1895-2005 Politics of Demarcation: Traditional Territory under Upland Governance in Taiwan, 1895-2005.

iii

Omi Sabi Laysa Amuy Yabu Ayun Sagnus Muni Atung Doyu Pisuy Alui Maisan iv

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P vi

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2005 viii

Abstract This dissertation review the historical process of upland governance in Taiwan. Through recently investigations in which community mapping has been done in term of indigenous traditional territory. Administrative governance, social institution of ethnic group might be confronted with politics of demarcation in the realm of indigenous traditional territory. However, since Japanese colonial period, upland governance undertook different techniques of "demarcation " and "sedentariness" upon upland indigenous people and their circumstance. Therefore, we might see the rationality and operation of demarcation principle changed parallel to the transformation of ethnic and tribal thinking. The efforts of governance with directly impacts indeed changed the indigenous society within and without, where re- interpretations of the traditional might rest on. By virtue of the improving state rationality, administration begin spread over the operation of demarcation. When the perspective of "seeing like a state" stepped into the traditional territory, the instruments of the legibility, simplicity, centralization and sedentarization imposed on the ends of governance. An attempt to alleviate the complexity of traditional and local knowledge, thus would dissolve the privilege of upland indigenous. ix

Thus we can see the particular historical and social factors emerged in the process of upland governance in Taiwan: colonial characters of upland governance endue, administrative power as frontier practice, economic calculus of sedentariness project, absorption and adaptation of demarcating thinking were implanted to the form of indigenous life. Excluding the indigenous usage of collecting, hunting and agricultural stocks, state dispose the social order and security on the space of upland. Through again and again repeat practice, modern state complete the domination of the indigenous. Keywords: upland governance, governance technic, traditional territory, politics of demarcation, sedentarization, legibility, simplicity, centralization x

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2005 i

Abstract This dissertation review the historical process of upland governance in Taiwan. Through recently investigations in which community mapping has been done in term of indigenous traditional territory. Administrative governance, social institution of ethnic group might be confronted with politics of demarcation in the realm of indigenous traditional territory. However, since Japanese colonial period, upland governance undertook different techniques of "demarcation " and "sedentariness" upon upland indigenous people and their circumstance. Therefore, we might see the rationality and operation of demarcation principle changed parallel to the transformation of ethnic and tribal thinking. The efforts of governance with directly impacts indeed changed the indigenous society within and without, where re- interpretations of the traditional might rest on. By virtue of the improving state rationality, administration begin spread over the operation of demarcation. When the perspective of "seeing like a state" stepped into the traditional territory, the instruments of the legibility, simplicity, centralization and sedentarization imposed on the ends of governance. An attempt to alleviate the complexity of traditional and local knowledge, thus would dissolve the privilege of upland indigenous. ii

Thus we can see the particular historical and social factors emerged in the process of upland governance in Taiwan: colonial characters of upland governance endue, administrative power as frontier practice, economic calculus of sedentariness project, absorption and adaptation of demarcating thinking were implanted to the form of indigenous life. Excluding the indigenous usage of collecting, hunting and agricultural stocks, state dispose the social order and security on the space of upland. Through again and again repeat practice, modern state complete the domination of the indigenous. Keywords: upland governance, governance technic, traditional territory, politics of demarcation, sedentarization, legibility, simplicity, centralization iii

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2002 1 1 2002 2004 1

Embedded 2 3 2 Karl Polanyi The Great Transformation 3 2005 demarcation 1895 1915 2

simplification 4 technicalization 5 4 James Scott 3

sedentarization 6 5 6 James Scott 4

7 8 9 7 8 9 Mills C.W. Mills 5

1980 / GIS 6

1980 GIS 7

/ 8

10 11 10 Bendick Anderson 11 Kymlicka 9

1895 1990 2005 2005 12 1867 1874 1875 1885 12 241-245 10

1895 1896 11

1993 2002 17 12

2012 7 2007 13 13 Google Earth 13

14 14 14

15 15 territory boundary limit Fredrik Barth 15

16

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governmentality 1960 18

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/ Nation/State Theda Skocpol 16 17 16 ThedaSkocpol2007 2 17 Skocpol MicaelHechter Internal Colonialism William Julius Wilson The Declining Significance of Race 377 20

Mann 1760 18 IEMP Micheal Mann infarstructure IEMP IEMP 18 MichaelMann1994 3 21

Michael Mann 19 / 19 MichaelMann1994 19 22

discipline Mann 23

Subject 20 Foucault 21 20 Raymond Williams2005 474 21 Foucault1999 31 24

Foucault Foucault 22 Foucault 23 Foucault 24 22 Foucault1999 28-30 23 160-162 24 177 25

25 Foucault 26 Foucault 25 188 26 Foucault2010 35-36 26

27 regulate institution 28 27 91 28Foucault idea regulation 255 1 27

Foucault 29 30 Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault 29 241-242 30 263 28

James Scott 31 32 Scott 33 31 James Scott 2011 36 32 39 33 60 29

34 Scott 35 Scott 36 37 High Modernism 34 98 35 102 36 109-115 37Scott David Harvey Harvey 19 109 1 30

38 Scott Foucault Scott Foucault Scott 38 120 31

Foucault Scott Mann IEMP 32

Foucault Foucault 33

mentality 1997 34

1997 1960 35

39 1971 40 2007 41 1970 42 39 40 2000 16 41 2010 21 42 122 36

CARPE The Central African Regional Program for the Environment ReFoR(The People, Forests and Reefs Program) 43 44 45 43 127 44 2012 2008 45 Awi Mona( )2011 250 37

Yukon Territories Kluane National Park Achamapagne and Aishihik Northwest Territories Sahtu 1973 Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow 1993 Umbrella Final Agrerment 46 47 48 2005 46 2012 Yukon 98-99 47 http//www.nativemaps.org/ 48 2008 295 298 38

