2003 5 May12003 2 Studies in Qing History No12 [],,, :,,,, [ ] [] K248 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 02-0038 - 24 The Rural - clan Landlord Economy in Northern Fujian in the Ming and Qing Periods The rural - clan landlord economy developed rapidly in the Yangzi River basin and especially in provinces on the southeast coast during the Ming and Qing periods1 This essay examines the historical phenomenon using northern Fujian as a case study1 The article finds that during the Ming Qing period the direct integration between rural clan organizations and the landlord economy strengthened a weakening private landlord economy1 At the same time, the development of this economy impeded the normal development of class differentiation and class struggle1consequently, it postponed the disin2 tegration of feudal land and social relations1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ] 2002-12 - 15 [ ] (1955 ),,, 38 ; 361005
,,,,, :,, ( ) ( ) ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 1,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (1) : ( ) 9 1004 429 1433 2 215 215 2 180 180 4 510 60 60 630 2 695 695 3 459 459 5 408 29 437 4 1534 252 60 1846 3 942 83 1025 33 4943 1004 489 424 60 6920 : 11, ;, 39
40
, : 2 26 () ( ) ( ) 5 6393 15 553, 70 116 4 19 4 179 54 2 500 1 1734 90 19 1 440 30 30 1 74 18 18 19 34 10350 1 12000 5 110 70 1 448 22 1482 6 500 10 458 1 20, 109 11325 15 37, 553 518 : 11, 1 ;, 21,,,,, : 5, 1, ; 4,,,,,,, 4,, 1, ; 3,,,, 380,,,, 90,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,, 76, ;, 1200, 41
1000,,,,,, 140,,,,,, :,, (),,,,,, gλϖ,,,,, 97,,,, 21, 480 ;, 18,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, ; ;,, ;,,, :,, ; ; ;,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, (3) : 3 : ( ) % % % 72 72 100 48 48 100 522 485 93 37 7 1233 417 34 700 57 116 9 1085 901 83 184 17 2960 1390 47 1233 41 337 12 : 11 1 ; 21,,, 42
; 31, ; 41,,, 47 %,, 12 % 41 %,,,, :,,,, gλξ, :,?,,,, :,,, gλψ, 3, ; 9,, 7,,, 2, 55,,,,,,, gλζ,, :,,,,,, gλ{ : gλω,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 43
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλ, gλ}, gλ,, gµυ ;,, gµϖ,,, :,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, gµω,,,,, 44,,,,,,,, gµξ,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, : ; ; ;, ;, ; gµψ,,, ;, gµζ,, :,,,, ;,,, gµ{,,,,,, 15000, 550, 70 gµ, 71, 180,,, gµ},
,,,,,, :,, gµ,,,,, gνυ,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, () :,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,, ( ),,,, 7800,, 1, 1000 gνψ,,, :, :,, gνζ,, gν{,,,,,,, gνϖ,,,, gν,,,,,,,,,,, gνω,,,,,, gνξ,,,, ;,, gν},, :,, 45
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gν,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, (4) 4 () ( ) ( ) () () ( ) () () 27 36 11 200 9 1874 17 27 16 130 2 11 1877 25 33 5 140 19 29 10 150 29 35 5 260 1881 18 28 14 618 13 14 1772 20 25 10 360 28 11 1899 () 11? 19 1200 3 4 2 1905 8 21 74 1946 69 5 1898 9 18 28 800 53 5 2 5 1929 () 14 18 8 410 1929 6 16 6 1000 12 9 1902 ( ) () 11 16 21 910 4 1 1870 6 11 6 246 3 4 1921 5 13 16 2372 16 5 1 1898 8 20 22 1500 30 2 11 1890 261 13472 238 63 : 11,, ;, 21, 46
;,,, 31,, 41, 1 4,, ;,,,,,,,, 67, 172, 5, 5 1000 ;, 1, :, 148, 3 1, 1 ;, 130, 125, 9, 5, 4, 5 ;, 100,,, gου,,,, 150, 10, 4,, ; 50 gοϖ,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 74, 2000 gοω,,,,, 5, ( ) gοξ,,,,,,,, 1700 ;, 350 ;,, 2000 3, 9, 4, 2 ;,,, 8000 gοψ,,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,, 1100,,, 5 4,,, gοζ,,,,, ;,,, :,, gο{ 47
,,, ( ),,,, 28,,, 80 gο 16,,,, gο},,,, gο,,,,,, ;, 16, 13000, 800,,,,,,,, gπυ,,,,, gπϖ,,, gπω, ;, : 48,,,,, 12, 60 gπξ, :,,,, gπψ,, :,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,, 725,,,,,, gπζ : :, ;, ;,,,,, : (),, ;, ;,,, ;,
49
