(Microsoft PowerPoint - \271\307\367\300\274\241)

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "(Microsoft PowerPoint - \271\307\367\300\274\241)"

羸卵全
5 years ago
Views:

1 人体结构与功能学 Human Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal Muscle Tissue 骨骼肌陈晓浙江大学医学院干细胞与组织工程中心

2 人类所有改造世界改造自己的意识活动都需要通过骨骼肌运动实现

3 课程设置 -- 骨骼肌理论课程内容,2.5 学时课程目标 : 能分析大关节运动时肌肉力学模式从肌肉肌腱组织结构分析损伤时修复的策略总论 : 人体的重要骨骼肌分布分类和生物力学模型一肌肉的构造与各部分的功能 : 肌腹肌腱神经血管, 筋膜二肌肉的组织成分与功能 : 细胞 ( 肌肉细胞 / 肌纤维卫星细胞间质干细胞血管内皮细胞, 肌腱细胞, 肌腱干细胞 ) 细胞外基质 ( 胶原, 多糖, 糖蛋白 ) 三肌肉的收缩机制和功能四肌肉营养生长维持和愈合过程

4 课程设置 -- 骨骼肌课程内容总论 : 人体的重要骨骼肌分布分类和生物力学模型一肌肉的构造与各部分的功能 : 肌腹肌腱神经血管, 筋膜二肌肉的组织成分与功能 : 细胞 ( 肌肉细胞 / 肌纤维卫星细胞间质干细胞血管内皮细胞, 肌腱细胞, 肌腱干细胞 ) 细胞外基质( 胶原, 多糖, 糖蛋白 ) 三肌肉的收缩机制和功能四肌肉营养生长维持和愈合过程

5 思考题 - 课堂提问周测及应用课前测试 ( 主要关节见后面 PPT 所示 ): 画图 : 选择一个重要关节, 画出主要附着肌肉及解释功能肌肉主要组织结构有哪些 ( 组织细胞 ) Which types of stem cells could be used for skeletal muscle disorders, 课堂提问 : 主要肌群名字及功能

6 思考题 - 课堂提问周测及应用周测 : 学习完后可应用知识分析日常生活临床损伤 (1, 2,3) 及研究 (4) 若想拥有施瓦辛格式的胸肌, 请从相关肌肉及关节的类型功能做出肌肉运动的力学模型及实际动作 ( 从人体主要肌群的功能解释肌肉针对性训练的动作, 选一 : 股四头肌, 胸大肌, 肱二头肌等 ) 从肌肉 - 骨形成的力学杠杆特性简述各种关节的运动特征 ( 选二 ): 力学强度运动速度, 灵活性及从关节所受力学分析其易损伤程度 ( 肩, 肘膝, 踝关节 ) 根据弯腰时背部肌肉收缩对椎间盘的压力模式, 估计竖脊肌收缩时椎间盘所受的压力 ( 特别是搬重物, 坐车时颠簸等等常见不正确姿势 ), 如何避免生活中椎间盘急性及慢性损伤简述肌肉肌腱组织干细胞种类, 并简要分析及在损伤修复过程中应用

7 Pandect muscle system 1/3 OF HUMAN BODY Skeletal 骨骼肌 only voluntary muscle tissue ( 自主运动 ) Striated 横纹肌 Heart 心肌 Involuntary Striated Smooth 平滑肌 Involuntary Non-Striated

8 Pandect skeletal muscle system properties Contractible Extensible Excitable Function Action of body: Powerful contraction (100W/Kg) Joint stabilization Heat

9 Do you know the magic power of your muscles? Cherish your health and bodies!! 衰老导致肌力协调力下降是摔倒主因 :do exercise to delay aging!!! How and why you can anti-aging??? 1.Jonas Rantanen 深蹲 575 公斤 2.Donnie Thompson 深蹲 573 公斤 3 VladislavAlhazov 深蹲 567 公斤 4Mike Miller 深蹲 553 公斤正常成年人肌肉的力量 : How about you,..100kg? 40N/cm2,10-20t/ person why don t you know you are so strong?? 人类不借外力和杠杆作用所能移动的最大重量 : 腿举 Jeff 1870 Lewis 公斤 ( 德国大力士台式腿举 Hermann 吨? Gorner)

