Unit 5 Knowing about China Topic3 The dragon has become a symbol of the Chinese nation 一. 教学内容 : Topic 3 :The dragon has become a symbol of the Chinese nation. Section A and B 二. 重点 难点 : 单词 : grand roof imperial carve tail correct elder lord unique wooden promise chess nor thirsty hungry peasant battlefield memory found 词组 : show (sb.) around neither nor in memory of play an important part in the year of the dragon set up encourage sb. to do sth. promise to do sth. either or as as in order to do sth. fight against along with not only but also depend on 句子 : 1. In ancient China, emperors thought themselves real dragons and the sons of heaven. 2. It also plays an important part in Chinese festivals. 3. It is said that in ancient China a king named Yao set up a wooden column ( n. 柱, 圆柱 ;)outside his palace. 4. He encouraged people to carve their suggestions on it, and Yao promised to follow the good ones. 5. We can go to either Beihai Park or Shichahai Park. They are both wonderful places to visit. 6. Yeah, but I can t play it as well as my father. 7. In order to bring down the Qin dynasty ( n. 朝代, 王朝 )after the death of Emperor Qin Shihuang, the peasants fought against the government. 8. People invented Chinese chess in memory of the famous battle. 中国象棋棋盘上有 楚河汉界, 这是怎么来的呢? 楚河汉界 指的是河南省荥阳市黄河南岸广武山上的鸿沟 沟口宽约 800 米, 深达 200 米, 是古代的一处军事要地 西汉初年楚汉相争时, 汉高祖刘邦和西楚霸王项羽仅在荥阳一带就爆发了 大战七十, 小战四十, 因种种原因项羽 乃与汉约, 中分天下, 割鸿沟以西为汉, 以东为楚, 鸿沟便成了楚汉的边界 现在鸿沟两边还有当年两军对垒的城址, 东边是霸王城, 西边是汉王城 语法知识 : 并列句连词连接词 词组和句子的词为连词 连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立作句子成分而只起连接词与词, 短语与短语以及句与句的作用 连词主要可分为两类 : 并列连词和从属连词 并列连词用来连接平行的词 词组和分句 如 :and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as http://school.chinaedu.com 1
well as, both and, not only but also, either or, neither nor, (and)then 等等 从属连词是连接主从复合句的. 并列连词引导两个并列的句子 1) and 与 or 判断改错 : ( 错 ) They sat down and talk about something. ( 对 ) They sat down and talked about something. ( 错 ) They started to dance and sang. ( 对 ) They started to dance and sing. ( 错 ) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper ( 耳语 )there. ( 对 )I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析 : 第一句 : and 连接两个并列的谓语, 所以 talk 应改为 talked 第二句 :and 连接两个并列的动词不定式, 第二个不定式往往省略 to, 因此 sang 应改为 sing 第三句 :and 连接感官动词 saw 后面的用作宾补的两个并列分词结构, 因此 whisper 应改为 whispering 注意 :and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件 (or 也有此用法 ) Make up your mind, and you ll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you ll get the chance. One more effort( 努力 ), and you ll succeed. = If you make one more effort, you ll succeed. 2) both and 两者都 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3) not only but (also), as well as 不但 而且 She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 注意 : not only but also 连接两个分句时, 一个分句因有否定词 not 而必须倒装 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4) neither nor 意思为 既不 也不 谓语动词采用就近原则, 与 nor 后的词保持一致 Neither you nor he is to blame. 表示选择的并列结构 1) or 意思为 否则 I must work hard, or I ll fail in the exam. 2) either or 意思为 或者 或者 注意谓语动词采用就近原则 Either you or I am right. http://school.chinaedu.com 2
