2001 6 Abstract : A great number of farmers and rural women poured into cities and became workers during the Da Yue Jin( Great Leap Forward). In this process, their social status risen. After the Da Yue Jin, they were transferred from urban areas to rural region during the Hard Times and lost their jobs. Their social status became as low as before. Most of them came back to the countryside and some of them became tramps. According to the views of the government that reducing the staff and workers and transferring them from urban to rural region during the Hard Times was successful,but some social problems caused by this policy remain until today.,,,,,,,,,, 2500,,,,,1957 1958,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 31
50,,,,,, 1952 62, 1957 79, 148 205, 1952 2. 4,1957 2. 6,,, 1958 6 ( ), (,1993 :146),, 1957 3101 1960 5969, 92. 5 %,,,1957-1960, 9949 13073, 2218 (,1999a ) 1 1957-1963 ( ) 1960 1957 1963 1960 ( %) ( %) 3101 5194 5275 5969 5171 4321 4372 92. 5 26. 8 108 151 175 185 163 148 151 71. 3 18. 4 83 113 123 135 122 106 108 62. 7 20. 0 135 227 225 237 198 149 150 75. 6 36. 7 100 171 170 181 145 110 114 81. 0 37. 0 56 92 91 250 357 359 443 367 298 298 77. 2 32. 7 93 139 148 183 170 146 148 96. 8 19. 1 149 232 308 365 295 240 238 145. 0 34. 8 212 254 268 286 264 233 239 34. 9 16. 4 131 234 204 215 190 161 149 64. 1 30. 7 145 205 173 168 179 144 140 15. 9 16. 6 66 171 158 171 148 107 100 159. 1 41. 5 82 142 139 164 131 115 121 100. 0 26. 2 75 136 145 182 180 148 148 142. 7 18. 6 127 275 235 246 202 188 190 93. 7 22. 8 123 262 248 255 193 182 193 107. 3 24. 3 32
1 1960 1957 1963 1960 ( %) ( %) 171 219 237 250 229 202 208 46. 2 16. 8 130 227 218 243 234 202 191 86. 9 21. 4 241 294 99 314 285 268 269 30. 3 14. 3 76 113 119 138 111 96 97 81. 6 29. 7 190 471 463 486 384 229 231 155. 8 52. 5 41 69 92 90 64 52 55 119. 5 38. 9 64 154 112 108 88 78 82 68. 8 24. 1 68 103 106 122 101 100 99 79. 4 18. 9 49 85 97 109 74 52 63 122. 4 42. 2 16 38 49 53 31 20 14 231. 3 73. 6 12 15 23 28 21 16 16 133. 3 42. 9 49 64 106 137 129 106 108 179. 6 21. 2 : (1949-1989),,1990 :,,,,, 1958, (,1998 :263),, 1,,1957-1960,,,,,,, 1957-1960, 105. 8 %, 17. 3 %, 145. 5 %,,,,,,,, 1957-1960, 329 1009, 206. 7 %, 90. 2 %,1957, 13. 4 %,1960 20. 0 % 33