10 Pandect classify of skeletal muscle type Size: vastus(huge); maximus(large); longus(long); minimus(small); brevis (short). Shape:deltoid (triangular); rhomboid (like a rhombus with equal and parallel sides); latissimus(wide); teres(round); trapezius (like a trapezoid, a four-sided figure with two sides parallel). Direction of fibers:rectus (straight); transverse (across); oblique (diagonally); orbicularis (circular). Location: pectoralis(chest); gluteus (buttock or rump); brachii(arm); supra- (above); infra-(below); sub-(under or beneath); lateralis(lateral). Number of origins:biceps (two heads); triceps (three heads); quadriceps (four heads). Origin and insertion:sternocleidomastoideus(origin on the sternum and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid process); brachioradialis(origin on the brachium or arm, insertion on the radius). Action:abductor (to abduct a structure); adductor (to adduct a structure); flexor (to flex a structure); extensor (to extend a structure); levator(to lift or elevate a structure); masseter (a chewer).

In somemuscles the fibers are parallel to the long axis of the

11 Pandect morphological skeletal muscle type Some skeletal muscles are broad in shape and some narrow. In somemuscles the fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle; in some they converge to a narrow attachment; and in some they are oblique: 请举例

12 Pandect skeletal muscle mechanical model Muscle Muscle-tendon junction Tendon Tendon bone junction Typical skeletal muscle structure Force by muscle contraction

13 从重要关节分析重要肌肉的分布及功能 shoulder joint 肩关节 : pectoralismajor 胸大肌, 三角肌, 斜方肌, 背阔肌, 肩袖相关肌肉脊柱 : 竖脊肌 erector spinae ( 视频资料均来自互联网 ) Elbow 肘关节 : 肱二头肌 biceps brachii, 肱三头肌, 前臂群髋膝踝关节 : 臀大肌内收肌群, 股四头肌 quadriceps femoris 小腿三头肌, ( 伸肌群 )

14 Pandect skeletal muscle mechanical model muscle lever system First class lever: elbow( 肘关节 ) 动力点阻力点分别在支点的两边

15 Pandect skeletal muscle mechanical model Second class lever: elbow( 踝关节 ) 省力杠杆 Third class lever: elbow ( 肘关节 ) 费力杠杆

16 课程设置 -- 骨骼肌课程内容总论 : 人体的重要骨骼肌分布分类和生物力学模型一肌肉的构造与各部分的功能 : 肌腹肌腱神经血管, 筋膜二肌肉的组织成分与功能 : 细胞 ( 肌肉细胞 / 肌纤维卫星细胞间质干细胞血管内皮细胞, 肌腱细胞, 肌腱干细胞 ) 细胞外基质( 胶原, 多糖, 糖蛋白 ) 三肌肉的收缩机制和功能四肌肉营养生长维持和愈合过程

17 肌肉的结构与功能 From single molecular to muscle tissue

18 Structure of muscle : from whole muscles to myofilaments Macro- structure: Muscle tissue, nerve, vascular etc. Micro- structure Muscle cells, blood, ECM Ultra-structure: myosin

19 Structure of muscle tissue A whole skeletal muscle is considered an organ of the muscular system: 肌肉结构相关视频 ( 视频资料均来自互联网 ) skeletal muscle tissue: 肌腹 nerve tissue connective tissue blood or vascular tissue. 肌束膜肌纤维肌腱肌外膜肌内膜筋膜

20 Function of muscle tissue Contract to create force: 肌纤维收缩视频 Move body Stable body

Structure and Function of Nerve tissue Nerve tissue:

proprioceptive information http://baike.baidu.

