26 3 2007 5 GEO GRA P HICAL RESEA RCH Vol126, No13 May, 2007 1, 1,2 (11, 110101 ; 21, 100039) :, 100, 1970 2003,, ;,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; : 100020585 (2007) 0320557212 1 20, ; 1966, [1 ], 100 400, ;, 20 70, Mayer Slack [2,3 ] ; 80, Hayut h,, Taaffe [4 ], [5 ] Hayut h, Airriess [6 ] Kuby [7 ] Hoyle [8 ] ; Notte2 boom [ 9 ] Starr [10 ] J ames [11 ], 90 Baird [ 12 ],, ;,,, 90, [13 15 ], Hayut h [16 ] ; [17 ] ;, [18,19 ],,,, ;, : 2006207212 ; : 2007201212 : (40635026) ; (40371035) (2005038112) : (19752),,, E2mail : cjwang @igsnrr1ac1cn
558 26,, ;,, 2 211,, International Containerization 100 85 %,,,, 1992 382, 2003 118 212 1956, 1965, ;, 60, 1970 1975 1992 2004, 1970 2004 ; International Containerization ( TEU),, TEU, TransCad 3,,,, [ 16 ] 311, ; 70, 15 18 % 60, 220 TEU - ;,, 70 1A, 1970 : (1), 74,,,,, (2) : ;,,, (3),,,,,,,,, (4),, 336 364 TEU,, ;, 1971,, ;
3 : 559 1 Fig11 The evolution course of world container ports system 312 70,, 10, 1975 ( 1B) (1),,, ;,, (2),,,,,,, ;, (3),,, (4), ;,, ; 70,, (1),, ;,, (2),,, (3),,,, 313 90,,, 150
560 26 TEU ;, 394,, 1C (1),,, ;, (2),,,,, (3),, ;,, ;, (4) 70,, 1992, 90,, (1), (2), ; (3), ;, 314 21,,, ( 1D) (1),,, ;, 13,,, (2),, ; 1986 2003 ;, (3),, - - - - - ;,,,,, ;,, (4),,,, 4 411,,,, Kuby
3 : 561 [7 ] ; Hayut h,, H H ( Hirschman2Herfindahl index) [20 ],, H H j :, n n H H j = T 2 ij / ( Tij ) 2 i = 1 i = 1 Tij i j ; 0 H H j 1, H H j 1,,,, ; H H j0,,,, ; 412 (1) H H j, 2 1970 2003, (1) H H j,, (2),, ; 70, 4 5, ; 80, 8 9 ; 90, 2 Fig1 2 Aggregation2decentralization trend of world container transport 13 15 (3) 1970 1976 1986 1995, 1973 1981 1985 1990 2003 ; 1970 1973 1976 1985 1987 1989 1997 2003,, ; 1970 1976, 1977 1985 1987 1989, 1990 1998, 1999 2003 (4),,,, 413,, (1),, 1970 21, 2003 46 ;, (2),, 1970 ; 1975 1992,, ; 1998,,
562 26 (3), 80,,,, ; 1980,,, ; 80,,,, ;,,,, (4), 1970 1998,, ; 1970, 50 %,,,,, (5) 90,, 1975 115 %, 1998 2017 %, 2003 2814 %:,,,, ( 1) 1 ( :, %) Tab11 Container transportation scale and the number of container seaports in main countries 1970 1975 1980 1998 2003 14 281 77 21 28109 20 261 4 15 141 92 14 121 35 17 261 13 14 91 25 9 81 92 6 3146 4 2109 5 61 71 4 51 24 2 21 81 2 1111 3 1134 2 61 49 3 313 2 21 82 2 21 6 1 1125 2 61 16 2 71 57 1 61 08 1 3187 1 2179 2 61 07 4 14122 2 41 76 2 3145 2 3166 6 51 35 7 12171 6 81 44 5 5177 5 4163 3 31 29 3 11 53 - - - - - - 5 21 89 4 21 01 3 41 02 2 1127 - - 3 21 15 5 21 33 4 21 38 3 1141 2 1104 - - - - 6 21 46 4 2177 4 2181 - - 6 118 6 31 22 4 3102 5 2175 - - 1 11 31 1 21 93 1 9173 1 71 1-1 - 11 54 2 51 24 12 201 71 14 281 35 - - - - 1 21 03 2 4115 3 4185 - - - - 2 216 - - - - - - - - - - 3 21 6 2 2165 - - - - - - 3 1179 4 3183 10 21 25 22 61 12 26 10133 24 91 8 31 131 67 : 2 %; 1997, 1997 414, 9,, (1),, (2) 1970, 50 %,, ; ; 70, 80,,