Rapatuanuku Rangi 49 ManaWhenua 1840 Treaty Waitangi 1820 James Busby 49 1997 172 39

50 1840 51 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 52 1963 1900 25 53 1975 50 kawanatange sovereignty 51 2006 148 52 1843 Wairau 1844 Ohaewai 1857 Taupo King Potatau Ngaruawahia 53 1997 300 40

1993 54 55 56 1997 54 2012 284-285 55 Richard S. Hill 2009. Maori Sovereignty: A Feminist Invention of Traditio. in Jocelyn Linnekin, and Lin Poyer, eds. Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific, pp. 237-57. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 56 Giselle Byrnes 2004 The Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand History. New York : Oxford University Press. 41

2000 GIS 57 58 59 2001 60 57 2001 - -- 133 58 1996 1996 1996 1997 2000 2002 2001 2001 2001 59 2001 -- 60 1997 2001 42

61 GIS 61 1. 2. GIS GPS 3. 4. 30 5. (2002) p2-3 43

62 PGIS participatory geographic information system Smangus 63 Smangus 3D 64 Heitai Bayang 65 62 2003 Ⅰ-1 63 Mrqwam 64 2005 16 65 2002 16-20 44

niqan niqan qalang 66-1 - 1 Sedeg Segoleg Kapahan Gmajah Gugi Slag Slag Mago Gugi ( ) Lo-o Tokil yayun AyouQesya TsipukSiya Silon Silon Kulonam Qayunam 1998 22 Gaga 67 Gaga 66 1998 22 67 Gaga Gaga gaga 1 1 GAGA 3 2001 Gaga 45

Galang Gaga Pinhaban 68 Smangus 2003 Tnunan 68 2011 61 1-30 46

69 constructivism reproduction representation Gaga 69 47

Gaga 70 Gaga Gaga Gaga 71 72 70 Lahuy Icah Lahuy Icah Smangus 27-37 71. 2007 36 3 15-62 72 2002 48

2003 Ian Hacking 73 Foucault Harold R. Isaacs 73 Ian Hocking 1999. The Social Construction of what? London: Harvard University press. 49

74 Isaacs nationality 75 76 77 74 Isaacs 48-49 75 62-63 76 Durkheim Emile Durkheim 77 A. R. Radcliffe Brown 50

Karl Marx Zygmunt Bauman liquefied 78 79 78Zygmunt Bauman 2002 79 1990 63-81 51

52

53

54

1874 1896 93 1 2 1 631 2 1902 659 54

55

1896 令 1902 1896 3 governmentality 4 colonial 3 88-89 4 Foucault 56

modernity 5 1874 1885 6 7 5 40 47-82 133-160 6 380 7 380-381 57

8 1898 9 1902 10 1904 11 12-1 8 9 187-188 10 148 11 284-294 12 0.55 58

- 1 1907 13 1911 1909 13 178 59

1911 1914 1914 1915 14 1920 1914 14 105 60

1920 Slamaw Sediq 1896 15 1899 1900 1903 16 1905 15 9 16 245-246 61

17 1912 18 1920 19 1906 20 100 21 1907 22 23 67 798 2339 24 25 17 341-343 18 325 19 561 20 400 21 402 22 187-188 23 419-420 24 430 25 441-442 62

26-2 - 2 / 26 764-803 63

Polanyi 27 Polanyi embedded 28 Geertz bazaar 29 30 27 Polanyi, K The Great Transformation 59 28 60 29 Geertz, C The Bazaar Economy: Information and Search in Peasant Marketing The Sociology of Economic Life 139-145 30 1910 1921 350 61 64

1895 1896 31 1897 32 1898 33 34 35 31 26 32 43 33 77-78 34 83 35 1611 65

36 1896 1897 37 Mgaga 38 1902 39 40 36 397 1896:V0008/A002) 37 1531 38 1614 1897:v00163/A037) 485 39 156 40 164-168 66

1903 41 1907 42 1908 43 1908 1914 44 41 235 42 445 43 499-500 44 858 67

45 46 47 48 1915 49 1915 63 1920 92 1921 1929 91 15 1922 1930 426,937 902,360 370,016 50 45 526 46 550 47 566 48 550 49 122 50 859-861 68

1896 51 52 53 51 66 1896:v00084/A011) 52 104 1897:v00163/A022) 53 271 69

54 / 54 270 70

1896 55 56 1895 57 1897 58 55 214 56 57 820 58 215 71

59 1898 60 1897 61 62 63 1905 59 60 219 61 621901 220 63 344 1898:v00323/A019) 72

1907 64 1908 65 1910 66 1914 67 1914-3 15 7 64 1908 1909 705-710 65 118 66 1904-1937 67 32 73

8 68-3 1913-1942 2003 1904-1937 1920 69 1922 1926~1927 68 30-31 69 1915 vs 15 74

70 1928 1897 71 1898 72 1903 73 1905 74 1909 75 1912 70 119 71 40 72 73-77 73 1. 2. 3. 324-325 74 361 75 597-600 75

76 77 1914 78 1905 79 1909 80 1913 76 306-310 77 306-310 78 433 486 79 697 80 76

elective affinity 81 81 Weber ideal type) Max Weber 1-20 77

26 1895 78

82 83 1903 84 85 82 1989 14 83 2001 31 84 2001 87 85 99 79

86 87 88 1907 1907 86 103 87 129 88 1907 512 80

89 1907 90 1898 1903 1905 91 89 9 90 91 112 81

26 1910 92 93 ; 92 1997.12 (1910-1925) 2 169-196 93 187 82

94 95 96 97 98 1914 1906 1928 94 2003 8 59-92 95 67 96 2003 8 67 97 1997.12 (1910-1925) 2 184 187 98 1998 3-17 83

