65-104 ) * () () () () () () () () ( ) () *
66 The Symbolic Interactionism and School Organizational Culture Ming-Ho Chen*Ching-Fang Kuo Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the phenomena of school organizational culture from the perspective of symbolic interactionism, and to analyze by micro-research orientation. First, the components of symbolic interactionism and school organizational culture are investigated. Then, one elementary school is sampled to collect data by participant observation and focus groups and the data are analyzed. Finally, the author lists the following suggestions: 1.The principles of school building planning ought to practice. 2.The institutions which fit physical and mental development of teachers and students should be established. 3.The paths of communication between school and community should be smoothly established and the school should try to set up the dialogue platform. 4.The subjectivity of school should be concerned and the school should try to develop the system of school-based management. 5.The crisis management of school ought to be set up. 6.The role of teachers should be re-enacted and teachers try to pay much attention to student sub-culture. 7.The school culture of learning organization should be developed. *Ming-Ho Chen: Graduate student of Institute of Elementary Education, National Pingtung Teachers College. Ching-Fang Kuo: Graduate student of Department of Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
67 8.The unique of school symbol should be preserved. 9.It is important to pay equal attention to both of effectiveness and efficiency. KeywordsSymbolic InteractionismSchool Organizational CultureFocus groups
68 1996 47) ( ) (organizational culture) 2000 137) 2003 2) (symbolic interactionism)
69 () (George Herbert Mead 1863-1931) 1920 (Martin Blumer) 1950-1960 (E. C. Hughes) (urban anthropologies) (E. Goffman) (dramaturgical approach) (E. Lemert) (H. Becker) (labeling theory) (ethnomethodology) Charon(1979p28) (George Herbert Mead) (John Dewey) (William James) 1910 s 1920 s (C. H. Cooley) 1930 s (William I. Thomas) (Martin Blumer) 1950 s 1960 s 950 s 1960 s 1970 s (labeling theory) (E. Goffman) (ethnomethodology) Charon, J. M.(1979). Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction, An Interpretation, An Integration, p28
70 1997 172) (William I. Thomas) (Roberty) (William James) () 1. Jacobs(1979, p41) ( ) 89 179) (1) (2) (3) 2. (Mead1934p152-164)
71 (1) (the play stage) (2) (the game stage) (generalized others) (I) (me) 3. Denzin(1992p16) Thomas Znaniecki The Polish Peasant (definition of situation) 1993 24) (interpretation) 1989 20)
72 4. E. C. Cuff W. W. Sharrock D. W. Francis (1998) 2003 161) (Blumer 1962p2) (1) (2) (3) 5. (Tuner, 1988, p90)
73 (front stage) (back stage) 1989 22) (Tuner, 1988, p95) (1) (2) (3) ) ( ) () (Functionalism) (Conflict theory) (Exchange theory) (Symbolic Interactionism) 1986 33-40) )
74 (ethnography) (participant observation) (interview) 2000 139) (1989) 18 18 () 1. (1989 21) (1) (2) (3) (E. Goffman) (dramaturgy) (labeling theory) () ) ) )
75 (4) (M. Sarup) Charon(1979p174-175) Kant Charon 2. (68 209-211) (1) (2) (3) Craib(1984p78) (1) (2) Denzin(1992) Denzin
76 () 1. 2003 3-8) Schein (1996) ( 1996 12) 2. Lunberg (1985, pp171-172) Hoy Miskel (1987, p250) (tacit assumptions) (values) (norms) Schein Schein (1) (artifacts) (2) (values)
77 (3) (basic assumptions) ) ) ( ) Schein Schein Edgar H.(1992).How Culture Forms, Develops and Changes. In Gaining Control of the Organizational Culture, Ralph Kilman et al. eds. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, pp.19-20. Schein (1998 311) ()
78 Hoy Miskel(1987, p247) Shaw (1990) 1998 2) (1998 2) Shaw (1998 309) (organizational culture) (1999 229) (1996 211) ( ) ( )
79 () Schein (1992) (the iterative clinical interview) (the inquiry interview methodology) ( 1996 173-184)Joanne Martin(1992, p13) --- (integration) (differentiation) (fragmentation) (1980 12)Schein --- (rational-theoretical approach) (internal consistency approach) Schein (2002 71) (2002) Csikszentmihalyi
80 121 233 58 175 75 158 (LISREL) (1996) 20 31 927 10 2003 31) 1999 238) (logical positivism)
81 (symbolic interactionism) (ethnomethodology) (phenomenology) (1994 171-191) Schein(1996) (1) (2) (focus group) () 1. (1)
82 (2) (3) 2. (participation as observer) ( ) ( ) () (face-to-face group) 6 4 (semi-structured nonstandardized) () 030407 2003 4 7 030416 2003 4 16 A.B.C.D T1~Tn AT1 A B 1 3 C 4 6 D A T1 (
83 ) ( ) 10 (2002 65) 92.4.7-92.6.28 92.4.16 (A ) 92.4.23 (B ) 92.4.30 (C ) 92.5.7 (D ) 92.4.7-92.7.20 () AT1 * 030416) A BCD
84 BT2 ( BT3 CT1 030430) DT6 030507) DT3 ( 030507) 2000 14) 030407)
85 () AT6 ( 030416) A BC D BT2 ( BT4 CT5 ( 030430) CT2 030430) DT4 40 030507) 1994 191) 20
86 0304010) 30 700 ( 030410) () AT5 ) AT6
87 BT3 ( ) BT6 CT4 030430) DT5 030507) (2002 260)
88 () AT4 A BT4 ** BT4 ( 030424) (1999 7)
89 CT1 030430) DT3 030507) () AT2 030416) AT6 AT1 *
90 AT1 * ) A 1998 116) BT1 * CT2 ( ) 030430) () AT5 030416) AT6 ( )
91 AT6 BT1 CT5 030430) DT2 030507) 1997 111) ( 030508) () AT1 ( 030416) BT2 ( BT5 CT3 030430)
92 CT4 030430) DT4 030507) DT6 030507) 1994 163) * * * 030515) () AT2 030416) AT5 BT1 BT4 CT5 030430) CT6 030430) DT2 030507) (1996 146)
93 030513) 030514) () ( ) AT1 030416) AT1 030416) BT4 BT4 ( CT3 030430) CT3 030430) DT5 030507)
94 DT5 030507) ( 1996 49) ( ) AT2 030416) BT1 BT6 CT2 030430) CT5 030430) DT1 030507) DT3 030507) () --- 1999 163)
95 ()
96 ()
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98 /
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101 () ( ) () (2002) 13 61-90 (1999) 3 259-276 (1999) (2003)E. C. Cuff W. W. Sharrock D. W. Francis (1998) (Perspectives In Sociology) (1993) 8(2) 20-45 (1993)
102 (2002) ( ) (1996) --- (1996) 239 172-178 (2002) (1998) (2001) (1998) 58 106-117 (1996)Jonathan H. Turner (1994) --- (1996) ( ) (1996) (2002) --- (2003) 18 1-40 (1996)Edgar H. Schein (1992) (1997) --- 51 104-111 (1987) 2(3) 3-15 (1998) 12 1-22 (1999) (2000)
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