何濼生珠海學院民意及民調中心主任 HO Lok Sang Director, Public Opinion and Polling Centre Chu Hai College of Higher Education Commissioned by Early Childhood Development Research Foundation 香港嬰幼兒發展研究基金會 Sept 27 2017 1
Acknowledgements We thank the Shih Wing Ching Foundation( 施永青基金 ) and the Wai Im Charitable Foundation( 懷音慈善基金 ) for funding the research. The HK Early Childhood Development Research Foundation commissioned the project. We thank the schools that supported our research. We thank Mr Alan Chan, the Research Assistant, for very able support. 2
We started contacting the schools in March, 2017. Questionnaires were sent to participating schools in November 2015, and received in April 2017 to June 2017. 2017 年 4 月至 2017 年 6 月間完成 A total of 10 primary schools, and 9 secondary schools participated in the Survey. Direct subsidy schools excluded 10 所小學 + 9 所中學參與 ; 不含直資學校 A total of 1636 student questionnaires (primary 780; secondary 856) were collected. 1636 學童參與 3
Primary 小學 學童樣本組成 Students N % P1 80 4.89% P2 72 4.40% P3 83 5.07% P4 95 5.80% P5 71 4.34% P6 57 3.48% P7 69 4.22% P8 89 5.44% P9 77 4.71% P10 87 5.32% Secondary 中學 S1 92 5.62% S2 75 4.58% S3 90 5.50% S4 152 9.29% S5 99 6.05% S6 55 3.36% S7 103 6.29% S8 96 5.86% S9 94 5.75% Total 1636 100% 4
Summary of Findings Table: Happy and Unhappy Children whose Parents are Caring 父母關係 家庭財政情況 壓力與學童快樂關係密切 Range Happy children (happiness 6) 快樂兒童 Unhappy children (happiness 4) 不快樂兒童 M SD N M SD N t-test Parents' relationships 雙親關係 Children's pressure (academic) 學業壓力 Children's pressure (extra curricular) 活動壓力 Children's age 兒童年歲 Children's perception of financial wellbeing 財政狀況觀感 1-5 4.15 1.19 1142 2.92 0.89 199 t(1339)=13.91, P=0.000 1-5 2.72 0.77 1160 3.44 0.83 201 t(1359)=11.44, P=0.000 1-5 2.14 0.85 1158 2.66 1.06 200 t(1356)=6.54, P=0.000 8-18 12.08 1.86 1146 12.25 1.81 195 t(1339)=1.20, P=0.1148 1-5 4.07 0.84 1144 3.28 1.15 195 t(1337)=9.19, P=0.000 5
2016/17 主要指標較前兩年好 Survey parameters Parents' Relationships 雙親關係 Children's pressures (academic) 學業壓力 Children's pressures (activities) 活動壓力 Children's perception on financial wellbeing 家庭財政 Happy Family Score 快樂家庭 Year Happy children Unhappy children (Happiness 6) (Happiness 4) t-test 2013 M = 4.11, N = 786 M = 3.23, N = 91 t(875) = 7.93; p = 0.000 2014 M = 4.01, N = 784 M = 3.38, N = 154 t(936) = 6.49; p = 0.000 2015 M = 4.07, N = 678 M = 3.04, N = 158 t(834) = 9.57; p = 0.000 2016 M = 4.15, N = 1142 M = 2.92, N = 199 t(1339) = 13.91; p = 0.000 2013 M = 2.68, N = 797 M = 3.44, N = 101 t(896) = 7.78; p = 0.000 2014 M = 2.83, N = 807 M = 3.43, N = 167 t(972) = 8.26; p = 0.000 2015 M = 2.86, N = 705 M = 3.65, N = 173 t(876) = 12.13; p = 0.000 2016 M = 2.72, N = 1160 M = 3.44, N = 201 t(1359) = 11.44; p = 0.000 2013 M = 2.04, N = 813 M = 2.61, N = 103 t(914) = 4.10; p = 0.000 2014 M = 2.17, N = 807 M = 2.57, N = 169 t(971) = 4.50; p = 0.000 2015 M = 2.20, N = 705 M = 2.66, N = 173 t(876) = 5.69; p = 0.000 2016 M = 2.14, N = 1158 M = 2.66, N = 200 t(1339) = 6.54; p = 0.1148 2013 M = 4.01, N= 802 M = 3.25, N = 93 t(893) = -7.7; p = 0.000 2014 M = 4.06, N = 801 M = 3.43, N = 164 t(963) = 6.97; p = 0.000 2015 M = 4.03, N = 695 M = 3.31, N = 170 t(863) = 7.98; p = 0.000 2016 M = 4.07, N = 1144 M = 3.28, N = 195 t(1337)=9.19; P=0.000 2013 M = 4.17, N = 806 M = 3.10, N = 101 t(905) = 9.07; p = 0.000 2014 M = 4.12, N = 774 M = 3.36, N = 151 t(923) = 8.20; p = 0.000 2015 M = 4.15, N = 671 M = 3.04, N = 156 t(825) = 10.95; p = 0.000 2016 M = 4.21, N = 1135 M = 2.96, N = 196 t(1329) = 14.84; p = 0.000 6