1897 1903 99 1906 100 1910 1910 1914 973,747 753,091-4 99 130 100 138-144 84

- 4 1917 2003-48 85

101 1915 1910 102 1910 101 1996 59 102 86

103 1914 1915 1925 1899 1902 1903 1906 500 104 103 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 60-61 104 159 87

105 1910 1896 106 107 105 1931 2 120 1931.07 15-16 161 106 2004 11 2 89-90 107 36 277-314 2004 11 2 90 88

1916 1920 1907 108 1925 1925 109 108 155 109 188 89

110 1928 1925 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. / 1920 110 3 0.2 1.8 0.5 0.5 p. 202 90

1914 111 112 1925-5 113 114 來 115 111 2004 110 112 123-125 113 195 114 2004 127 115 / 75-76 91

- 5 1925-1935 2003-50 92

116 1930 1928 117 116 / 1.8 來 76 117 1. 2. 3. 4. 208 93

1930 118 119 211,140 251,219 120 1930 121 1914 118 119 211 120 213 121 / 77-78 94

95

1933 1930 1930 96

122 1930 1930 123-1 122 214 123 218 97

- 1 218 25,810,906 124-2 1936 124 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 222 98

125 126-2 1930 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1933 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1935 1. 2. 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 221 1930 127 1915 125 271 126 272 127 Istanda 2010 99

1933 1917 1931 1932 坂 1934 Lamataxinxin 128 1914 坂 16 2 3 129 1932 128 2006 129 2009 100

130 131 130 1930~1945 289 131 99-100 101

1937 132 1937 7 133 132 Carl von Clausewitz 1996 246 133 250 102

134 1939 135 136 137 134 1939 5 1941 4 2010 104 135 1930~1945 105 136 2010 105 137 103

1937 138.. 139 140 141 2011 1 4 143 20 138 139 Walis Nokan 1999 272 140 1930~1945 2007 141 2011 104

142 / 1940 1941 8 484 2885 143 142 2007 108 143 276 105

1916 1936 381 155 936-6 144-6 1935 144 282 106

1941 145 146 1930 1905 145 146 1930~1945 170 107

108

147 147 73 109

148 148 Foucault 14 110

civilization 149 149 111

150 1930 151 150 151 547-548 112

113

114

115

1895 1 1949 1953 2 3 1 James Scott 2 10-11 3 100 115

4 1945 4 121 116

1975 5.. 6 3D 2D 1888 1896 1895 5 9-10 6 2008 1895-1945 21 117

26 1896 1897 1898 1904 7-1 1904 1903 8 1907 1916 1,012.67 15,593 9-2 7 29 8 242 9 1895-1945 39 118

3000-1 2008 1895-1945 44 10 10 1921 1929 173 1909 1914 1921 1919 1924 197 1939 1942 1921 1925 1939 1942 1055 41-45 119

1921 1924 11 12 1916 111924-1928 68 壠 12 1993 1 120

- 2 2008 1895-1945 129 121

1929 13 14 1946 473 15 16 1950 1943 13 1959.6 14 1964 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1993 135-137 16 132 100 122

17 1954 18 1956 1959 1958 1958 1967 19 1957 1958 1966 20 17 160 18 1992 564 19 622-623 20 123

21 22 1963 23 1966 1903 1929 21 2004 240 22 1964 1 23 5 124

1933 1933 24 1947. 25 1957 26 27 24 71-73 25 7-8 26 3 27 30-31 125

28 Anderson Thongchai Winichakul state-mind 29 Anderson 19 30 Scott 28 6 29 Anderson 161-163 30 163 126

31 infrastructure 31 Scott 36-39 127

1920 1920 32 32 2003 121 128

1920 33 1915 1913 1925-1 1902 1920 34 33 administrative region 2003 148 34 1. 129

1931-1 1895-1929 1895 0 102 102 1913 183 1138 1321 1896 0 105 105 1914 202 1326 1528 1897 0 151 151 1915 210 618 828 1898 0 286 286 1916 230 695 925 1899 0 303 303 1917 234 575 809 1900 2 427 429 1918 561 562 1123 1901 7 490 497 1919 314 466 780 1902 8 638 646 1920 343 447 790 1903 11 757 768 1921 347 342 689 1904 14 1008 1022 1922 416 224 640 1905 18 1264 1282 1923 418 208 626 1906 23 1649 1672 1924 456 215 671 1907 48 1844 1892 1925 457 124 581 1908 62 2096 2158 1926 587 0 587 1909 109 1953 2062 1927 550 0 550 1910 124 1487 1611 1928 546 0 546 1911 144 1654 1798 1929 540 0 540 1912 176 1434 1610 68-71 92 1929 35 1931 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1930-1945 110-111 35 113 130

1944 1945 1. 2. 36 37 38 1946 1950 36 1967 37 2001 31-32 38 1947 131

39 40 1949 Losin Watan 41 42 1950 43 39 2001 1945-2000 80 40 1995 46 41 1949 12 12 2459 2001 245-248 42 2001 71 43 71 132

-3 Pinsbukan Quli Sqabu Gong M nibu Gong Gogan Ulay Malipa Hatay Payan niqan niqan 44 Mrhw 45 46 Gogan Ginsbu Malikwam Gogan Mstunux 47 44 2002 14-22 45 Mrhw Mrhw 46 1996 196-205 47 133

- 3 Masa Tohuy 1945 Gong Gogan Gogan 134

48 M gaga 1946 49-2 - 2 2 1 3 2 2 5 7 3 5 3 4 1976 184 48 1996 87-88 49 2001 135

50 51 1951 1945 1950 1946 52 1948 53 1949 54 50 2008 296 51 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 58-59 52 2008. 11 313 53 66 54 峯 峯 峯 峯 峯 峯 峯 136

