2006 6 2 Overseas Chinese History Studies June 2006 No. 2 1, 2 (11 ; 21 ) [ ] ; ; ; ; [ ],,, 10,,,, [ ] D634137112 [ ] A [ ] 1002-5162 (2006) 02-0001 - 13 Migration Net works, Social Resource Distribution and Ne w Migrants from Northeast [ ] 2005212204 [ ],,, ;,, China : Fieldwork Notes from San Francisco Bay Area WANG Wei 1, QIAN Jiang 2 (1. Faculty of Economics, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan ; 2. Centre of Asian Studies, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) Key words : San Francisco Bay Area ; new migrants from Northeast China ; migration networks ; social capital ; social resource distribution Abstract : Based on fieldwork interviews conducted in San Francisco Bay Area of the United States, this paper studies new migrants from northeast China with a focus on a theoretical analysis of the roles played by social capital and non - institutional social resource distribution in current Chinese transnational migration outflow. The authors argue that while new migrants from northeastern China provinces have rapidly emerged as one of the major cohorts of Chinese international migration waves over the past decade, they are on the whole lacking solidarity and internal cohesion, resulting in a less success in their economic development overseas. Different driving forces have been at work in terms of mass outflows from China s northeastern provinces since the 1980s. Of them, economic 1
motivation advocated by classical economics migration theory and a hidden pushing force triggered by the economic reform and institutional transformation of Chinese state2owned enterprises could be advanced as the two leading factors. A closer observation would also reveal that Strong Ties and Weak Ties, the two types of network in non2institutional social resource distribution, have been significantly contributing towards the transcontinental emigration from China s northeastern provinces and the job seeking success among Chinese new migrants in society overseas, the weak ties existing in the new migrant communities in particular.,,, 10 2004,, (Cupertino) (Mountain View),,,,,, (San Francisco),, 119,,,,, 1776 1806, 1821 1846, 1848,, 1850, 215, 74, 25 ( San Francisco Bay Area), (Oakland) (San Jose), 750, 70, (Silicon Valley), 20 70,,,, 60,,, 70,,,,, 80,,,,, 90,,,,,, :,,,,,, 2
, 20, 90,,,,,,,,,, 30 50,,,,,,,, : A ( : 48 ; : ) 1998 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,, 4 6, 7 10,,,,,,, 90, 1999 2002,, 12 3,,,, 1200,, 24,,,,,, 5000,,, 90, 450,,, 3
,,,,,,,,, 50,, Money,,, 50,, Very good!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,, 4,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, 12 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,,,,,,, 60, 4
,,,, 80 %, 5 %, 1993,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : B ( : 45 ; : ) 2000 2 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987,, 7000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,,,,,,,,,?,,, 20,, 5
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200 5, 200, 300 500,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6
,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,,,,, 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 20?,,, 50 W. Arthur Lewis (Equilibrium Economic Development Model), ( Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour Model) W. Arthur Lewis Gustav Ranis John C. H. Fei,,,, ( ) 7
;,,,,,,, [1 ],,,,, A,, 1200 ( 1 ), B, 200, 1000 ( 8000 ),, ( ),, 10,,, 20,,,,,, 1998, 1350 ; 1998 2002, 2700,, 4000 6000 [2 ],, 2000, 1125, 9146, 3314, 52 % ;, 78 %, [3 ] 25,,,,,,,,, 1949 1979 30,,,, A, B,,, ( ),,, 8
,,, 19, Glenn C. Loury 1977 [4 ], Pierre Bourdieu, Bourdieu,,, [5 ],,,,,,, William I. Thomas Florian Znaniecki [6 ],,,, Douglas S. Massey, Pierre Bourdieu James Coleman, 1987 [7 ] Douglas S. Massey Joaqu n Arango,,,,,,, (chain migration),,,,,,,, A B,,,,,,,,, A,,,, A,,,,,, A, ( ), 9
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Mark S. Granovetter 1973 5, Granovetter,, Granovetter, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, ( Information Bridge),, Granovetter,, [8 ],, Granovetter, [9 ] 1997,, :,, Granovetter,, [10 ],,, A B,,,,,, A,, ( ),,,,,,,, 5,,, A, A 10
, A,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 20 A,, A, ( ) 3,,,, A, ( ), A,,,,,,,,, A, B B ( ),,, B,,,,,,,,,,,,, B,,, B,,,, B, B,,,,,, A B,,,,,,,,,, 11
,,,,,,,, :, Granovetter, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,, [ ] [ 1 ] W. Arthur Lewis, Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour, Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 22, 1954, pp. 139-191 ; Gustav Ranis and John C. American Economic Review, Vol. 51, 1961, pp. 533-565. H. Fei, A Theory of Economic Development, [ 2 ], :, :, 2000 1 ; :, ( ), 2000 3 ; : 2003, :, 2003 7 ; : 2003 2004, :, 2004 1 [ 3 ] : 2003, :, 2003, 31 12
[ 4 ] Glenn C. Loury, A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences, in Phyllis A. Wallace and Anette M. LaMond eds., Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination, Lexington : Mass. : Heath, 1977, pp. 153-186. [ 5 ] Pierre Bourdieu and Loic Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1992, p. 119. [ 6 ] William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, 2 Vols. (Originally published in 1918-1920), New York : Dover, reprint, 1958. [ 7 ] Pierre Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, in John G. Richardson ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York : Greenwood, 1986, pp. 241-158 ; James S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, Mass. : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990 ; Douglas S. Massey, Rafael Alarc n, Jorge Durand, and Humberto Gonz lez, Return to Aztlan : The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico, Berkeley : University of California Press, 1987. [ 8 ] Mark S. Granovetter, The Strength of Weak Ties, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78, No. 6 (May 1973), pp. 1360-1380 ; Mark S. Granovetter, The Strength of Weak Ties : A Network Theory Revisited, Sociology Theory, Vol. 1 (1983), pp. 201-233. [ 9 ] Nan Lin, Paul Dayton and Peter Greenwald, Analyzing the Instrumental Uses of Social Relations in the Context of Social Structure, Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 7 (1978), pp. 149-166 ; Nan Lin, John C. Vaughn and Walter M. Ensel, Social Resources and Occupational Status Attainment, Social Forces, June 1981 ; Nan Lin, Walter M. Ensel and John C. Vaughn, Social Resources and Strength of Ties : Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment, American Sociological Review, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Aug., 1981), pp. 393-405 ; Nan Lin, Social Capital : A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2001. [10 ] Yanjie Bian, Bringing Strong Ties Back in : Indirect Ties, Network Bridges, and Job Searches in China, American Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 3 (June 1997), pp. 366-385 ; Yanjie Bian and Soon Ang, Gaunxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore, Social Forces, Vol. 75, No. 3 (March 1997), pp. 981-1005. 2005 5, 1997, 51,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ) 13