Comparison of Children's Happiness by Age in 2015 and 2016 2016 年 15-18 歲少年快樂增幅最大 8-9 歲學童快樂增幅也大 8.00 7.00 6.00 7.30 7.18 6.96 6.76 6.91 6.97 6.77 6.55 6.52 6.34 6.46 6.51 6.15 5.79 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Age 8-9 Age 10 Age 11 Age 12 Age 13 Age 14 Age 15-18 2015 2016 7
Happiness Scores since 2012; 按年齡組別的歷年快樂指數 Age 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 8-9 7.30 6.76 7.25 7.82 7.94 10 7.18 6.96 6.94 7.75 6.96 11 6.97 6.91 6.9 7.44 7.31 12 6.77 6.55 6.93 7.33 6.93 13 6.34 6.52 6.45 7 6.37 14 6.46 6.15 6.55 6.67 6.55 15-18 6.51 5.79 5.83 6.58 6.33 Average 6.75 6.50 6.74 7.23 6.91 8
2016/17 年少年快樂表現可喜 2016/17 年變化百分比 Age 2016 2015 2016 % increase 8-9 7.30 6.76 7.99 10 7.18 6.96 3.16 11 6.97 6.91 0.87 12 6.77 6.55 3.36 13 6.34 6.52-2.76 14 6.46 6.15 5.04 15-18 6.51 5.79 12.44 Average 6.79 6.52 4.14 9
非常快樂學童比例隨年級下降 ; 中三指數高於中二全港 2 至 5% 學童非常不快樂 ; 小四中二非常不快樂比例高 小學 4 小學 5 小學 6 中學 1 中學 2 中學 3 Very unhappy (0-2) 14 8 13 6 17 8 Neutral (3-7) 110 133 132 160 93 180 Very happy (8-10) 134 116 115 104 203 71 Mean 7.24 6.94 6.84 6.76 6.33 6.45 % of very unhappy 5.43% 3.11% 5.00% 2.22% 5.43% 3.09% % of very happy 51.94% 45.14% 44.23% 38.52% 29.71% 27.41% Obs 258 257 260 270 313 259 10
2016 年學童 雙壓 減少 School Work Pressure Distribution Percentages 學業壓力歷年變化 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Low 21.06% 13.14% 15.5% 27.7% 20.3% Middle 67.71% 69.30% 69.9% 54.1% 55.7% High 11.23% 17.56% 14.6% 18.2% 24.0% Extra-curricular Activities Pressure Distribution Percentages 課外活動壓力歷年變化 Low 54.10% 51.06% 53.2% 60.5% 57.2% Middle 40.76% 42.70% 40.3% 27.4% 24.2% High 5.14% 6.24% 6.5% 12.1% 18.6% 11
Mental Capital: 心理資本 The Key to Successful Living Love 關愛 你會關心父母的健康和是否快樂 你會選擇健康的生活方式 你樂於為爸媽 / 監護人做些事情 你樂於幫助有需要的人 Insight 智慧 接受別人批評並不難受 做事不一定要優勝於別人, 但要做最好的自己 你在工作玩耍休息之間取得平衡 你經常會反思, 從錯誤中學習 12
Fortitude 堅毅 你有勇氣面對困難 當你決定要做一件事時, 你不會輕易放棄 Engagement 行動 你會全心全意努力做好一些事情 你能在學習中尋找樂趣 13
愛智毅行均隨年級遞減 : 關愛 Dependent Variable: LOVE Method: Least Squares Date: 09/12/17 Time: 03:49 Sample: 1 1636 Included observations: 1562 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 8.238438 0.093376 88.22880 0.0000 GRADE -0.221852 0.023551-9.419967 0.0000 R-squared 0.053820 Mean dependent var 7.442782 Adjusted R-squared 0.053214 S.D. dependent var 1.616938 S.E. of regression 1.573328 Akaike info criterion 3.745542 Sum squared resid 3861.561 Schwarz criterion 3.752397 Log likelihood -2923.269 Hannan-Quinn criter. 3.748091 F-statistic 88.73577 Durbin-Watson stat 1.926238 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
愛智毅行均隨年級遞減 : 智毅 15
愛智毅行均隨年級遞減 : 行 16
Comparison of Average Love Score by School Grade in 2015 & 2016 關愛指數全面大幅度上升 ; 快樂指數隨年級下跌 ; 中三穩下來 9.00 8.00 7.00 7.01 8.00 7.35 7.78 7.73 7.21 6.14 7.26 6.55 7.00 7.03 6.29 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Primary 4 Primary 5 Primary 6 Secondary 1 Secondary 2 Secondary 3 2015 2016 17
8.00 Comparison of Average Insight Score by School Grade in 2015 & 2016 智慧指數亦全面上升 ; 中三穩下來 7.00 6.00 6.16 6.91 5.96 6.63 6.62 6.25 5.75 6.41 6.20 6.27 5.57 5.51 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Primary 4 Primary 5 Primary 6 Secondary 1 Secondary 2 Secondary 3 2015 2016 18
Comparison of Average Fortitude Score by School Grade in 2015 & 2016 堅毅指數全面溫和上升 9.00 8.00 7.63 7.00 7.00 7.05 7.07 7.01 7.11 6.74 6.53 6.48 6.00 5.80 6.11 6.05 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Primary 4 Primary 5 Primary 6 Secondary 1 Secondary 2 Secondary 3 2015 2016 19