表示转折或对比 1) but 表示转折,while 表示对比 Some people love cats, while others hate them. 典型例题 -- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?-- I d like to, I m too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案 D but 与前面形成转折, 符合语意 而表并列的 and, 结果的 so, 原因的 as 都不符合句意 2) not but 意思为 不是 而是 not 和 but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则 They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 表原因关系 1) for 判断改错 : ( 错 ) For he is ill, he is absent today. ( 对 ) He is absent today, for he is ill. for 是并列连词, 不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首, 只能将其放在两个分句中间 2) so, therefore He hurt his leg, so he couldn t play in the game. 连词的误用因为连词的种类非常多, 有并列连词 ( 连接并列句 ), 有从属连词 ( 引导复合句 ), 而从属连词引导的从句又可分为三类 : 名词性从句 定语从句和状语从句 尤其应注意的是有些连词可引导不止一种从句, 具有多重功能, 这往往是学习的难点, 也是易混点 难点回顾 : 1. as 可引导多种从句, 如时间状语从句 原因状语从句 让步状语从句 方式状语从句 比较状语从句以及定语从句 [ 误 ] Which you can see, he is always ready to help others. [ 正 ] As you can see, he is always ready to help others. [ 析 ]as 引导非限制性定语从句, 当 正像 讲 [ 误 ] Do like I told you. [ 正 ] Do as I told you. [ 析 ]like 是介词 ;as 是连词, 在这里作 按照 讲, 引导方式状语从句 [ 误 ] He was reading then he was walking. [ 正 ] He was reading as he was walking. http://school.chinaedu.com 3
[ 析 ]as 强调两个动作同时进行, 作 一边 一边 讲 [ 误 ] As he is young, he knows a lot. [ 正 ] Young as he is, he knows a lot. [ 析 ]as 引导的让步状语从句应用倒装语序, 应把表语提前 2. that 可引导多种从句, 如定语从句 名词性从句 状语从句等 [ 误 ] You don t like him is none of my business. [ 正 ] That you don t like him is none of my business. [ 析 ]that 引导主语从句, 本身无实际意义, 但不能省略 [ 误 ] The thief handed everything which he had stolen to the police. [ 正 ] The thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. [ 析 ]everything 是不定代词, 因此后面的定语从句只能由 that 引导 [ 误 ] I am happy as you passed the exam. [ 正 ] I am happy that you passed the exam. [ 析 ]that 在形容词后面引导原因状语从句, 不能用 as 3. where 可引导多种从句, 如定语从句 状语从句以及名词性从句 [ 误 ] Go to find your watch. It s there where you left it. [ 正 ] Go to find your watch. It s where you left it. [ 析 ]where 引导表语从句, 相当于 at the place where [ 误 ] The place where there is water, there is life. [ 正 ] Where there is water, there is life. [ 析 ]where 引导地点状语从句, 可以放在主句的前面, 也可以放在主句的后面 [ 误 ] I can t remember in which place I met him. [ 正 ] I can t remember where I met him. [ 析 ]where 引导宾语从句, 不能用 in which 4. what 可引导感叹句 特殊疑问句 名词性从句等 [ 误 ] How an interesting story he told us! [ 正 ] What an interesting story he told us! [ 析 ]What an interesting story!=how interesting a story! [ 误 ] I can t remember the thing what he told me. [ 正 ] I can t remember what he told me. [ 析 ]what 引导宾语从句, 相当于 the thing that 5. no matter+ what/who... 与 whatever/whoever... 的区别 : 前者只能引导让步状语从句, 而后者既可引导让步状语从句, 也可引导名词性从句 http://school.chinaedu.com 4
[ 误 ] I will make friends with no matter who shares my interest. [ 正 ] I will make friends with whoever shares my interest. [ 析 ] 引导名词性从句时只能用 whoever [ 误 ] You must hand in no matter what you ve found. [ 正 ] You must hand in whatever you ve found. [ 析 ] 引导名词性从句时只能用 whatever 6. whether 和 if 的区别 : 两者引导名词性从句时都是从属连词, 作 是否 讲, 本身不作成分, 此时句子中往往出现表示 不肯定 意义的一些短语, 如 not sure/certain, not known/decided,...is still question, depend on 等 whether 和 if 引导动词后的宾语从句时可互换, 但下列情况一般只能用 whether: (1) 引导介词后的宾语从句 ;(2) 引导主语从句 ; (3) 引导表语从句 ;(4) 引导同位语从句 ;(5) 后面出现 or not [ 误 ] If you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work. [ 正 ] Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work. [ 析 ] 引导主语从句只能用 whether 7. while, when, as 引导时间状语从句时的区别 : while 只能表示 在一段时间或过程中, 即只能表示时间的 一段, 后面一般用进行时或表示状态的结构 ;when 可以表示一段时间, 也可表示时间的 一点 ;as 引导时间状语从句时, 表示两个动作同时进行, 作 一边 一边 讲 [ 误 ] I picked up some French words as I was having a holiday in Paris. [ 正 ] I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris. [ 析 ]while 强调在 过程中 ;as 说明两个动作同时进行 [ 误 ] We were having classes while someone knocked at the door. [ 正 ] We were having classes when someone knocked at the door. [ 析 ]when 可表示时间的 一点, 而 while 不能 8. because, as, since(now that) 引导原因状语从句时的区别 : because 引导原因状语从句时, 表示直接的原因, 可以回答 why 的提问 ;as 只能是一种 附加的 理由, 不能回答 why 的提问 ;since(now that) 多表示双方都已很清楚的事实, 作 既然 讲 [ 误 ]Because we ve finished most of the work, let s have a rest. [ 正 ]Since(Now that) we ve finished most of the work, let s have a rest. [ 析 ] 表示大家都清楚的理由用 since(now that) 9. however 和 as 引导让步状语从句时的区别 : http://school.chinaedu.com 5
