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1 3 : (Neuroeconomics) (), : : (A. Comte, ) (J. Mill, ) ( H. Spencer, ) (E. Mach, ) 20 60, ( K. Popper, ) ( T. Kuhn, ) ( R. Merton, ),,,,,, 1609,, 1687,, 1879,,1846,1925, 3,, :310027, china. com (Aldo Rustichini) ( Ernst Fehr) (P. W. Glimcher),, 2006 Neuroeconomics, 20 90,Neuroeconomics,, : (1) 20 90,, (fmri), ( ) ; (2),, 132

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8 :,, ( Richter,1966) 1938, :, ;, ;, (Samuelson,1938),,, :,,,,,, :, 100, (, 2003),,,, ( Padoa2Schioppa and Assad, 2006), (Cardinal Utility Map),, (Stuphorn,2006),,,,, ( Gintis,Bowles,Boyd, Fehr, 2004)?, : (controlled processes), ( automatic processes),,, ( Caraco et al.,1980 ;Dorris and Glimcher,2003),,, ;, ;,,,,, (Cosmides and Tooby,2006),, (James, 1890),,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ),,, ( Gintis,2003),,,, (,2006),, 139

9 ,,, :?,?,,,,,,,, (,2002),,, ( social self),,, (Mead,1962),,,,2002 :, 4,2006 : :, 3,2005 :, 4,2003 : :,,2005 : :,,2006 : :,,2003 :, 1,2005 :, 3 140,2006 : :, 5,2005 :, 8 Allais, M., 1953, Le Comportement de Lπhomme Rationnel Devant le Risque : Critique des Postulats et Axiomes de Lπecole Americane, Econometrica,21,PP Barraclough,D. J. et al,2002, Stochastic Decision2making in a Two2player Competitive Game, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 285,16. Becker, 1966, Education and the Distribution of Earning, American Economic Review,56,PP Becker, 1977, An Economic Analysis of Marital Instability, Journal of Political Economy,85,PP Becker,1998,Accounting for Tastes,Harvard University Press. Bergstrom & Stark, 1993, How Altruism Can Prevail in an Evolutionary Environment, American Economic Review, Vol. 83 ( 2) May. Bernoulli, D., 1738, Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk, Econometrica, Reprinted 1954,22,PP Blount,1995, When Social Outcomes Arenπt Fair : The Effect of Causal Attributionson Preferences, Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, Caraco, Martindale & Whittam, 1980, An Empirical Demonstration of Risk2sensitive Foraging Preferences, Animal Behav,28,PP Chamberlin, E., 1948, An Experimental Imperfect Market, Journal of Political Economy,No. 2,PP Clark & Chalmers, 1995, The Extended Mind, St. Louis, Washington University. Cosmides & Tooby, 1992, Cognitive Adaptations for Social Change,New York :Oxford University Press. Cosmides & Tooby, 1994, Better than Rational : Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible Hand, American Economic Review,Vol. 84,No. 2,PP Cosmides & Tooby, 2006, Evolutionary Psychology : Moral Heuristics and the Law,Cambridge Press. Dorris & Glimcher,2003,Monkeys as an Animal Model of Human Decision Making during Strategic Interactions, Submitted for Publication. Dorris & Glimcher,2004,Activity in Posterior Parietal Cortex Is Correlated with the Relative Subjective Desirability of Action,Neuron. In press. Press. Durkheim, 1951, Suicide, a Study in Sociology, NewYork : Free Falk,Fehr & Fischbacher,2002,Testing Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity2intentions Matter,Z rich :University of Z rich. Fehr & Schmidt,1999, A Theory of Fairness,Competition and Cooperation, Quarterly Journal of Economics,PP114.