Comparison of Average Engagement Score by School Grade in 2015 & 2016 行動指數有所回落 ; 中三亦穩下來 8.00 7.00 7.33 7.48 7.59 7.19 7.49 7.05 6.28 6.69 6.71 6.66 6.46 6.49 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Primary 4 Primary 5 Primary 6 Secondary 1 Secondary 2 Secondary 3 2015 2016 20
基本模型 ; 只看愛智毅行 ; 關愛重中之重 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 04:48 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1519 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 1.440545 0.229552 6.275460 0.0000 LOVE 0.407925 0.039067 10.44177 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE 0.176206 0.043596 4.041817 0.0001 ENGAGEMENT 0.159184 0.035342 4.504152 0.0000 R-squared 0.274110 Mean dependent var 6.753127 Adjusted R-squared 0.272673 S.D. dependent var 2.149612 S.E. of regression 1.833264 Akaike info criterion 4.052703 Sum squared resid 5091.699 Schwarz criterion 4.066727 Log likelihood -3074.028 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.057924 F-statistic 190.6978 Durbin-Watson stat 1.974723 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 21
父母關心孩子表現或有反效果 ; 雙親關係十分重要 ; 男生較快樂
餘暇十分重要 ; 室外空間猶比室內空間重要 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/12/17 Time: 03:49 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1578 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 0.787528 0.242038 3.253733 0.0012 LIVING_SPACE 0.160983 0.060592 2.656855 0.0080 OPEN_SPACE 0.232483 0.061523 3.778817 0.0002 ABSENCE_NOISE 0.321909 0.056755 5.671890 0.0000 ACCESS_TRANSPORT 0.348881 0.055085 6.333454 0.0000 ENOUGH_FREETIME 0.514143 0.043329 11.86612 0.0000 R-squared 0.306066 Mean dependent var 6.742712 Adjusted R-squared 0.303859 S.D. dependent var 2.171987 S.E. of regression 1.812199 Akaike info criterion 4.030754 Sum squared resid 5162.551 Schwarz criterion 4.051149 Log likelihood -3174.265 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.038333 F-statistic 138.6690 Durbin-Watson stat 1.890143 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
2015/16 年調查的一個重要結果 : 認同學校有提供生命教育的同學更快樂 Life Education 學校提供生命教育 Frequency 人次 Happiness 平均快樂指數 Very much agree 十分認同 252 7.33 Agree 認同 Half half 一半半 453 6.70 314 5.94 Disagree 不認同 47 6.09 Very much disagree 非常不認同 23 3.91
800 Do students agree that their schools have provided Love Education in the following ways 愛心教育以講座 / 話劇 / 電影為主 ; 探訪 / 藝術 / 唱歌為副 ( 同學觀感 ) 700 649 670 600 500 504 566 506 520 535 597 400 325 342 300 285 225 200 145 153 124 100 55 84 85 53 70 0 Very Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Very Agree Talk/Seminar Visit/Role Play Art/Music Movie/Drama 25
Do students agree that their schools have provided Insight Education in the following ways 智慧教育以講座 / 話劇 / 電影為主 ; 探訪 / 藝術 / 唱歌較少 800 700 672 621 618 600 544 572 567 500 482 502 400 300 308 233 257 297 200 154 159 127 100 59 80 82 57 90 0 Very Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Very Agree Talk/Seminar Visit/Role Play Art/Music Movie/Drama 26
Do students agree that their schools have provided Fortitude Education in the following ways 堅毅教育以講座 / 話劇 / 電影為主 ; 探訪 / 藝術 / 唱歌較少 800 700 706 657 617 612 600 549 500 435 468 495 400 300 200 183 171 168 251 207 232 277 126 100 79 88 90 66 0 Very Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Very Agree Talk/Seminar Visit/Role Play Art/Music Movie/Drama 27