3 : 563,, 2003 54 % (3), 1970,, ; 1975,,, ; 80, ; 80,, ;, 15 8, 3, 1 (4), ; (5),, 1970 50 %, 3019 % ; 1975, 30 %, 26 %, ; 80,, 1/ 4 90,, 5312 %, 10 %, ( 2) 2 ( : ; : %) Tab1 2 Regional aggregration and discenterization of world container transportation 1970 17 37 8 6 - - - 7-301 9 5011 61 3 11 3 % - - 81 4 % 1975 26 34 14 14-3 1 6 2 301 4 3017 26 41 7-21 1 012 51 7 013 1985 21 22 18 25 3 3 1 3 4 26 2517 2518 13 11 2 21 8 018 21 7 119 1992 20 18 23 23 3 2 3 5 3 161 4 1816 4216 1519 11 6 01 5 112 2 111 2003 16 12 32 22 4 6 2 4 2 131 4 1214 5312 13 21 3 21 4 1 11 6 018 5 511,, ;, :, (1) : :, ;,,, 1970 43913 TEU, 2003 2155 TEU, 1970 58,, 01966, 0197, 01937, 0199, 0199, 01986, 01995, 01999 :, 60,,, 70,, 70 80,,
564 26,,, 80 90 %,,,,,,,,,, (2),,,,,,,, 40,,, - - -,,,,, ;,, (3),,,,, 3, 90,,, 50 % ;,, 3 ( : ; : %) ; Tab13 The evolution of main container ports types in the world,,, 1970 1975 1980 1985 1992 2003 68 84 75 75 67 63 9517 811 8 731 5 7719 5214 581 7 7 16 25 25 33 37 413 181 2 261 5 2211 4716 411 3,,,, 512,,,,, 350 85 %, O2D, 1970 1975 163, 1992 189, 2003 157 (1) 3, 60 70,, 1913 %, 40 %,, O2D, 2918 %, - 1014 %, 618 %,
3 : 565 3 20 60 Fig1 3 The main change of world trade networks since 1970,,,, 611 %,, 413 %, ;, 211 %, ;,,, (2) 70,,,,,, 4213 % 1216 % 1218 %,, 2615 %, - 718 %, 919 %, 318 % ;,,, (3) 90,,, 2216 %, 3613 %, 1616 %,, -, 1017 %, - 811 %, 1016 %,, ; -, 615 %, 30 %,, (4) 90,,, ;
566 26 516 %,, 1014 %,,,,, 1714 %, 1311 %, ; 2514 %, - 618 %,,, ;,, ;,,,, 4 ( : TEU/ / TEU) Fig1 4 Comparsion of container and trade between foreign countries and China 1970 1975 1980 1985 1989 1992 1995 1998 2003 2619 141 0 1214 815 61 2 812 91 1 910 71 6 31 7 712 81 1 111 8 1611 121 1 1110 111 1 1311 1418 191 1 1711 181 7 1518 131 1 1318 141 3 1515 61 8 512 51 9 513 61 3 716 71 2 710 61 4 01 3 316 51 6 519 41 1 315 41 6 101 1 1118-271 9 1718 171 0 2415 281 9 2119 919 81 5 61 2 161 3 91 7 161 6 1511 151 1 1212 917 1318 1612 611 1013 610 61 6 616 81 2 101 3 71 2 41 2 121 6 31 9 911 71 0 516 51 2 513 61 9 2410 719 2516 101 9 1413 171 8 1913 181 9 1415 - - 1519 201 8 1714 171 4 1713 281 6 3312 - - 61 3 418 51 7 518 51 8 315 31 0 - - 91 3 221 7 2311 241 9 2312 401 2 5616 - - 1018 414 41 3 410 41 3 215 11 8 (5),,, ( ) ( ) 4,,, 5616 TEU/, ;, 3312 TEU/ ;,, ; ;, 80,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,, 10 / TEU,,, 118 / TEU ; 1970 2003,,, ;
3 : 567,,,,,,,, 6 (1),,, (2),,, ; ;, (3), ; 80,,,, (4), ; ;,, (5),,,,, ; : [ 1 ] 1 1 :,19971 1 161 [ 2 ] Mayer H M1 Current trend in Great Lakes shipping1 GeoJournal,1978,2 :117 1221 [ 3 ] Slack B1 Intermodal transportation in Nort h America and t he development of inland load centers1 The professional Geographer,1990,42 (1) :72 831 [ 4 ] Taaffe E, Morril R1 Transport expansion in underdeveloped countries1 Geographical Review,1963,53 ( 4) : 503 5291 [ 5 ] Hayut h Y1 Rationalization and concentration of t he U1 S1 container port system1 The Professional Geographer, 1988,40 (3) :279 2881 [ 6 ] Airriess C A1 The spatial spread of container transport in a developing regional economy1 Transportation Re2 search,1989,23 (1) :453 4611 [ 7 ] Kuby M, Reid N1 Technological change and t he concentration of t he U1 S1 General Cargo Port System : 1970-19881 Economic Geography,1992,68 (3) :272 2891 [ 8 ] Hoyle B, Charlier J1 Inter2port competition in developing countries1 Journal of Transport Geography,1995,3 (2) : 87 1031 [ 9 ] Notteboom T E1 Concent ration and load centre development in t he European container port system1 Journal of Transportation Geography,1997,5 (2) :99 1151 [ 10 ] Starr J T1 The mid2atlantic load center1 Maritime Policy and Management,1994,21 (3) :219 2271 [ 11 ] Janes J W1 The evolution of a regional container port system1 Journal of Transportation Geography,2000,8 (1) : 263 2751 [12 ] Baird A J1 Rejoinder :extending t he lifecycle of container mainport s in upstream urban locations1 Maritime Policy