10 Fehr et al,2004, The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment, Science,Vol. 305,27 August. Fehr,Ggchter & Kirchsteiger,1997, Reciprocity as a Contract Enforcement Device : Experimental Evidence, Econometrica, 65, PP Flood, M., 1952, Some Experimental Games, Research Memorandum,RM2789,RAND Corporation. Flood,M.,1954,On Game2Learning Theory and Some Decision2 Making Experiments,Decision Processes,New York,PP Gintis, 2003, Solving the Puzzle of Prosociality, Rationality and Society,15,2. Gintis & Bowles, 2004, The Evolution of Strong Reciprocity : Cooperation in Heterogeneous Populations, Theor. Popul. Biol. Feb, 65. Gintis,Bowles,Boyd,Fehr,2003, Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans, Evolution and Human Behavior,24. Glimcher, 2005, Physiological Utility Theory and the Neuroeconomics of Choice, Games and Economic Behavior,Vol. 52, 2,August,PP G th et al, 1982, An Experimental Analysis of Ultimatum Bargaining, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,3. Hanes & Schall,1996, Neural Control of Voluntary Movement Initiation, Science,247,PP Harper, 1982, Competitive Foraging in Mallards : Ideal Free Ducks,Animal Behav,30,PP Henrich et al,2001, In Search of Homo Economicus : Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small2Scale Societies, Economic and Social Behavior,Vol. 91,NO. 2. Hogarth & Reder, 1987,Rational Choice The Contrast between Economics and Psychology,Chicago,Chicago Univ. Press. Press. Hume,D.,1890,A Treatise of Human Nature,London Press. James,1890,Principles of Psychology, New York :Henry Holt. Krebs &Davies,1991,Behavioural Ecology, Third ed. Blackwell Kuhn,T. 1962,The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,University of Chicago Press. Mas2Colell, Whinston & Green, 1995, Microeconomic Theory, Oxford University Press. Press. Mead, 1962,Mind, Self and Society, The University of Chicago Muth, 1961, Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements, Econometrica,Vol. 29,No. 6. Padoa2Schioppa & Assad, 2006, Neurons in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Encode Economic Value, Nature,441,PP Parker &Newsome,1998, Sense and the Single Neuron :Probing the Physiology of Perception, Annual Rev. Neurosci, 21, PP Platt & Glimcher,1999, Neural Correlates of Decision Variables in Parietal Cortex, Nature,400,PP Richter,1966, Revealed Preference Theory, Economica,34. PP Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004, The Mirror2neuron System, Neurosci,27,PP Rizzolatti, Camarda, Fogassi, Gentilucci,Luppino,Matelli,1988, Functional Organization of Inferior Area 6 in the Macaque Monkey, Exper. Brain Res. 71,PP Rustichini,2005, Neuroeconomics :Present and Future, Games and Economic Behavio,52,PP Sacks, 1993, A Neurologistπs Notebook : An Anthropologist on Mars,New Yorker. Sally, 2001, On Sympathy and Games, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,Vol. 44,No. 1. Samuelson,1938, A Note on the Pure Theroy of Consumer s Behaviour, Economica,NS 5,PP Schall & Thompson, 1999, Neural Selection and Control of Visually Guided Eye Movements, Annual Rev. Neurosci,22,PP Schultz, W., 2002, Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward, Neuron,36,PP Siegel,S. & Fouraker, E.,1960,Bargaining and Group Decision Making : Experiments in Bilateral Monopoly,McGraw2Hill,New York. Press. Simon,1995,Mindblindness,MIT Press. Smith,A.,1790,The Theory of Moral Sentiments,sixth ed. Stephens & Krebs,1986, Foraging Theory, Princeton University Stigler,1997, De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum, American Economic Review,No. 2,PP Stuphorn, 2006, Neuroeconomics : Cardinal Utility in the Orbitofrontal Cortex? Current Biology, Vol. 16,, No. 15,, PP se. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,2002,http :ΠΠwww. kva. Thurstone,L. L.,1931, The Indifference Function, Journal of Social Psychology,No. 2,PP Umilt, Kohler, Keysers, Gallese, Fogassi, Fadiga, Rizzolatti, 2001, I Know What You Are Doing : A Neurophysiological Study, Neuron,32,PP Wickers, B, Keysers, Plailly, Royet, Gallese, Rizzolatti, 2003, Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula : The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling Disgust, Neuron,40,PP

11 Science and Positivism A Revie w on Neuroeconomics Ye Hang, Wang Dingding and Jia Yongmin ( Zhejiang University) Abstract :The Neuroeconomics, which emergened in late 1990πs, is a frontier area and a new branch of economics. It utilizes the mode, the method, and the tools of modern neurology to analyze the economic behavior of human being, and lays out the human brainπs ( mainly nerve cell and its neurosurgery and NN) function, role, and mechanism in dealing with individual decision2 making. It promotes the positive research to a high level which has nerve been reached. After provide a series of significant revision with traditional economics, it then exploits new fields for the development and the deepening of economics. Key Words : Experimental Economics ; Behavioral Economics ; Evolutionary Psychology ;Neuroscience ; Neuroeconomics JEL Classification :A100,A120,B410 ( : ) ( : ) ( 78 ) Sheldon, G and Maurer, M, 1998, Interbank Lending and Systemic Risk : An Empirical Analysis for Switzerland, Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 134, Sujit Chakravorti, 1996, Analysis of Systemic Risk in the Payment System, Working paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Upper, Christian and Andreas Worms, 2002, Estimating Bilateral Exposures in the German Interbank Market : Is There a Danger of Contagion? Deutsche Bunderbanks Discussion Paper, 09Π Wells, Simon, 2002, UK Interbank Exposures : Systemic Risk Implications, Bank of England Financial Stability Review, December, 175 Estimating Bilateral Exposures in the China Interbank Market : Is There a Systemic Contagion? Ma Junlu, Fan Xiaoyun and Cao Yuantao (Department of Finance, Nankai University) Abstract: A frontier study, which has highly attracted the attention of financial researchers ( as well as regulators and policymakers), is how to estimate, predict and regulate systemic risks of banking system. This paper uses balance sheet information to estimate the matrix of bilateral credit relationships for the China banking system and test whether the breakdown of a single bank or banking group can lead to contagion at different loss ratios. Our findings have important implications for banking regulation. Key Words : Systemic Risk ; Contagion ; Interbank Market JEL Classification : G210, P340, G ( : ) ( : )

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