1950 30 162 1947 6 55-3 56 1. 2. 3. 55 1950.11 28-29 56 74 137

4. - 3 1950 2257.4873 548.426 60,108,003 3,804,909 2137.4615 246.941 24,466,797 1,853,378 1267.2340 334,081 30,514,555 1,827,964 1482.4654 326,060 33,442,320 2,442,438 1820.3149 327,448 26,230,115 2,189,878 1061.4649 664,887 46,755,182 3,306,299 2051.6164 433,495 60,100,752 4,735,571 4108.4360 280,571 25,742,263 1,786,968 1290.8351 491,403 46,403,895 3,543,504 1951.3945 494,123 51,620,718 3,178,844 2003.5876 588,642 38,712,029 4,643,378 2832.5175 428,124 25,003,612 2,579,595 2773.6003 433,553 45,047,365 2,967,687 3515.2526 107,929 12,394,649 335,582 4628.5714 163,428 20,372,349 1,328,014 126.8641 74,126 4,390,613 324,782 35309.1035 5,945,237 551,498,271 40,846,791 132.3010 125,518 24,365,374 1,740827 66,9872 455,133 112,604,750 5,474,335 163.4256 177,795 26,473,341 1,895,779 175.6456 201,691 26,138,539 1,653,826 113.7496 212,328 38,790,144 6,412,454 652.1090 1,172,465 228,372,148 13,177,221 36-37 57 57 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 31 138

58 1952 59 1950 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 58 39 59 1952 139

1920 1946 30 5166 1543 1953 781-4 17045.9726 60 1945 12 1959 5 276-4 6 8 3 17 39 19 6 64 17 31 11 59 43 38 7 88 28 13 4 45 9 23 8 40 32 49 6 87 14 16 8 87 28 19 5 52 58 57 7 122 54 28 5 87 28 34 20 82 356 335 90 781 1953 60 1953 78 140

61 62 1949 1948 63 Losin Watan 64 61 91 62 1946 10 9 32771 1998 3 3 1250 63 1346 64 2008. 11 313 141

65 1951 1956 1946 66 67 65 66 1947 4 288 2011 67 2008. 11 323 142

68 69 1947 7 12 1949 1951 1947 70 1949 1951 71 1920 68 324 69 1947 1 30 9439 1998 3 1 57 70 1998 3 3 1320-1322 71 1324 143

72 1948 73 1946 10 9 74 1950 72 73 1948 1 16 叁 10884 1998 3 3 1322 74 1946.11 290 2011 144

145

1948 1958 1958 1958 146

277,314 235,940.2260 1952 202,534.6094 75 1958 1947 75 131.032 2004 237-239 147

76 1957 77 1958 1958 78 1951 76 1998 3 3 849 77 862-863 78 47 3.12. 24802 864 148

1952 畑 1950 79 1952 80 81 79 1952 80 2004 239 81 1952 149

65.41% 82 1958 1945 8 28 83 1946 4 22 畑 82 83 1-2 150

84 1952 85 1952 Tom Gill 86 87 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 88 1954 84 1993 28 85 2004 239 86 Tom Gill1952 1 87 6 88 9-14 151

George E. Doverspike 89 1942 90 1946 1952 1949 5 15 25 35 45 91 1953 92 89 90 2012 31 91 1954 11-12 92 1990 8 152

93 1958 1957 1951 94 1. 2. 3. 93 1964 1-2 94 240 153

4. 95 1951 3 22,349 96 1953 3 39,184 1964 2 19,482 3,582.5 97 1954 98 1957 99 95 240-241 96 http://www.forest.gov.tw/fp.asp?xitem=1644&ctnode=130&mp=1 97 98 1998 3 3 857-858 99 862 154

1958 3 12 1,331 100 1959 1960 101 1967 102 103 100 http://www.forest.gov.tw/fp.asp?xitem=1644&ctnode=130&mp=1 101 1998 3 3 878 102 1999 228 103 120-125 155

1958 1966 156

1951 104 105 106 107 104 105 1998 3 2 347-350 106 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 1998 3 2 348-349 107 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 9. 10. 11. 12. 1998 3 2 349 157

1960 1960 5 6 45 % 1981 158

108 109 17-5 1952 4-5 110 1954 932-5 1950 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 2 13 2 11 2 10 8 6 78-79 108 1998 3 1 56 109 110 1998 3 1 75 159

1955 1955 32 1956 1969 583-6 -7-6 1956 55 55 27 137 1957 34 16 3 53 1958 45 9 2 56 1960 37 5 3 45 1961 30 6 2 41 1962 42 6 48 1965 38 15 53 1967 45 13 58 1969 68 24 92 394 152 37 583 78-79 - 7 583 502 305 88 26 11 23 49 81 13 13 19 16 20 78-79 160

111 111 1998 3 1 38 161

112 113 1966 1958 112 2001 193 113 1996 2 1994 162

1958 1961 1964 19 2 114-8 114 1992 51-52 163

115 116 1968-8 35 0.156 1 57 0.978 2 36-46 0 0 58 5.913 12 47 0.331 1 59 0.488 1 48 0.42 2 60 5.8264 7 49 0.05 1 61 1.12 2 50 1.102 1 62 0.914 1 51 0 0 63 1.451 2 52 0 0 64 0.342 1 53 1.102 2 65 0.552 1 54 4.562 1 66 0.187 1 55 0 0 67 0 0 56 1.684 1 5.525 6 1992 53 117 115 57 116 66-67 117 1981 --- 52 129 164

mavala Hanido 118 119 1974 120 1960 9.02% 1972 35.82 121 118 1981 --- 52 119 3 1 185-2184 120 1975 40 121 165

1945 1949 1930 1939 1949 1949 166

122 123 124 125 126 127 122 123 36-39 124 227 125 1992 1997 2000 2004 126 39 127 259 167

128 128 经 1983 168

quadrillage disciplinaire 129 normalization 130 129 Foucault, M2010 46 130 Foucault normation normalisation normation 47 169