Do students agree that their schools have provided Engagement Education in the following ways 行動教育以講座 / 話劇 / 電影為主 ; 探訪 / 藝術 / 唱歌較少 700 600 523 597 561 610 537 528 535 516 500 400 300 334 280 308 359 200 141 133 129 100 62 82 84 57 89 0 Very Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Very Agree Talk/Seminar Visit/Role Play Art/Music Movie/Drama 28
生命教育以講座 / 話劇 / 電影為主 ; 探訪 / 藝術 / 唱歌較少 講座 Talk 探訪 Visit 藝術 / 唱歌 Art 電影 / 話劇 Movies 總數 Total Love 關愛 995 745 820 939 3499 Insight 智慧 926 715 759 864 3264 Fortitude 堅毅 800 642 700 772 2914 Engagement 行動 944 796 836 894 3470 LIFE 3665 2898 3115 3469 29
有關生命教育的主要問題 學校有透過以下, 鼓勵尊重和珍惜生命 (Love) 學校有透過以下, 鼓勵減少攀比 (Insight) 學校有透過以下, 鼓勵奮發自強不怕困難 (Fortitude) 學校有透過以下, 鼓勵你尋找興趣發揮所長 (Engagement) 生命教育深廣度比率 = 每校同學答同意或非常同意, 有提供 LIFE 教育的百分比 學校快樂指數 = 學校三個級別快樂指數的平均數 30
學校快樂指數與生命教育深廣度比率關係密切留意 Adjusted R Square 達 0.75 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/12/17 Time: 12:13 Sample: 1 19 Included observations: 19 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 4.845775 0.265335 18.26287 0.0000 LIFE_PERCENT 3.747830 0.508062 7.376721 0.0000 R-squared 0.761958 Mean dependent var 6.760495 Adjusted R-squared 0.747956 S.D. dependent var 0.477912 S.E. of regression 0.239931 Akaike info criterion 0.082371 Sum squared resid 0.978638 Schwarz criterion 0.181786 Log likelihood 1.217473 Hannan-Quinn criter. 0.099196 F-statistic 54.41601 Durbin-Watson stat 1.677027 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000001 31
愛心教育和建立目標最有助提升快樂 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:51 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1581 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 2.927126 0.236857 12.35820 0.0000 LOVE_EDUCATION 0.656939 0.110593 5.940148 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_EDU 0.141423 0.132347 1.068580 0.2854 ENGAGEMENT_EDUCATION 0.279608 0.098703 2.832821 0.0047 R-squared 0.147956 Mean dependent var 6.753953 Adjusted R-squared 0.146336 S.D. dependent var 2.175713 S.E. of regression 2.010227 Akaike info criterion 4.236900 Sum squared resid 6372.679 Schwarz criterion 4.250475 Log likelihood -3345.269 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.241944 F-statistic 91.28141 Durbin-Watson stat 1.979358 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 32
愛心教育和建立目標效果似更顯著 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:51 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1564 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 4.556893 0.621242 7.335128 0.0000 LOVE_EDUCATION 0.657259 0.111524 5.893425 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_EDU 0.137599 0.132765 1.036411 0.3002 ENGAGEMENT_EDUCATION 0.268149 0.099016 2.708148 0.0068 AGE -0.147023 0.053084-2.769634 0.0057 AGE*SECONDARY 0.029667 0.014602 2.031739 0.0423 R-squared 0.150772 Mean dependent var 6.755115 Adjusted R-squared 0.148047 S.D. dependent var 2.174889 S.E. of regression 2.007451 Akaike info criterion 4.235437 Sum squared resid 6278.519 Schwarz criterion 4.255981 Log likelihood -3306.112 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.243074 F-statistic 55.32157 Durbin-Watson stat 1.983403 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 33