,, 1957-1960 : (469. 6 %) (148. 5 %) (142. 9 %) (50. 8 %) (48. 4 %) (13. 3 %) (6. 4 %) ( 2) 2 ( ) 2451 4532 4561 5044 4171 3309 3293 : 329 811 849 1009 887 674 657 650 662 714 925 1000 1012 1079 1022 2516 2268 2482 1994 1597 1542 291 660 686 723 432 282 324 112 366 428 638 564 455 465 285 345 368 423 444 390 399 656 560 653 698 694 697 704 392 428 500 591 634 541 566 279 257 284 316 322 264 274 64 62 88 98 87 95 98 760 892 821 862 888 ( ) 1691 4152 3350 2448 2405 535 1807 1442 1552 1154 866 829 ( ) 29 223 230 195 65 21 14 17 25 29 33 42 43 49 99 106 137 151 138 109 108 55 87 141 138 127 93 89 13 68 15 75 71 47 30 748 2316 1993 2144 1598 1178 1119 : 1949-1985,,1987 1958, 1959, 1959 1958 42, 1959 14. 4 (,1991 :69) 1959,, 1959 29, 22, 7 (,1998 :203),, 1960-1962 260, 360, 51,1963 88 (,1996 : 117), 1962 19 4 (,1998), 1961-1962 59, 51 (,1997 :66),,,,1960 34
82 1Π3 1960 6, 10,, (,1994 :159), 3 1960,, (,1988 :283) 1961 6,, 1Π3 1Π2,, 1958,,,, 1961-1963, 2500, 1833,,,,,, 3, 1961 1963, 1961 1962 80 % ( 3) 3 1961-1963 ( ) 1961 798 1000 1962 935 1200 1963 100 300 : 12,,1990, 1958 1959, (,1999b), 1 1960-1963, ( ),, 1957-1960, 81. 2, 98. 0, 20. 7 %(,1998 :206) ; 109. 9, 120. 6, 9. 7 %(,1991 :57) ; 87. 3, 94. 5, 8. 2 %(,1998 :113) :,, 1961,, 1961, 0. 85 1. 39, 1433, 1960 7 %(,1998 :35),, (,1997 :283),, 1962 6,,,, (,1995 :247) ( 4) 35
4 ( ) 1450 2696 298 466 2584 22405 786 3834 659 7404 16716 977 : 253,,1995 319,,1991,, :, :!, (,1995), :,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,, 2500,, 1960 100, 67, 1962 1963 9 (,1995 :121) 1960-1962 153, 23, 83, 47 (,1987 :84), 106, 78. 3 %, 2, 1960-1963, 47. 3 %, 92. 8 %, 46. 6 %, 35. 5 %, 28. 5 %,,,,,,, 4, 1957-1960, 4. 9 27. 4, 1961 3. 3,, 1961, 1962, 1958, 20 % ;1958, 38, 20 % (,1998 :51) ;1958, 34. 7 %(,1991 :43) ; 1959 ( ) 10. 1 %(,1999 :46) ;,, 1958 8. 7, 36
3. 9 %(,1998 :175),, 15-25 %, 900-1500, ( 5) 5 1957-1963 ( ) 67. 6 102. 9 105. 5 122. 2 101. 1 80. 6 78. 7 : 62. 7 82. 7 91. 9 94. 8 97. 8 78. 3 75. 7 4. 9 20. 2 13. 6 27. 4 3. 3 2. 3 3. 0 : 1986 99,,1986, :,, (,1991 :71),,,, 1961-1963, 6 2. 6 (,1987 :143),,, 16 ( : ) (,1993 :155), 18, 16, 14, (,1999), 48, 1960 0. 6 % (,1994 :46),, 1961-1963 200, 127, 75 ( 1989 :205),, 0. 6,1960 11. 4, 3. 5, 5. 6 (,1994 :124) 1962, 10. 9, 56. 5 % (,1998 :29), 50,,,1961-1963, 10 ( 6) 6 ( ) 2230 189 1140 2300 1071 6399 1024 3468 13609 18751 20879 36086 16 2944 526 2392 125 1311 : 46,,1999 ; 113,,1998 ; 39,,1998 ; 315,,1995 37