Simmel 131 132 131 Simmel 132 170

171

133 133 1992 91 172

173

1966 1983 173

174

Timber Stand Improvement Improvement Cutting.. Tree injector 2.4-D 2.45-T Pulp-wood forest 1 1925 1945 1 1968 268 175

1937 2 1947 2 176

-1-1 1946 11.3 561.69-448.69 1947 147 586.89-439.89 1948 301 613.44-312.44 1949 247 678.42-431.42 1950 327 709.65-382.65 1945-1952 1950-1965 19 1946 1947 94% 41 177

1946 11 20 3 1947 4 1951 5 6 1955 7 3 1998 3 3 988 4 989 5 1953 997 6 999 7 1008 178

8 9 1956 10 1958 11 12 1961 13 8 1013 9 1956 1013-1014 10 1019-1020 11 1040 12 1015 13 1. 2. 3. 1046 179

1966 1967 1956 51 2000 180

1950-1965 14 1952 1954 ~ 15-2 - 2 42-43 1952 70,624,268 20,989,977 28.5% 1953 89,279,108 25,000,000 28.0% 1954 122,186,008 54,000,000 44.2% 16 400/3.4-3 1950-1965 33 1955 16 17 14 1950-1965 162 15 32 16 2002 1945-1956 20 17 1972 90 181

1951 18 19 1955 20 1958 15 1 9 1953 1956 18 1950-1965 33 19 34 20 34-36 182

1959 21 1949 21 161 22 23 21 21 1988 195 22 1,616,652 57,137 211,558 2,236,480 23 146 183

24 1973 25 26 24 1955 3 1956 7 http://www.forest.gov.tw/content.asp?cuitem=1642 25 1973 26 2001 93 184

1958 1959 1960 1958 1958 1958 27 28 300 29 27 1972 48-49 28 30 10 30 5 10 50 29 61 185

30 1958 15 31 1956 1971 7 1977 32 30 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 133 31 63 32 1957.4 186

1975 1976 33 1977 1970 1964 1965 2000 2000 500 100 34 1966 3000 1957.4 25 33 34 2,721 120 148 2 0.12 0.148 281 286 187

1950 1960 1960 1970 1957 4 35 35 1957.4 20 188

1956 1914 1935 8 1958 36 20 20 37 936 50 20 38 36 37 65 38 109 189

39 1963 40 1960 1950 1955 41 1960 1959 129 48,766 41 46,191 42 1959 39 1958 12 3 3,337 195 40 41 1972 29 421958 10 29 1959 10 10 1968 52-53 190

1967 43 44 45 13 46 999 90 47 1960-3 1967 43 1969 1 19 2 44 1966 45 37 46 47 266 191

48-3 1949 2 31 235,271 1960 4 33 3,438,837 1950 8 59 684,367 1961 12 20 3,755,300 1951 9 71 2,000,000 1962 10 30 1,500,000 1952 8 26 1,000,000 1963 6 10 1,500,000 1953 11 30 1,500,000 1964 25 52 10,383,400 1954 16 54 2,250,000 1965 12 11 1,500,000 1955 8 24 1,500,000 1966 10 14 1,893,000 1956 1 12 1,500,000 1967 12 13 2,072,000 1957 -- 7 1,500,000 1968 8 24 2,163,000 1958 5 33 3,991,900 1969 17 22 3,705,000 1959 -- -- -- 1970 8 54 7,169,000 149-150 49 48 1991 136 49 109-111 192

1989 GIS 193

50 1951 51 1953 1954 50 1998 51 1998 3 3 1076 194

52 53 54 52 1998 3 3 1080 53 1090 54 1971.1.1 195

1978 1967 9,477 29,538 1978 2,390 1972 2,925 1978 2,894 55 56 1951 1954 55 1980.10 35 56 1998 1-6 196

1951 1961 1955 1956 57 58 1000 59 1956 0.2 60 1958 1958 61 57 1998 3 3 1091-1092 58 1093-1094 59 1958 1100 100 7000 1129-1130 60 1109 61 197

1946 62 1954 1949 63 1951 10%~20% 10%~20% 104-112 2001 16,778.4102 66.72% 2004 354 8-2 62 1998 3 3 1149 63 1155-1156 198

64 65 1954 66 1955 18 1957 1956 64 1156 65 1998 3 3 1167 66 1998 3 3 1186 1187 199

