English grammar Email: yungchin@163.com Website: http://www.yungchin.org Mobile: 159 2039 5794 1
Unit 4 Determiners & Articles 2
Determiners 3
限定词表达了名词词组中心词的所指意义 ( 特指和类指 ) 和数量意义 ( 确定数量和非确定数量 ) 4
定冠词, 不定冠词, 零冠词物主限定词名词属格指示限定词关系限定词疑问限定词不定限定词基数词和序数词倍数词和分数词量词 a, an, the my, their, one s john s, my friend s this, that, such whose, which what, which, whose no, enough, either one, first, last double, half, one-third plenty of, lots of, a large number of 5
与三类名词的搭配关系取决于限定词词义本身 单数名词复数名词不可数名词限定词 a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a, both, two, another two, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, (the) least the first, the last, the next this, that a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other, the, some, any, no, other, whose, 物主限定词, 名词属格 6
限定词的性质决定了 前位 + 中位 + 后位限定词 + 中心词 的词序结构 前位限定词 中位限定词 后位限定词 all, both, half; double, twice, three times; one-third, two-fifths; what, such; quite, rather a( n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your; Mary s, my friend s; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what( ever), which( ever), whose one, two, three; first, second, third; next, last, other, another; many, a few/ little, fewer, less, (the) least/ fewest, more, most; several, such; plenty of, a lot of, a great number/ deal/ quantity of, a great/ good many 7
三类限定词的搭配关系 1. 三类限定词按照 前位 - 中位 - 后位 的顺序排列 2. 中位限定词之间 前位限定词之间是相互排斥的 3. 后位限定词可以重叠使用 4. 个别限定词有跨类现象 8
前位 中位 后位 后位 中心词 all the four teachers some such alloy all other students those last few months such a person his/ every action half his lecture 9
Ex 18. Make corrections or improvements to these extracts. 1. Sheila s had many problems with her back for a lot of years. She s having an operation next week and she won t be back at work for a good deal of weeks afterwards. 2. Many think that hedgehogs are very rare nowadays, but when I was in Wales I saw many.
Ex 19. Make corrections or improvements to these extracts. 1. A lot of research has been conducted on the influence of diet on health, with a lot of studies focusing on the relationship between far intake and heart disease. However, a lot remains to be done. 2. While it is true that a lot of thousands of jobs were lost with the decline of the northern coal and steel industries, a lot of advantages have also followed. Much too many cases of lung disease were recorded in the region, but with lower levels of pollution the number has declined. In addition, a great deal of hi-tech companies have moved in to take advantage of the newly available workforce. 11
Ex 20. Underline the more appropriate answer. If both are possible, underline them both. 1. All the process/ the whole process takes only a few minutes. 2. All areas of the country/whole areas of the country have been devastated by the floods, although others haven t had rain for months. 3. The new rail network links all of the towns/whole towns in the region. 4. When I picked up the book I found that all of the pages/whole pages had been ripped out. There wasn t single one left. 12
Ex 21. Find any mistakes in the red parts of this text and suggest corrections. Each so often I like to invite my entire family my parents, six brothers and their families over for dinner on Saturday evening. My parents are quite old now, so I like to see them each few weeks. It s quite a lot of work and I usually spend all Friday shopping and cooking. Some of my family are fussy about what they eat, so I generally have to cook different things for every of them. Fortunately, all the food doesn t usually get eaten, so I have plenty left for the rest of the week. None of my brothers always come, but the ones who live locally usually do. This time Neil and His family all were on holiday so they couldn t make it. We had all a great time and we spent the whole evening talking about when we were children.
Articles 14
冠词的搭配 1.1 冠词与专有名词的搭配职业 / 外国头衔 / 限定修饰语 / + 人名 the poet Gray, the Emperor Charles, the young Shakespeare 地名 ( 海洋 江河 海峡 海湾 山脉 群岛 沙漠 ) the Atlantic, the Thames, the Himalayas, the Sahara 报刊 杂志 the Times, the Economist, the People s Daily 15
1.2 冠词与普通名词的搭配 冠词 普通名词 零冠词 球类 棋类 football, bridge, chess 职位 职称 官衔 职业 captain, general manager, politician, gardener 并列结构 body and soul, husband and wife, from beginning to end, from north to south, hand in hand, day by day, side by side 定冠词 独一无二的事物 the sun, the earth, the pope 乐器 the violin 人体部位 the face, the ear, the shoulder 16
普通名词 零冠词 不定冠词 定冠词 定义 非正式语体 非正式语体 正式语体 度量衡 季节时间 特定时段 交通工具 疾病 传染病 小病 传染病 餐食 特定 特定 处所 功能 动词同形名词 运动状态 单数名词 抽象意义 介词词组 喻义 本义 17
冠词的功能 冠词的表意功能使得名词词组产生类指和特指的所指意义 冠词的类指零冠词 + 复数名词 / 不可数名词 Doctors are badly needed at the front. Electricity is a form of energy. 不定冠词 + 单数名词 An ox is a useful animal. 定冠词 + 单数名词 Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. 定冠词 + 形容词 / 分词 The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 18
2.2 冠词的特指的分类 根据具体对象的确定性 确定特指 The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 非确定特指 I met an old man in the street. 根据指称对象的位置 前照应特指 Here is the student I told you about. 后照应特指 He ordered a book some time ago. It has now arrived. 语境特指 Shut the door, please. 19
Ex 22. Put a/an, the or zero article in the spaces. Give all possible answers. 1. A special award was given to novelist Ian McMurphy. 2. I ve been offered the position of Director of Personnel. 3. What make is your computer? It s Mac. 4. We ve going on holiday with Smiths. 5. She was determined to be author. 6. There is Smith knocking at the door. 7. He s really keen on playing football. He likes to think of himself as Ronaldo. 20
Ex 23. Complete the text with a/an, the, zero article or this. Give alternatives where possible. Something very strange happened to me the other night. As I was going home man came up to me. He had untidy hair and paint all over his clothes. He told me that he was heard of the local council and that he was offering me a job as road sweeper. He said that road sweeper earns a great deal of money and I would have responsibility for miles of roads. Well, I just said No thanks and walked on. When I looked back he had stopped woman. He was telling her that he was President of the United States and that he wanted her to be Defense Secretary. 21
Thank you! 22