568 26 and Management,1997,24 (2) :299 3011 [ 13 ] 1 1,1998,18 (4) :81 841 [ 14 ] 1 1,1998,17 (4) :44 481 [ 15 ],, 1 1,2002,57 (4) :479 4881 [ 16 ] 1-1,1999,19 (6) :485 4901 [ 17 ], 1 1,2000,19 (4) :383 3901 [ 18 ], 1 1,2003,58 (3) :424 4321 [ 19 ], 1 1,2004,59 (6) :1020 10271 [ 20 ] Hayut h Y1 Conainerization and load center concept1 Economic Geography,1981,57 (2) :160 1751 Formation and evolution of world container ports system and coupling mechanism with international trade net works WAN G Cheng2jin 1, YU Liang 1,2 (11 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101, China ; 21 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101, China) Abstract :Marine co ntainer t ransportatio n is an important research field in Transportatio n Geograp hy and has become t he key support factors of international trade1 In t his paper, based o n expo unding abo ut internatio nal and do mestic research histo ry of co ntainer sea2 port s and seaport s systems, t he aut hor took t he world top 100 port s and data of t he years of 1970-2003 as t he st udying object s, and discussed the developing and evolution course of world container seaport s system1 Then t he author designed an index to appraise t he spa2 tial aggregration of world container transportation and container seaport s, and their devel2 oping trends, including marine container transportation aggregration of port, region and co unt ry1 In order to examine t he developing mechanism of world co ntainer seaport s sys2 tem, t he aut hor analyzed t he spatial coupling mechanism between world container seaport s and international trade networks, t hrough analyzing t he international trade O2D data of t he year s of 1970220031 Thro ugh research, t he aut ho r drew t he following co nclusio ns1 ( 1) World container seaport system wit nessed t he develop ment course of North American and West European port cluster Nort h American, West European and East Asian port cluster East Asian port cluster Chinese port cluster 1 (2) There is t he time period of spatial aggregration and diff usion about t he world sea container transportation and now in t he ini2 tial stages of spatial aggregration time, and t he East Asian region became t he world con2 tainer transportation center1 (3) Economic factors, shipping lines and port locations are t he main driving factors for t he develop ment and formation of t he world container seaport sys2 tem,especially t here is a coupling mechanism between t he international trade networks and world co ntainer seapo rt system1 Key words :container port ; evolution course ; aggregration ; international trade networks ; co upling mechanism