1957 67 1959 1960 68 1963 1965 67 1998 3 3 1204 68 1998 3 3 1212 200

1970 1970 1967 1970 69 50 70 69 1998 3 3 1231-1232 70 1982 397 201

1970 1950 71 72 1951 73 1958 1966 71 72 1952 73 202

1960 1978 5 74 1952 1961 75 76 74 1975 40 75 1973 --- 26 76 1973 --- 26 18 203

77 1976 78 79 1960 77 28 78 1974 40 79 1974 40:85-95 204

80 1960 1961 1955 81 2000 80 1983 81 1930 16 135 1932 1966 237 205

1951 1959 1961 2000 25 82-4 83.05 1956 1958 82 1966 163 206

83 1960-4 222 2,279 7,007 9,806 18,514 13,058 15,853 28,911 236,315 47,637 283,952 331,377 % 0.07 0.69 2.12 2.72 5.60 3.94 4.78 8.72 71.31 14.37 85.68 100.00 103 3,517 5,177 8,796 1,642 13,375 15,013 189,224 8,424 197,648 221,458 % 0.05 1.59 2.34 3.98 0.74 6.04 6.78 85.44 3.80 89.24 100.00 2,729 9,865 6,942 19,536 2,324 13,475 15,798 141,307 9,491 150.798 186,133 % 1.46 5.30 3.37 10.49 1.25 7.24 8.49 75.92 5.10 81.02 100.00 92 8,310 13,881 3,596 25,880 2.094 11,776 13,870 129,574 12,108 141,655 181,404 % 0.05 4,58 7.65 1.98 14.26 1.16 6.49 7.65 71.41 8.86 78.09 100.00 14 1,855 14,195 7,461 23,525 2,074 11,061 13,135 114,242 10,464 124,706 161,366 % 0.01 1.15 8.80 4.62 14.58 1.29 6.85 8.14 70.80 6.48 77.28 100.00 108 6,056 11,895 6,142 24,201 3,476 11,984 15,460 119,528 12,827 192,354 232,016 % 0.04 2.61 5.13 2.65 10.43 1.50 5.16 6.66 77.38 5.53 82.91 100.00 436 21,332 60,360 38,324 120,452 24,668 77,520 102,188 990,163 100,951 1,091,114 1,313,754 % 0.03 1.62 4.60 2.92 9.17 1.88 5.90 7.78 75.37 7.68 83.05 100.00 1966 165 1956. 84-5 83 1995.6 146-147 84 1998 3 3 1092 207

85-5 1956 10 25 10 15 50 15 90 15 10 27 10 14 10 19 15 10 10 17 20 17 15 16 5 5 400 1998 3 3 1093-1094 1955 86 40 60 1950 1959 87 88 85 1098 86 1998 3 3 1091 87 1966 176 88 177 208

1962 1,294 82.07% -6-6 1962 21.700 4.200 25.900 3.3400 3.3400 25.0400 4.200 29.2400 74.0246 74.0246 881.4814 39.6039 921.0853 50.0000 4.3000 54.3000 13.0000 13.0000 63.0000 4.3000 67.3000 0.9000 0.9000 7.5000 7.5000 31.0000 31.0000 39.4000 39.4000 30.0000 10.0000 40.0000 8.0000 25.6000 33.6000 94.0000 170.0000 264.0000 132.0000 205.6000 337.6000 44.5713 44.5713 34.2934 10.0000 44.2934 78.8647 10.0000 88.8647 1,293.8107 263.7039 1,557.5146 83.07 16.93 100.00 106.9963 331.0000 437.9963 24.43 75.57 100.00 1968 323-324 209

89 1960 1951 1949 90 1962 91 92 89 90 1966 259 91 1986 2007 2009 92 2009 Pyanan 55-56 210

93 1960 1966 1969 1971 1976 174 94 Pyanan 95 96 93 1984 94 2009 Pyanan 56-57 95 96 60 211

1963 1964 97 1966 1971 1971 1970 碍 98 1970 99 97 1964-04-20/ /02 / 98 1982 398 99 212

100 1971-7 101 100 1983 2 101 1983 105 213

102-7 % 1% 8.6% 0.4% 1.5% 1.7% 1983 16 1970 103 102 1983 108 103 133-137 214

1980 1980 215

1985 1985 72 104 1987 1991 1980 105 50 106 104 1991.9 4-5 105 1991 55 106 216

1980 1980 217

1985 1997 107 107 218

108 109 1978 1985 1978 17,823 36.95% 1985 42,988.99 108James Scott 229 109 219

114,330 110 111 112 110 1979 160 111 112 1979 160 220

约 1967 1982 1970 113 113 1979 1979 188 221

1200 114 1989 1990 1980 115 116 James Scott 114 1979 124-130 115 116 James Scott Jean Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cites Scott 166-184 222

1985 117 118 119 120 117 1985 4 118 171 119 120 223

Scott 121 1990 122 121 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1-2 122 170 224

123 124 1966 1960 约 123 1994 1964 1969 407-408 124 1991 97-100 225

.. 125 125 1997 595 226

1966 1981 227

1949 1960 1966 126 127 128 126 1998 3 3 892-893 127 1. 0.2 0.4 2. 0.4 0.8 3. 1 1998 3 3 893 128 1998 3 228

129 3 896 129 1980 229

130 Bohannan Dalton 131 130 1984 35-1:123~161 40 131 167 230

1980 1970 1931 231

1949 1961 1000 232

1980 1990 233

1962 1,294 82.07% 1980 1990 234

235

1980 1983 1 1988 2 3 1980 1980 1 1984 1991 1994 1994 289 1997 616 1998: 208 2 3 714 235

1980 4 1997 1980 1980 1995 2002 4Paul Farrier Paul Farrier 76-77 236

1980 1971 5 6 5 1973 6 1974 10 58 http://210.60.224.4/ct/content/1974/00100058 237

1960 1972 7 1972 1980 1932 1989 7 1987 86-90 238

1950 1971 1,000 1,000 1969 8 9 1972 10 1974 8 1967 100 Eu, H. T. 1969 Forest Recreation and Wildlife Conservation in Taiwan. UN Dev. Prog. And FAOReport. 1989 66 9 1989 65-66 10 69 239

11 1972 12 13 1972 1971 14 1970 1990 15 11 12 5-6 13 1989 65 14 1989 70 15 240

1974 16 1972 1976 1972 1977 17-1 1968 1980 18-1 1993 16 1974 58 17 1974 58 18 1980 1987 1988 241

1993 190-193 1972 WWF 19 1972 20 1982 21 19 1989 70-71 20 1980 1989.7 33-35 21 1982 158 242

22 1988 1980 1983 23 24 25 http://210.60.224.4/ct/content/1982/00080152/0001.htm 22 1983-10-30 23 1980 1989 24 147 149-150 25 1989 407 243

26 1989 1985 27 1988 1990 28 29 1970 30 26 1984 27 1985~1988 6 1989 21 1990 67 28 1997 23-24 29 26-27 30 1989 393 244

31 32 31 2008 200-201 32 245

1965 George C. Ruhle 33 34 35 1972 1980 36 37 33 Ruhle, G.1966 34 7-8 35 16 36 1972 1984 12 2001 37 1. 2. 3. 4. 246

38 39 40 41 1985 5. 1997 102-104 38 2001 153 39 40 2003 148-150 41 2002 347 247

42 43 44 45 1990 42 1994 55-56 43 1995 272-273 44 2001 195 45 systematic planning ontology selective affinity Friedmann 1987:156 1988 15 155 248

