a

101/12, pp. 575 608 575 C 陳宜中 100 8 29 101 6 4

576 1 2011 2011 2011a 2 1 2008 1949 2

577 3 1990 2000 1994 2003a; 2006a; 2006b; 2006c; 2009; 2011a; 2011b 3 20102008; 2010

578 1990 4 1988 2000 1988 1980 5 4 20002007 2007: 362 363 5 19921999 2004

579 80 2000 1994 : 77 1999: 346, 331 334 6 ibid.: 388 389, 338, 342 343 2000 1994 : 75 76 7 1999: 387 388, 337 338 ibid.: 152, 390 1978 ibid.: 94 6 1995 1999 7 1980 1991 1990 1999; 2008

580 1949 2000 1994 : 77 1999: 148, 150, 149 8 ibid.: 147 148, 371 375, 335 ibid.: 373 375, 335 1908 ibid.: 371 373, 335 8 1987

581 2011 A B C A B C 9 1992: 134 9 Hawthorn 1991

582 10 1998: 7 9 1998; 1999 11 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 2005: 4 5 1910 ibid.: 69, 89 1993: 140 146 10 1983 19981988 11 2001a

583 2011: 48 52 2005: 108 12 13 12 2011 1960 1964; 2005 13 2009

584 1990 2006a 14 1990 1980 2000 15 2006a 2011b 2009 14 2004 1987; 1992; 1998a; 1998b; 2000; 2003b 15 2004 2000 2011

585 2003a 2006a 2003a; 2006a; 2006b; 2006c; 2009; 2011b1920 2000; 2003a; 2006b; 2006c; 2008; 2009 3 2011b

586 16 2006b 2011b 1916 2006c 2003a 1925 1927 412 16 2011b

587 2006c 1920 2000: 266 267 1 2 34 2003a 2009 2006a

588 17 18 2006a; 2006b; 2011b 2006a 1922 19 2000; 2003a; 2006c; 2008; 2009 17 2011 18 2006b; 2011b 2006: 3 1993: 1732011 19 2001b

589 20 21 1920 1919 1926 22 2003a; 2006c 2006c 23 20 2000; 2003a; 2006c; 2008; 20091995 21 2001b 22 1919 2006: 212 221 23 2011 [1927]: 57 1927 5 5!

590 1990 1989 1992 1992 1992 1988

591 24 2007 1990 25 1990 1990 1990 24 2000 2007: 362 363 25 1990 2007: 362 3982004

592 1990 26 1990 2008 1990 80 1989 1999: 379 1990 ibid.: 341 1980 26 2011

593 1980 1986 87 1980 27 vs. vs. vs. 27 2006

594 1949 28 29 28 29

595 1992; 1998a; 1998b 30 2004 2005 2002 Duara, 1995: ch. 6 2000: 266 30 2009

596 2009 31 2003a 31 1983 1979 2008

597 32 32 2011: 268 274

598 2011: 273 1980 2006 1992

599 1990 1992

600 2011 1990

601 33 33 2006

602

603 A. 2006 2004 1992 4 10: 143 149

604 1998 2 45: 4 14 2000[1988] 1 29 1999 2004 1 84 2011 9 15 http://www.21ccom.net/articles/sxpl/pl/article_201001202793. html 2007 1990 43 71 2000 2009 1987 2011 2011 9 18 http:// www1.hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20110918&sec_id= 4104&subsec_id=11867&art_id=15623452 2000[1994] 74 83 2011 2010 1999 1983 1992 6 11: 133 136 1998 2008 1993 1983 1987 1992

605 1998a 1998b 2000 252 270 2003a 2011 9 15 http://philosophy.sysu.edu.cn/papers/showarticle.asp?articleid=237 2003b 2006a 360doc 2011 9 15 http://www.360doc.com/content/06/0529/10/7099_124350.shtml 2006b 2011 9 15 http:// news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2006 11/17/content_5341471.htm 2006c 2011 9 15 http:// www.360doc.com/content/06/0715/16/142_156737.shtml 2008 2011 9 15 http://www. chen-jiongming.com/wenzi/lunwen/yuanweishi_chenjiongmingyanjiuguankui/ YuanWeiShi_ChenJiongMingYanJiuGuanKui.html 2009 8 2011 9 15 http://blog.tianya.cn/blogger/post_read.asp?blogid=1854128&pos tid=19184817 2011a 2011 9 15 http://www.21ccom.net/articles/lsjd/lsjj/article_2011011127927.html 2011b 2011 9 15 http://www.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=206090 2004 2001a 2001b 20 20 2011 9 15 http://www.xinfajia.net/4545.html 2011 2011 9 15 http://www.president.gov.tw/default.aspx?tabid=1103&itemid=23187&rmid=2780 2006 2010 1964 2005 2006 2008

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608 Specters of Revolution: Two Counter-Radical Perspectives I-chung Chen Associate Research Fellow Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica ABSTRACT This paper examines two influential counter-radical perspectives on modern Chinese politics and history, especially in relation to Sun Yat-Sen and the Revolution of 1911. One version regards the Revolution of 1911 as a political mistake made by Sun and his followers. According to this view, what caused the Revolution had been, above all else, Sun s political radicalism, which obstructed the constitutional monarchy alternative that would presumably be superior to a revolutionary break. The other version, focusing on what immediately followed the Revolution, has it that Sun s addiction to endless revolution, an infantile disorder, was chiefly responsible for the failure of post-revolutionary constitutionalism and parliamentary politics, as well as for the dissolution of the devolutionary federalist movement of the 1920s. This paper argues that both counter-radical perspectives are at best partial. In ascribing to political radicalism too much causal weight that is dubious, both versions tend to sidestep important questions pertaining to political sociology, while overestimating the powers stemming from radical thought. Furthermore, as a negation of political radicalism, both fail to grasp that under certain circumstances even the seemingly rather mild scenario of gradual realization of constitutional democracy could itself be condemned as politically radical. This implies that the very dramatic opposition between political radicalism and democratic gradualism, as evident in both versions, is largely unsustainable. Thus, both are found to be wanting as an account of politics and insofar as the democratic future of China is concerned. Key Words: revolution, political radicalism, constitutionalism, democracy, federalism