生命教育以講座 訪問 電影 話劇效果為大 ; 以藝術和歌唱似乎較小 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 08/22/17 Time: 12:38 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1581 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 2.894532 0.240967 12.01214 0.0000 LIFE_MOVIE_DRAMA 0.360870 0.102477 3.521485 0.0004 LIFE_SING_ART 0.009788 0.104427 0.093733 0.9253 LIFE_TALK 0.488030 0.084761 5.757726 0.0000 LIFE_VISIT_ROLEPLAY 0.226076 0.108691 2.079982 0.0377 R-squared 0.147562 Mean dependent var 6.753953 Adjusted R-squared 0.145399 S.D. dependent var 2.175713 S.E. of regression 2.011330 Akaike info criterion 4.238627 Sum squared resid 6375.628 Schwarz criterion 4.255597 Log likelihood -3345.635 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.244932 F-statistic 68.20380 Durbin-Watson stat 1.984144 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 34
愛心教育以講座 訪問 電影 話劇效果為大 ; 以藝術和歌唱似乎較小 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 08/30/17 Time: 15:55 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1602 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 3.038797 0.234804 12.94187 0.0000 LOVE_MOVIE_DRAMA 0.273943 0.070282 3.897762 0.0001 LOVE_SING_ART 0.117984 0.071400 1.652432 0.0986 LOVE_TALK 0.392471 0.064688 6.067138 0.0000 LOVE_VISIT_ROLEPLAY 0.247661 0.073445 3.372042 0.0008 R-squared 0.143447 Mean dependent var 6.749064 Adjusted R-squared 0.141302 S.D. dependent var 2.178356 S.E. of regression 2.018595 Akaike info criterion 4.245797 Sum squared resid 6507.340 Schwarz criterion 4.262586 Log likelihood -3395.884 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.252031 F-statistic 66.86238 Durbin-Watson stat 1.961709 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 35
歌唱和藝術對智慧教育不顯著 ; 講座卻能建功 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:49 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1592 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 3.391651 0.224324 15.11943 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_MOVIE 0.299251 0.095716 3.126437 0.0018 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_SING -0.024403 0.097435-0.250457 0.8023 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_TALK 0.446835 0.079155 5.645064 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_VISIT 0.239073 0.100804 2.371660 0.0178 R-squared 0.131608 Mean dependent var 6.751884 Adjusted R-squared 0.129419 S.D. dependent var 2.173637 S.E. of regression 2.028110 Akaike info criterion 4.255222 Sum squared resid 6527.697 Schwarz criterion 4.272096 Log likelihood -3382.156 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.261489 F-statistic 60.12899 Durbin-Watson stat 1.978932 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 36
行動亦是以現身說法的講座和電影或話劇最有感染力 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 08/30/17 Time: 16:02 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1595 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 3.766251 0.218900 17.20537 0.0000 ENGAGEMENT_MOVIE_DRAMA 0.288822 0.081539 3.542137 0.0004 ENGAGEMENT_SING_ART 0.102510 0.080822 1.268337 0.2049 ENGAGEMENT_TALK 0.311135 0.071193 4.370299 0.0000 ENGAGEMENT_VISIT_ROLEPLA 0.125670 0.081505 1.541869 0.1233 R-squared 0.111041 Mean dependent var 6.750470 Adjusted R-squared 0.108805 S.D. dependent var 2.178469 S.E. of regression 2.056543 Akaike info criterion 4.283060 Sum squared resid 6724.696 Schwarz criterion 4.299908 Log likelihood -3410.740 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.289317 F-statistic 49.65228 Durbin-Watson stat 1.978539 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 37