46 47 48 1985 49 1970 1985 46 1995 267 47 1986 2001 2011 105-110 48 275 49 2002 1900-2002 249

1980 50 51 52 50 275 51 279 52 1998 2002 250

53 54 1972 Scott 55 1990 2000 53 1997 2001 15-45 54 1999 麽 3 55-68 55 Scott, J. C.2007 35 251

56 57 1980 56 1997 57. 1987 252

58 59 1970 tatak 60 61 62 58 1991 111 59 Watan Kiso 2010 4 60 61 2009 Pyanan 53 62 2011 49-72 62 253

63 64 65 A 63 2011.12 3-66 36-37 64 1996 36 65 37 254

B 66... 1991. 67 68 66 1999 72 67 101 254 68 JamesScott Scott 255

69 70 鳟 71 72 69 MayawBiho 70 1996 53 71 1994 129 72 256

-2 1994 73-2 76 5,271 76 2.246 78 301.7589 80 1.960 81 81 1.8999 84 313.1358 2006 vs 67 73 1996 73 257

74 100 2001/2/3 75 76 74 277 75 2001/2/3 76 1999 2005 258

2005 Smangus Amuy 77 2001 77 Lahuy Icyeh2008 Smangus 87 259

1990 78 79 1986 78 1983.3.14 http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/11/a9/59.html 79 2009 260

1984 261

1984 1990 1980 1997 262

80 81 1986 1989 82 83 80 81 82 2004 : 71 83 1987 263

84 1983 85 1984 84 2004 : 58-59 85 264

86 87 88 1970 1986 89 1987 86 2008 39 87 47 88 89 173~174 265

90 1988 91-3 92 90 192 91 1990 58 92 77 266

- 3 1988.7.7 6 25 1988.7.11 9 1988.8.9 30 1988.8.9~ 1988.8.23 1988.8.15 8 15 9 1988.8.24 1988.8.26 1988.9.9 1988.9.21 1988.10.1 1988.10.26 1989.5.1 1988.11~ 1990.2 1990.3 1990 74 267

93 94 1998 ---- 69.1% 73.0% 95 82.9 96 97 98 99 93 94 259 95 1998 48 39 96 1998 26 97 42 98 88 99 268

100 1990 101 102 6 100 42 101 1999 221-292 102 269

270

1987 103 104 1991 1994 105 106 1997 616 107 1994 108 1996 103 Iwan Nawi 1987 Iwan Nawi 2005 97 104 97-104 105 16 http://www.geo.ntnu.edu.tw/faculty/tibu/www/www/www/pdf6.pdf 106 191-197 107 1997 208 108 1999 271

1991 1996 109 110 111 1996 1998 47 112 109 1995 3 110 111 123 112 2010 97-134 272

113 90,461,122 114 113 2010 407 114 1995 50 273

115 1992 116 117 118 119 1992 5 16 115 54 116 160-161 117 188-194 118 186 119 274

120 121 120 1993 196 121 196-197 275

1990 276

.. 1992.4.28 1992 122 123 122 1994.5.10 458 123 2010 407 277

124 1984 125 1997 124 1992.7.15 11 125 2000.11.27 17 278

1997 126 127 128 126 2008 Kucapungane 69 20 127 25 128 31 279

129 130 129 1999 31 94 130 100-104 280

2000 131 131 281

local knowledge 2002 1997 2003 132 132 2004 Ⅳ-3 Ⅳ-4 282

133 GIS&PGIS 2005 134 1997 133 2004 Ⅳ-5 134 2005 283

factitious. Eric Hobsbawm 1983 3 135 136 137 138 135 Hobsbawn, E. J. The Invention of Tradition Press: Cambridge University. 136 GIS 2003 2001 137 3D 2002 138 2001 - -- 284

139 2002 2002 2002 GIS 139 2001 -- 285

140 Skadang Xoxos GIS PGIS 141 Smangus 142 2002 143 140 141 2008 Skadang Xoxos 87-88 142 2005 2004 143 2003 2003 2004 286

2002 2006 Mrqwang 144 145 146 / 144 2008 69 131 145 146 2004 37 287

2003 U 1966 1970 1980 1990 26 9 147 147 2012 101 42 161 http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lypdftxt?10104201;0157;0191 288

148 Taiyiho Piyasan Takasan 149 2005 Smangus Smangus Smangus Mrqwam 150 151 148 2012 5 37 5 149 1984 150 2007 Mrqwam Mrqwam Smangus 2008 69 109-141 151 2007 8 10 289

/ 290

1999 2002 2004 2005 2 5 152 2007 153 152 2010 463 153 472 291

Karowa 154 Twaw Yukex 155 154 Karowa 2005 4192-1 187 155 1994 5 6 292

156 157 158 2002 159 160 156 679 157 Twaw 158 159 1965 2003 Ⅱ-6~Ⅱ-7 160 2008 99 293

161 162 1983 163 Smangus 164 161 2005 29 162 163 113-114 164 2005 294

1996 2005 165 166 29 165 166 http://law.moj.gov.tw/lawclass/lawall.aspx?pcode=d0130003 295

167 167 Faucoult 296

168.. Laysa Akyo2012 24 169 170 Seediq Tgdaya 168 Laysa Akyo2012 24 169 2008 Smangus Lahuy Icyeh Smangus (other) 126 170 297

