households within a recognisable boundary which have legal title to the homes in which they live and the land which they occupy. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 197 in this chapter, at ICESCR, General Comment No. 20, para. 34 (2009)

88 3 ) 64

89 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33: Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 7 (2008), available at 2 Imre Szabo, Historical Foundations of human rights and subsequent developments, in THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 29 (Karel Vasak ed., 1982). 65

90 3 International Covenant on Human Rights enforceableabsolute Covenant treaty, convention Whereas the Covenant should be drawn up in the spirit and based on the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Whereas the Universal Declaration regards man as a person, to whom civic and political freedoms as well as economic, social and cultural rights indubitably belong the enjoyment of civic and political freedoms and of economic, social and cultural rights are interconnected and interdependent when deprived of economic, social and cultural rights, man does not represent the human person whom the Universal Declaration regards as the ideal of the free man. UN Doc. A/RES/421(V)E (1950). 5 Theodoor C. van Boven, Distinguishing criteria of human rights, in THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Karel Vasak ed., 1982) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 1 in this chapter, at 9. 8 UN Doc. A/RES/ 543(VI) (1952). 66

91 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 1 in this chapter, at Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, supra note 1 in this chapter, at 8-10; JESSIE HOHMANN, THE RIGHT TO HOUSING: LAW, CONCEPTS, POSSIBILITIES 7-10 (2013) UN Doc. A/RES/2758(XXVI) (1971). 67

92 )

93 international conventions international customthe general principles of law judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations 24 Carlos Manuel Vázquez, The Four Doctrines of Self-Executing Treaties, 89 AM. J. INT L L. 695, 700 (1995). 25 municipal law

94 monism dualism MOJ-LAC David Sloss, Domestic Application of Treaties, in THE OXFORD GUIDE TO TREATIES 367, (Duncan B. Hollis ed., 2012)

95 theory of incorporation ) 39 theory of transformation ( Sloss, supra note 32 in this chapter, at 367, Sloss, supra note 32 in this chapter, at 367, ;

96 Sloss, supra note 32 in this chapter, at 367, ;

97 45 46 ) ( 〇 〇

98

99 ( )

100 jus cogens ( peremptory norm of general international law accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character observance of human rights

101 64 65 customary international law 66 gross violations of internationally recognized human rights ( (

102

103 ) )

104 ) ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 3 (1998). 80

105 ) 2 81

106 82

107 convergence (

108

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113 Der tatsächlich berechtigte Benutzer ) 〇

114

115 34 ) pdf 91

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119 Untermaßverbot

120 )

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122 59 accumulated material heritage of humankind creative process a system of values and practices of a specific cultural group 60 3 ) 3 61 BildungWissenschaft Kunst Religion kulturelle Grundrechte Evangelia Psychogiopoulou, Accessing Culture at the EU Level: An Indirect Contribution to Cultural Rights Protection?, in CULTURAL HUMAN RIGHTS 223, 223 (Francesco Francioni & Martin Scheinin eds., 2008);

123 62 ) the protection of the objective elements (or output) of culture cultural diversity ( Enikő Horváth, Cultural Identity and Legal Status: or, the Return of the Right to Have (Particular) Rights, in CULTURAL HUMAN RIGHTS 169, (Francesco Francioni & Martin Scheinin eds., 2008); Yvonne Donders, A Right to Cultural Identity in UNESCO, in CULTURAL HUMAN RIGHTS 317, 318 (Francesco Francioni & Martin Scheinin eds., 2008)

124 )

125 3 Leilani Farha ) 〇 71 UN Doc. A/70/270. Just as cities can become the nests for new and innovative advances in architecture, culture, education and economic growth, they can also become generators of new, vibrant and inclusive exchanges of ideas and information about realizing rights. While the pluralism and diversity found in many cities can be a source of significant conflict and lead to exclusion and violations of human rights, they can also nourish a human rights-friendly culture. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of new and dynamic human rights movements in cities. It is essential to engage with social movements and urban communities, as they can drive and nurture commitments to the right to adequate housing. 101

126 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm Conference Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Stockholm Declaration 1 Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. 3 United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP(

127 ) Abwehrfunktion das Individuum

128 ) (

129 Schutzergänzungsfunktion Convention on the Rights of the Child ,

130 )

131 3 (

132 15 91 ) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa art. 26: 1. Everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing. 2. The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right. 3. No one may be evicted from their home, or have their home demolished, without an order of court made after considering all the relevant circumstances. No legislation may permit arbitrary evictions. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Fact Sheet No. 21: The Right to Adequate Housing 14 (Rev. 1, 2009), available at

133

134 94 8 continuity of obligations ( ICCPR, General Comment No. 26, para. 5 (1997). The Committee is therefore firmly of the view that international law does not permit a State which has ratified or acceded or succeeded to the Covenant to denounce it or withdraw from it. 98 ICCPR, General Comment No. 26, para. 4 (1997);