電影和話劇對感性教育的功效巨大 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:48 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1588 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 3.731520 0.216669 17.22223 0.0000 LOVE_MOVIE_DRAMA 0.296582 0.076024 3.901151 0.0001 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_MOVIE 0.282994 0.096448 2.934150 0.0034 ENGAGEMENT_MOVIE_DRAMA 0.260175 0.076169 3.415777 0.0007 R-squared 0.115187 Mean dependent var 6.753149 Adjusted R-squared 0.113511 S.D. dependent var 2.173512 S.E. of regression 2.046438 Akaike info criterion 4.272594 Sum squared resid 6633.648 Schwarz criterion 4.286121 Log likelihood -3388.440 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.277619 F-statistic 68.73645 Durbin-Watson stat 1.955541 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 38
歌唱和藝術對啟發愛心較啟發智慧和行動有效 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:27 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1590 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 4.194095 0.203125 20.64784 0.0000 LOVE_SING_ART 0.315003 0.077153 4.082816 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_SING 0.168115 0.097992 1.715601 0.0864 ENGAGEMENT_SING_ART 0.252510 0.075974 3.323645 0.0009 R-squared 0.097506 Mean dependent var 6.751572 Adjusted R-squared 0.095799 S.D. dependent var 2.179323 S.E. of regression 2.072307 Akaike info criterion 4.297715 Sum squared resid 6811.008 Schwarz criterion 4.311228 Log likelihood -3412.683 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.302734 F-statistic 57.11732 Durbin-Watson stat 1.945984 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 39
講座對啟發愛心和智慧有功 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:25 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1593 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 3.488157 0.228344 15.27585 0.0000 LOVE_TALK 0.322381 0.081769 3.942588 0.0001 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_TALK 0.400668 0.100558 3.984452 0.0001 ENGAGEMENT_TALK 0.174575 0.077727 2.245998 0.0248 R-squared 0.120122 Mean dependent var 6.748274 Adjusted R-squared 0.118460 S.D. dependent var 2.178016 S.E. of regression 2.044947 Akaike info criterion 4.271129 Sum squared resid 6644.893 Schwarz criterion 4.284621 Log likelihood -3397.954 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.276140 F-statistic 72.31045 Durbin-Watson stat 1.952082 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 40
訪問和角色扮演對愛心教育成效高 Dependent Variable: HAPPINESS Method: Least Squares Date: 09/04/17 Time: 15:24 Sample (adjusted): 1 1635 Included observations: 1591 after adjustments Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. C 3.923491 0.203892 19.24295 0.0000 LOVE_VISIT_ROLEPLAY 0.365458 0.079075 4.621654 0.0000 INSIGHTFORTITUDE_VISIT 0.286903 0.101986 2.813160 0.0050 ENGAGEMENT_VISIT_ROLEPLA 0.178310 0.077037 2.314595 0.0208 R-squared 0.115354 Mean dependent var 6.750471 Adjusted R-squared 0.113682 S.D. dependent var 2.178791 S.E. of regression 2.051211 Akaike info criterion 4.277249 Sum squared resid 6677.251 Schwarz criterion 4.290755 Log likelihood -3398.552 Hannan-Quinn criter. 4.282266 F-statistic 68.97941 Durbin-Watson stat 1.960476 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 41
Comparison of Happiness Score falls with school work pressures in 2015 & 2016 學業壓力愈低愈快樂 9.00 8.00 7.98 7.76 7.00 6.63 6.68 6.00 5.00 4.94 5.25 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Low Middle High 2015 2016 42
8.00 Comparison of Happiness Score falls with extra-curricular activities pressures in 2015 & 2016 活動壓力愈低愈快樂 7.00 6.96 7.24 6.17 6.25 6.00 5.00 5.10 5.42 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Low Middle High 43