171 172 171 2009 Seediq Tgdaya 43 172 160-162 298

Benedict Anderson 299

300

301

Fouacult 275 301

Scott 1 1 Scott 98-99 302

303

1958 8 1956 304

305

73.0% 306

2005 307

Foucault Clausewitz 308

Fouacult 19 2 2Foucault 275 309

Scott Scott sedentarization concentration simplification 3 3 Scott 230 310

/ Scott 311

312

313

1980 314

2005 315

Lahuy Icyeh 2007 : 316

2008 1895-1945 36 317

318

1970 13 319

1970 14 320

1966 163 321

322

323

1998 3 1 348-350 324

325

326

327

1998 3 1 390-394 328

1998 3 1 389 329

330

331

332

333

1998 3 3 1131-1937 334

1989 127 335

1998 3 3 1083 1145 336

檫 檫 337

338

75.11 77.5 79.10 81.6 81.11 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.10 83.9 83.10 86.3 1997 339

Bauman, Zygmunt. 2002 C. Wright Mills 2006 Carl von Clausewitz.1996 Durkheim, Emile.1992 Farrier, Paul. 2007 Fouacult, Michel.1999 Fouacult, Michel.1999 Fouacult, Michel. 2010 Fouacult, Michel. 2010 Hobsbawn, Eric J. 2006 Isaacs, C. Harold. 2004 Kymlicka, Will. 2004 Kymlicka, Will. 2004 Mann, Michael.1994 Polanyi, Karl. 2002 Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.2006 Raymond Williams2005 340

Ruhle, G.1966 Scott, C. James. 2007 Scott, C. James. 2011 Skocpol, Theda. 2007 Tom Gill1952 Weber, Max2003 Awi Mona 2011 Iwan Nawi 2005 Laysa Akyo 2012 Walis Nokan 1999 1967 1966 1968 37 2003 2001 15-45 101 1992 2000 2001-341

-- 2004 1990 1990 2009 Seediq Tgdaya 2009 1987 2002 1966 2007 1999 1982 1997 1966 1953 2001 -- 1988 2008 1994 342

1972 2012 Yukon 1989 2001 2000 1997 1986 1966 1968 1994 1995 2001 2003 2001 2001 -- 15-32 2010 2010 343

2010 2005 1997 1992 1992 Max Weber 1953 1993 2004 133-160 1983 1966 1998 2000 1950-1965 2000 2011 2000 2008 1954 2010 1992 2006 344

2001 2002 1968 1984 1998 1990 2001 1968 2010 2008 2012 1968 2001 -- 101-128 1987 1984 1989 1987 2004 : 345

2006 2004 1998 2008 1895-1945 1989 2001 1988 Anderson, Benedict. 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. Barth, Fredrik. 1969, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: George Allen & Unwin. Foucault, Michel. 1991, Governmentality. in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller, eds.foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Geertz, Clifford.2001, The Bazaar Economy: Information and Search in Peasant Marketing in Mark Goanovetter and Richard Swedberg, eds.sociology of Economic Life,pp.139-145.United State: Westview Press. Geertz, Clifford. 1983, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books. Giddens, Anthony. 1985, The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press. Giselle Byrnes 2004, The Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand History. New York: Oxford University Press. Hobsbawn, J. Eric 1992, The Invention of Tradition. London: Cambridge University press. Hocking, Ian.1999, The Social Construction of what? London: Harvard University press. 346

Richard S. Hill 2009, Maori Sovereignty: A Feminist Invention of Tradition. in Jocelyn Linnekin, and Lin Poyer, eds. Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific, pp. 237-57. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Scott, C. James 1998, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Connecticut Yale University Press. 1964 1983 1996 2002 2003 2004 1964 1950 2003 1999 1993 2002 1989 347

1957 1983 1972 1988 1985~1988 2001 1993 1993 1957.4 1952 2007 2005 2011 1993 1992 1995 2003 1947 348

Icyang Parod 2008 1998 1959.6 1991 1957 1971 1997 1973 2007 1957 2002 1900-2002 1957 1999 1991.9 1996 2 1994 1998 3 1 349

1998 3 2 1998 3 3 1997 1980 1985 1985 1979 1995 1995.6 1996 1933 1950.11 1974 40 2003 gaga 1 1 350

2008 Kucapungane 69 1997.12 (1910-1925) 2 169-196 1999 31 2003 8 59-92 2008 69 2012 31 2001 2 2002 11 2007 36 3 15-62 2008 5 2010 79 2002 1945-1956 9 1 2004 11 2 2000 40 47-82 2007 vs 7 1 2010 77 97-134 351

1973 --- 26 1999 麽 3 2011 1 4 1975 40 1981 --- 52 1990 GAGA 3 2005 3 1 1996 4 4 5-10 2011.12 15 2 3-66 2011 62 49-72 2009 6 2011 61 1-30 1999 34 352

Watan Kiso 2010 1993 1989 1989 407 1997 1995 1994 2008. 11 2005 1996 2005 4192-1 2005 353

Lahuy Icyeh2008 Smangus 1990 2006 vs 2000 2001 2003 1904-1937 2005 2001 1996 2005 2003 1930-1945 1997 2007 / 1997 1624-1945 354

2010. 2006 2004 1992 2007 Peyanan 2009 1991 1997 2001 1945-2000 1984 2009 Pyanan 2002 2001 2003 Karowa 1996 355

2008 Skadang Xoxos 1994 1996 2002 1990 1996 MayawBiho http://gis.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/mapdap/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/landuse_25k_1956.pdf 2001/2/3 http//www.nativemaps.org/ 2012 101 42 161 http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lypdftxt?10104201;0157;0191 http://law.moj.gov.tw/lawclass/lawall.aspx?pcode=d0130003 http://www.geo.ntnu.edu.tw/faculty/tibu/www/www/www/pdf6.pdf 1982 58 http://210.60.224.4/ct/content/1982/00080152/0001.htm http://www.forest.gov.tw/content.asp?cuitem=1642 356

http://www.forest.gov.tw/fp.asp?xitem=1644&ctnode=130&mp=1 2007/8/10 1983.3.14 http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/11/a9/59.html 357