gθ, gθ,,,,, gθ} ;,,,,, gρυ 5 () ( ) ( ) () 1 200 1910 () 2 100 4 1877 () 2 125 3 120 14 37 1946 3 157 5 183 1944 1 500 200 1895 () 3 626 20 12 80 1905 2 107 19 26 11 10 1891 3 330 8 9 140 1829 () 2 100 1899 1 277 140 1929 1 100 6 () 1 191 9 1916 1 14 () 1 95 78 2 1 1872? 1 216 8 1888 28 3058 133, 16, 20 89 : 11, 21, 1 ;,,,,,,,,,, : 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 200 14 ; 1, 3200 ; 12,, ;,,,
,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, gρϖ, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, gρω,,,, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,, gρψ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1800,,,,, gρζ,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρ{,,,,, 2100 gρ ;, 1200 553 70 15,, 300 gρ},, :,,,,,, ;, ;, ;, 460 gρ,,, 51
,, ( ),,, 700, : (),,,,, gσυ,, 380,,, ; 90,,, gσϖ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, gσω,, : 52,,,,,,,,,, 11, 100, gσζ,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, gσξ,, :, :,,,,,,,,, ; 5, 1/ 5, ;, 3/ 5,,,, 35, 110, 180, 667 985 gσψ,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,, 20 %, 37 % gσ{,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, gσ, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ( ) ;,,,,, gσ}, :,, ;,,,,,, : :, ;,, :,,, ;,,, :,,,,, 53
,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( : ) gσ,,,,,, ;, gτυ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, gτϖ,,,,,, gτω,,,,, : ( ) 78 (70 ) 58 500 221 96 405 344 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 6912 1 1728 1 576 1 144 1 36 1 12 1 4 1 2 : 11, 70, 21, 54
1 :, 1/ 2 ;, 1 (2 2) = 1/ 4 ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;, ; (), gτξ,,, ;,,, 350, 7 17,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gτψ, :,,,,, gτζ,, gτ{,,,, gτ, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gτ},,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,?,,,,!,,,,, 55
,, ;,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,, :,, gτ, :,,,, :, ;,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, gβκυ,,,,,,,,,,, 56, :,, :, gβκϖ :, ; gβκω,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;, 167, 10,,, ;, 325, 1, gβκξ :,, 34 % ;, 66 %,, ;, (),,,,,, 100 ;,, 240 ; 7, 50 gβκψ
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;,,,,,,,,,, gβκ},,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβκ,,,,, : 58,,,, (), gβλυ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : ;,,, ;,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 110 ; gθυ,, ;,, gσωgσξ ; ; gνξ gθ{ gσ} gβλυ, ;, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,, ;,, gλϖ, 3 gλωgνϖ, gλξ gλψ gνζ gρ gσυ gτ gβκϖ gλζ gλ{ gλ gλ gµϖ gµζ gλ} 121-123, ; 124, gµυ 59
gµω, ; gµξ gµψ gθψ gβκ{, ;, ;, gµ{, gµ gρ{ gρ} gρ gσϖ gµ}, ; gµ gβκψ ; gνυ gπζ gτξ gβκξ gβκζ gνω gνψgν{, ; gν, gν}, ;, gν,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, 58,, gου gπψ gτω ; ;, gοϖ, gοω gοξ ; 3 gοψ, gοζ,, gο{, gο gο} gπ gπ, ; ; gο gπυ, ;, gπϖ gπω 60 gπξ gπ} gβκ} gβκ gπ{ gθϖ gθωgθξ ;, gθζ gσ gθ,, ;, ;,, gθ} :,,,, gθ gρυ ; ; gρϖ gρω gρξ gρψ ; gρζ gβκυ gβκω gσψ gσζ gσ{, 1984 3 gσ 25 714 gτυ gτϖ, gτψ gτζ :,, gτ{ gτ : gτ} gβκ : 1951,, : O, O O ( 110 ),,, (),
: 7 71, 197038, : 2213315, 11123 % ; 114744, 58123 % ; 1411516, 7116 % ; 306217, 1155 % ; 4297912, 21181 %, (1) : 30, 108371, : 55 % ; 23 % ; 17 % ; 5 % (2) : 5 35, 74482, : 49848, 66192 % ; 24636, 33108 %, (1) : 70 : 28 % ; 22178 % (2) : 166, 271938181, : 11022173, 40153 % ; 134702181, 49153 % ; 13870114, 511 % ; 7417123, 2172 % ; 3880181, 1142 %, : 8 207, 368099, : 3613 % ; 4415 % ; 2912 %, : 7 50 334, 526975149, : 129073167, 24149 % ; 257818102, 48192 % ; 12342185, 2134 % ; 127740195, 24124 % :, 1984,,,,,, ( 27 ),,, ( ), gτυ gτ :, 1995 9 gτϖ gτξjbb : ( ),, 566 570 571 578 gτζjbb, 84 90 190 gτ{,, 165 gτ}jbb, 2577 ( ) gβκ JBB, 2376 : 806, 27, 15, 764 61