however 引导让步状语从句时, 相当于 no matter how, 后面跟形容词或副词 ;as 引导让步状语从句时, 用倒装语序, 即把作状语的副词或作表语的形容词或名词提前, 而且如果作表语的是单数名词, 前面不加冠词, 也可以把谓语动词部分的实义动词提前 [ 误 ] As hard he works, he can t catch up with his classmates. [ 正 ] However hard he works, he can t catch up with his classmates. [ 析 ] 见上述说明 [ 误 ] A model worker he is, he remains modest( 谨慎的, 谦虚的 ). [ 正 ] Model worker as he is, he remains modest. [ 析 ]as 引导让步状语从句, 前面的单数名词前不加冠词 典例调研 [ 例 1] You must put things there you can find them. there where 此处应由 where 引导地点状语从句 [ 例 2] I remember the time as my grandmother was telling stories to me. as when when 引导名词性从句, 表示 的时候 [ 例 3] A child as he was, he looked quite calm in that difficult situation. 去掉 A,child 的首字母大写 as 引导让步状语从句时, 前面作表语的单数名词前不加冠词 [ 例 4] Don t make friends with such people that you think are dishonest. that as such...as... 搭配在一起用,as 引导定语从句 [ 例 5] He had been admitted by Beijing University made us very happy. 句首加 That, 把 He 改为 he that 引导名词性从句, 本身无实际意义, 也不作成分, 但不能省略 10. 两个并列连词不能连用, 但 therefore, then, yet. 可以和并列连词连用 You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed. He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn t play in the game. 11. although yet, 但 although 不与 but 连用 ( 错 )Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.. ( 对 )Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work. 指导 借鉴对这些有着多重作用的引导词, 大家应通过类比找出它们的异同点, 深刻体会它们在不同从句中的作用, 然后灵活运用 强化闯关 1. Anyone leaves the room last should remember to lock the door. 2. He is willing to help no matter who is in trouble. 3. Who breaks the law should be punished. http://school.chinaedu.com 6
4. The place he has gone is not known yet. 5. I will buy the dictionary as it is expensive. 6. He said that he would do all what he could to help us. 7. The thing what he had done surprised everybody. 8. As everybody is here, let s begin our discussion. 9. We will finish the work on time, however difficulties we meet. 答案及解析 : 1. Anyone Whoever 或 Anyone who whoever 可以直接用来引导名词性从句, 相当于 anyone who 2. no matter who whoever 引导宾语从句应用 whoever 3. Who Whoever who 和 whoever 都可引导名词性从句, 但 whoever 泛指任何人, 具有强调语气,who 往往指一定的对象 4. The place Where where 可以直接用来引导主语从句 5. as although 此处让步状语从句是正常语序, 因此应用 although 6. what that 或去掉 what what 不能引导定语从句 7. 去掉 The thing, 把 what 的首字母大写 what 可以直接引导主语从句 8. As Since since 引导原因状语从句, 表示大家都清楚的原因 9. however whatever however 引导让步状语从句时相当于 no matter how, 后面跟形容词或副词 ;whatever 引导让步状语从句时, 相当于 no matter what, 后面跟名词 比较 so 和 such 其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定 such 是形容词, 修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词, 只能修饰形容词或副词 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many,few,much, little 连用, 形成固定搭配 so + adj.=such + a(n) + n. so + adj. + a(n) + n.=such + a(n) +adj.+ n. so + adj. + n. (pl.)=such + adj.+ n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. [ 不可数 ]=such +adj.+ n. [ 不可数 ] so foolish=such a fool so nice a flower=such a nice flower so many/ few flowers=such nice flowers so much/little money. such rapid progress so many people=such a lot of people so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many, 但 a lot of 为名词性的, 只能用 such 搭配 http://school.chinaedu.com 7
so that 与 such that 之间的转换即为 so 与 such 之间的转换 典型例题 How do you like the film? - Tom I like it. It s not interesting at all. A. Neither; not B. Either ; or C. Both ; and D. Not only ; but also What beautiful! I like red. It makes me feel happy. A. roofs B. rooves C. leafs D. shelfs There was once a detective Sherlock Holmes. 从前有一位侦探名叫舍洛克 福尔摩斯 A. name B. names C. named D. call Keys: 1. A 2. A 3. C http://school.chinaedu.com 8