21 Structure and Function of Nerve tissue Nerve tissue: Neuromuscular spindle, neuromuscular junction Neuromuscular spindle 肌梭 1mmX mm Essential for controlling muscle contraction proprioceptive information 8ccbf6c81810a4c87.html#albumindex=0&picindex=0

22 Structure and Function of Nerve tissue Histology of Neuromuscular spindle

23 Structure and Function of Nerve tissue: neuromuscular junction neuromuscular junction 神经肌肉信号传递视频 Terminals of motor neurons Release neurotransmitter to control muscle contraction Nutrition

24 Function of nerve tissue on muscle determination: Innervate muscles 营养性作用切断运动神经后, 肌肉因失去神经的营养性作用而出现萎缩将支配慢肌和支配快肌的神经分别切断, 然后将支配快肌的中枢端与支配慢肌的神经的外周缝合, 待神经再生后, 慢肌就可转变成快肌 Question: 如何延缓肌肉衰老? 机体自己并不知道如何保持肌肉的修复功能 80 岁的男性平均损失 40% 的肌肉重量, 上了年纪的人容易摔倒或骨折并因此住院治疗在医院他们又会失去更多的肌肉力量, 而且不会再恢复

Structure and Function of Nerve tissue Golgi tendon organs:

- 肌腱连接 ) Activated by stretch of the tendon Providing

higher than muscles) No one knows its function on tendon

25 Structure and Function of Nerve tissue Golgi tendon organs: 500X100um Losser collagen fibers Larger fibroblasts Near MTJ( 肌肉 - 肌腱连接 ) Activated by stretch of the tendon Providing proprioceptive information( 本体感觉, 位置 ) Very sensitive (much higher than muscles) No one knows its function on tendon regeneration and development Question : what is your opinion on Golgi tendon organs regeneration?

Blood supply of muscle Abundant Generally, an artery and at least one vein accompany each nerve that penetrates the epimysium of a skeletal muscle.

26 Blood supply of muscle Abundant Generally, an artery and at least one vein accompany each nerve that penetrates the epimysium of a skeletal muscle. Branches of the nerve and blood vessels follow the connective tissue components of the muscle of a nerve cell and with one or more minute blood vessels called capillaries

27 Blood supply of muscle Classification of blood supply

Connective tissue: Tendon Tendon: Dense fibrous

Transmit the forces when movement Heterogeneous

vascular cells smooth muscle cells capillary

28 Connective tissue: Tendon Tendon: Dense fibrous connective tissue Connect muscle to bone Transmit the forces when movement Heterogeneous fibril diameter and crimp pattern Structure Cells collagen molecules tendon cells (tenocytes) chondrocytes synovial cells vascular cells smooth muscle cells capillary endothelial cells 2013 年 3 月 11 日星期一 3 时 36 分 15 秒 Structure of collagen 28

29 Tendon biology Biomechanics 17 to 117 MPa (Ultimate tensile stress) 100 to 1400MPa (Linear modulus) Energy-storing In vivo peak forces (10% - 30% of failure forces) 2013 年 3 月 11 日星期一 3 时 36 分 15 秒 stress strain curve

30 课程设置 -- 骨骼肌课程内容总论 : 人体的重要骨骼肌分布分类和生物力学模型一肌肉的构造与各部分的功能 : 肌腹肌腱神经血管, 筋膜二肌肉的组织成分与功能 : 细胞 ( 肌肉细胞 / 肌纤维卫星细胞间质干细胞血管内皮细胞, 肌腱细胞, 肌腱干细胞 ) 细胞外基质( 胶原, 多糖, 糖蛋白 ) 三肌肉的收缩机制和功能四肌肉肌腱营养生长维持和愈合过程

31 Structure of muscle : from whole muscles to myofilaments Macro- structure: Muscle tissue, nerve, vascular etc. Micro- structure Muscle cells, blood, ECM Ultra-structure: myosin

32 肌肉的组织成分与功能肌细胞

be made up of hundreds, or even thousands, of

33 Muscle cells, core of skeletal muscles contraction mechanism Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cylindrical muscle cell. Very large cell An individual skeletal muscle may be made up of hundreds, or even thousands, of muscle fibers bundled together and wrapped in a connective tissue covering.