,,,,, 11, 581, 8. 9 %, 7869, 21. 1 %, 15. 4, 14. 9 % (,1997 :286) 1962 14. 8 ( 9 %), 60. 4 %, 7. 5 %, 10. 7 %, 13. 3 %, ( ) 8. 1 % 14. 8,, 67. 9 %, 2Π3,54. 1 % (,1999 :102), 1960 8013, 80 %, ( ) ( ) (,1991 :323) ( 7) 7 ( ) 31. 6 35. 3 39. 4 47. 7 46. 4 43. 4 44. 6 22. 5 26. 8 38. 0 31. 1 29. 4 30. 4 12. 1 11. 0 13. 1 13. 5 13. 6 10. 8 11. 4 1. 1 1. 7 1. 9 2. 1 2. 0 2. 0 2. 1 : 253,,1995 ; 319,,1991 ; 486,,1992 ; ( ) 1072,,1998, 1961-1963 68. 4, 46. 3 %,10. 7 %,15 %, ( ) 29 %(,1998 :204) ; 1959-1963 72, 43. 3 %,11. 1 %,7. 4 %, ( ) 38. 2 %(,1991 :69) ; 1961-1963 31, 11, 1962 5 (,1987 :143) ; 1961-1963 89, 10. 8,78. 2 (,1988 :153), ; 120. 6,80. 3 %,1. 5 %,12. 1 %,0. 3 %,5. 8 % (,1991 :57) ; 1961-1962 13, 7. 6 (,1988 :144) ;1960-1963 20, (,1989 : 179),,,, 2, 1960-1963 1751, 154, 38
1961 38 (,1998 :180), 1962 8 (,1998 :81) 8 1958-1963 ( %) 1958-1960 44. 2 10. 2 40. 4 5. 2 1961 69. 8 5. 5 18. 6 6. 1 1962 67. 0 9. 1 17. 5 6. 4 1963 60. 6 13. 9 17. 7 5. 8 : ( ),192,,1992, (,2000a),, 1961 2, 1. 1 % (,1993 :269) ; 1961 1921, 6. 5 % (,1997 :129) ; 1956-1961 2237, 58. 8 %(,1998 :391) ;1962, 13. 4 %(,1991 :155) ;, 13. 1 %(,1998 : 843),, 4 5, 2500,, ( 8 9), 1961 ( ),, 300 (,1998 :519) 9 1959-1963 ( %) 1959 85. 6 0. 8 1. 2 0. 7 0. 9 3. 5 2. 5 0. 5 4. 3 1960 82. 8 2. 9 1. 3 1. 8 1. 2 3. 1 2. 2 4. 7 1961 69. 0 4. 8 2. 8 4. 1 1. 1 3. 7 9. 1 5. 4 1962 53. 1 3. 4 1. 9 3. 1 1. 6 6. 2 9. 1 9. 9 8. 6 3. 0 1963 77. 0 2. 4 1. 3 1. 5 1. 4 3. 4 4. 0 4. 9 3. 0 1. 4 : 510,,1992,, :,, 1965,,,,,,, (,1986 :237-243) 39
, (,1998 :205), 1962 4-6 21, 5, 32, (,1991 :77),, (,2000b),,, ( ) ( ), (,1991 :70),, 1962-1964,,, (,1993 :289),?,,,,, ;,,,, 1959 1960, 2596, 1961,,, 1993 (,1999 :614),,,,,,1965 6 9, 1957 1961-1965 6 9,,, 40 %, 1996 53. 5 (,1993 :20), 80, 90 ( 10) 10 ( ) 1979 9. 9 1985 53. 4 1991 56. 0 1980 10. 0 1986 109. 6 1992 54. 6 1981 10. 0 1987 52. 6 1993 54. 7 1982 13. 3 1988 54. 2 1994 54. 2 1983 24. 4 1989 55. 0 1995 53. 8 1984 46. 8 1990 64. 4 1996 53. 5 :1979-1983 40 %,1984 40 %, : 1949-1992,,1993 ; ( ), 40
,,,,, 70 (,1982 :137) 1979,,,, (,1986 :468),, 1964-1965 8 (,1994 :155),, :,1993,,,1999,,,1998,,,1988,,,1987,,,1995,, 1,1998,,,1998, ( ),,1996,,,1991,,,1993,,1991,,,1995,,,1987,,,1995,,,1998,,,1998,,,1997,,,1999a,, 1,1999b,, 5,2000a,, 4,2000b,, 5,1982,,,1993,,,1993, 1993,1994,,1998, ( ),,1986, (1),,1997,,,1994,,,1998,, 41
,1993,,,1999,,,1998,,,1988,,,1999,,,1989,,,1991,,1994,,,1994, ( ),,1989,,,1988,,,1997, (14),,1999,,,1998,,, :, 2001 6 12 1979, 80,1982,1988, 2000,,,,,, 9 ( 2 4 3 ) 4,,,,,,,, 42