135 111

136 112

137 ICCPR, General Comment No. 31, para. 15 (2004); ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 5 (1991)

138 ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 3 (1998). 8 ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 10 (1998); unilateral act or statement

139 All branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial), and other public or governmental authorities, at whatever level - national, regional or local - are in a position to engage the responsibility of the State Party. ICCPR, General Comment No. 31, para. 4 (2004)

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149

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151 b c ) 8 84 ( a 127

152 d e ( The procedural requirements for ensuring respect for human rights standards include the mandatory presence of governmental officials or their representatives on site during evictions. The governmental officials, their representatives and persons implementing the eviction must identify themselves to the persons being evicted and present formal authorization for the eviction action. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 45 (2007)

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166 ) Paul Hunt 124 Miloon Kothari prima facie) Paul Hunt 2002 Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health Miloon Kothari The Special Rapporteurs urge the authorities to ensure that the human rights of people affected by leprosy are fully respected. In particular, they remind the authorities of their obligations under international human rights law, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, especially with regard to the right to health and the right to adequate housing. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has stated that "forced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the provisions of the Covenant and can only be carried out under specific circumstances". The Special Rapporteurs urge the authorities to explore all feasible alternatives in consultation with the residents of Lo-Sheng Sanatorium. If no solution can be found that would allow residents to remain, legal remedies or procedures should be provided to residents that are affected by eviction orders, along with adequate compensation for any property affected, both personal and real. Any evictions that are considered justified should be carried out in strict compliance with the relevant provisions of international human rights law and in accordance with the general principles of reasonableness and proportionality. 142

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182 ) All those evicted, irrespective of whether they hold title to their property, should be entitled to compensation for the loss, salvage and transport of their properties affected, including the original dwelling and land lost or damaged in the process. Consideration of the circumstances of each case shall allow for the provision of compensation for losses related to informal property, such as slum dwellings. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 61 (2007). 158

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188 192 ( 193 Grootboom case ejectment order A ( The Government of the Republic of South Africa and others v. Irene Grootboom and others, CCT 11/00 (2000) Grootboom dies homeless and penniless, Mail & Guardian: Africa s Best Read, (last visited Sep. 13, 2016). 164

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208 ) ( Undertaking major clearance operations only when conservation and rehabilitation are not feasible and relocation measures are made. United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, The Vancouver Action Plan: 64 Recommendations for National Action, part B. 8, para. c (ii) (1976). 184

209 Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, ILO-convention 169, 259 effective dissemination by the authorities of relevant information in advance, including proposed comprehensive resettlement plans. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 37 (b) (2007). 260 All resettlement measures must be consistent with the present guidelines and internationally recognized human rights principles, and completed before those who are to be evicted are moved from their original areas of dwelling. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 44 (2007). 261 States should ensure that the right of affected persons, groups and communities to full and prior informed consent regarding relocation must be guaranteed. Annex I of UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, para. 56 (e) (2007)

210 or C World Council of Indigenous Peoples Next to shooting indigenous peoples, the surest way to kill us is to separate us from our part of the earth ICESCR, General Comment No. 13, para. 31 (1999); General Comment No. 14, para. 27 (2000). 266 C169 art. 16 para. 3: Whenever possible, these peoples shall have the right to return to their traditional lands, as soon as the grounds for relocation cease to exist LESLIE RAY, LANGUAGE OF THE LAND: THE MAPUCHE IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE 11 (2007) ICESCR, General Comment No. 21, para. 36, 49 (d) (2009); ICCPR, General Comment No. 23, para. 7 (1994). 186

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213 Indigenous peoples cultural values and rights associated with their ancestral lands and their relationship with nature should be regarded with respect and protected, in order to prevent the degradation of their particular way of life. ICESCR, General Comment No. 21, para. 36 (2009). 278 States parties should respect the principle of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in all matters covered by their specific rights. ICESCR, General Comment No. 21, para. 37 (2009). 189

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216 ICESCR, General Comment No. 21, para. 36 (2009). 284 ICESCR, General Comment No. 21, para. 49 (d) (2009) E 192

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225 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33: Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2008), available at See id. at

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233 327 Appellate Committee of the House of Lords 328 ambiguity ( 329 ) Human Rights Act S. 3 (1), (2)(a): (1) So far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights. (2) This section (a) applies to primary legislation and subordinate legislation whenever enacted Constitutional Reform Act House of Lords Library Note, The Appellate Jurisdiction of the House of Lords, available at

234 11 1 self-executing self-executing treaty / provision 3 non self-executing ( , (3. (

235 ( non-self-executing ( transnationalist approach nationalist approach Anwendbarkeit David Sloss, Domestic Application of Treaties, in THE OXFORD GUIDE TO TREATIES 367, (Duncan B. Hollis ed., 2012); Sloss, supra note 336 in this chapter, at 367, , , Carlos Manuel Vázquez, The Four Doctrines of Self-Executing Treaties, 89 AM. J. INT L L. 695, (1995). 211

236 ( ( ICESCR, General Comment No. 3, para. 5 (1991). 342 ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 11 (1998)

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