34 Structure of muscle fibers

35 Muscle cells, contraction mechanism TEM TEM contraction 细肌丝向粗肌丝滑行肌动蛋白收缩相关视频

37 Structure and Function of tendon tissue 粗肌丝细肌丝 myosin heavy chain divided into type I, type IIa, type IIx, and type Iib Question: why 博尔特 run so fast?

38 肌肉收缩机制肌肉收缩机制 ( 视频解说 )

39 Summary : muscle tissue, from single molecular to tissue

40 Other cells in skeletal muscle

41 Other cells in muscle and tendon and their function 肌肉的组织成分与功能 : 细胞 ( 肌肉细胞 / 肌纤维肌卫星细胞 / 干细胞间质干细胞血管内皮细胞, 肌腱细胞, 肌腱干细胞 ) 细胞外基质 ( 胶原, 多糖, 糖蛋白 )

42 Stem cells and its niche in skeletal muscle Muscle stem cells Muscle satellite cell 肌卫星细胞 Tendon stem/progenitor cells 肌腱干细胞 MSC 间充质干细胞 EPC 血管内皮祖细胞 ECM niche

Stem cells in muscles and repair Muscle stem cells Muscle satellite cell resident mononuclear stem cells intimately associated with the myofibers Sitting tightly in grooves on the myofiber surface

43 Stem cells in muscles and repair Muscle stem cells Muscle satellite cell resident mononuclear stem cells intimately associated with the myofibers Sitting tightly in grooves on the myofiber surface receive and respond to signals coming from their partner myofibers main driver of endogenous skeletal muscle repair identified by their tissue localization and their expression of a panel ofmolecular markers including Pax7, CXCR4, b1- integrin, and CD34 (Sherwoodet al. 2004). Repaired muscle

44 Cells in tendon Tendon stem/progenitor cells (Nat Med, 2007) MSC like Multipotential Self-renew May involve in tendon repair Tenocytes Mature fibroblast form tendon No specific markers for tendon stem cells and tenocytes hinder to clarify tendon biology and regeneration mechanism

45 ECM in muscles and tendon Collagen: connect tissues and transfer mechanical stress Main ECM of muscles and tendon Type I, III, V, XIV

46 课程设置 -- 骨骼肌课程内容总论 : 人体的重要骨骼肌分布分类和生物力学模型一肌肉的构造与各部分的功能 : 肌腹肌腱神经血管, 筋膜二肌肉的组织成分与功能 : 细胞 ( 肌肉细胞 / 肌纤维卫星细胞间质干细胞血管内皮细胞, 肌腱细胞, 肌腱干细胞 ) 细胞外基质( 胶原, 多糖, 糖蛋白 ) 三肌肉的收缩机制和功能四肌肉肌腱营养生长维持和愈合过程

47 肌肉营养生长维持和愈合过程 1. 肌肉发育 2. 肌肉损伤修复过程及目前存在的问题

48 Schematic representation of somitogenesis. (From: J Anat. 2003)

49 Skeletal muscle formation in the limb(from: J Anat. 2003)

50 Stages of muscle development

51 Repair of skeletal muscles

52 肌腱生长维持和愈合过程 1. 肌腱发育过程 2. 肌腱成熟过程 3. 肌腱损伤修复过程及目前存在的问题

53 Tendon development Tissue interactions required for tendon progenitor induction in vertebrate embryos.

54 Tendon development The main stages and regulators of tendon induction and differentiation in vertebrate embryos.(devlopment 2011)

55 Tendon maturation: cell collagen 0d 1d 2.5d 4d 7d 14d 28d 56d Rat tendon maturation (provided by Prof. OuyangHong Wei 欧阳宏伟 )

56 Tendon maturation: collagen maturation 4d 1d 14d 7d 28d 10d 56d Rat tendon maturation (provided by Prof. Ouyang Hong Wei)

57 Tendon injury: 肌腱损伤对于运动员而言可能意味着运动生涯的结束 Especially common (in USA) 1.Shoulder s rotator cuff tendons (51,000 /year) 2.Achilles tendon (44,000/year) 3.Patellar tendon (42,000/year) 4.Anterior cruciate ligament (over 200,000 /year) Rafael Nadal: 慢性髌腱炎

Tendon repair: current therapy Autografts Allograft gold standard, avoid rejection Additional surgery, lack of resource Allografts and Xenografts Primarily type

58 Tendon repair: current therapy Autografts Allograft gold standard, avoid rejection Additional surgery, lack of resource Allografts and Xenografts Primarily type I collagen Tendons, dermal, pericardium, SIS-ECM Transmit disease Immunogenic response Decellularized allografts and Xenografts 2013 年 3 月 11 日星期一 3 时 36 分 15 秒 58

59 Adult Tendon repair: big challenge never regeneration

60 Skeletal muscle injury and reconstruction Stem cells and regenerative medicine Tissue engineering Tendon regeneration

61 What kind of tissue engineering?

62 Stem cells and tissue engineering Milestone of tissue engineering

63 骨骼肌系统实验课 0.5 学时

64 常见肌肉疾病 - 实验课肌肉常见疾病表现肌腱相关疾病表现

65 人体骨骼肌整体标本博物管中进行 : 辨认人体主要肌肉, 肌腱肌肉肌腱组织的力学模型容易损伤的肌肉肌腱及其损伤原因?

66 讨论

67 目标根据知识分析运动的生理过程及损伤预防解释常见损伤疾病的发病机制提供治疗策略

68 讨论课题目运动模型 : 起跑时左腿 ( 前腿 ) 的生理运动模型说明参与的主要的骨骼关节肌肉肌腱韧带的名称和功能博尔特百米视频利用解剖和组织学知识讨论刘翔跟腱疾病的发病机制和治疗过程变化

69 要求学生以 5 人一组, 各人分工, 根据参考文献课外完成讨论 PPT 课堂每组 PPT 讨论 15min, 10+5 分钟提问

70 参考文献 : 红色为必读, 其余为有能力者选读肌肉的生物学综述 : 肌肉干细胞 / 肌肉重塑, 肌肉疾病综述 Muscle repair and regeneration: stem cells, scaffolds, and the contributions of skeletal muscle to amphibian limb regeneration. Stem cell therapies for muscle disorders. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Tissue-specific stem cells: lessons from the skeletal muscle satellite cell. 肌腱 : 生物学和病理过程, 肌腱修复再生 Tendon-Derived Stem Cells (TDSCs): From Basic Science to Potential Roles in Tendon Pathology and Tissue Engineering Applications Transcription factor EGR1 directs tendon differentiation and promotes tendon repair Musculoskeletal diseases--tendon. 肌腱修复再生 Platelet rich plasma in tendinopathies: how to explain the failure. 病理过程 Connecting muscles to tendons: tendons and musculoskeletal development in flies and vertebrates. 肌腱肌肉生物学与再生过程

骨骼肌2016

骨骼肌2016 思考题 - 课堂提问周测及应用课前测试 ( 主要关节见后面 PPT 所示 ): 画图 : 选择一个重要关节, 画出主要附着肌肉及解释功能肌肉主要组织结构有哪些 ( 组织细胞 ) Which types of stem cells could be used for skeletal muscle disorders 题目没有标准的答案, 但有要点, 答中要点即可人体结构与功能学 Human