JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 DOI 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1674-9391. 2012. 05. 002 历史文献中,19 世纪中叶康区中部瞻对地区的一位名为工布朗吉的土司的 形象经历了从一个惹人生厌的幸福与和平的破坏者到悲剧性的农奴起义领袖, 再到追求私利的军阀的过程工布朗吉形象被建构的过程说明对历史人物形象的塑造通常是一个复杂和矛盾的过程, 意识形态的侧重点 官方文件的倾向 当代政治的语境以及当时学术研究所关心的问题都对工布朗吉形象的建构施加了影响历史叙述依靠当时流行的叙 事方法在一个叙事结构中来塑造历史人物而这些叙事结构反映了那个时代所关心的问题 工布朗吉 ; 土司 ; 形象 ; 建构 ; 历史评价 K18 A 1674 9391 2012 05 0018 12 1862 1863 1 1865 18
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY ( 一 ) 对工布朗吉的传统看法 1848 中瞻对野番工布朗结, 负固不法, 出巢滋 事, 先后抢去上瞻对 下瞻对嘓陇 喇滚 ( 现下占一带 ) 各土司等印信号纸占去有号纸峪 纳 ( 现谷日一带 ) 撒墩 ( 现沙堆 ) 土千户地 方二处, 并无号纸头目地方九处 前督臣, 以外番狡逞, 未经理论乃该野番竟其凶顽, 夜郎自大, 又欲侵占里塘查里塘系通藏大道, 该野番逞其强梁, 一经占据, 大路梗塞, 所关匪细 2 4 瞻对夷酋工布朗结纠合德尔格特土司扰及 霍尔 章谷等土司地方, 不日由巴塘 江卡即 到乍丫 官觉等处其子东登公布纠众围困理 塘正土司官寨, 大路桥梁俱被拆毁, 拆阅文 报, 捆缚通事 5 19 1862 3
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 2 P. 20 7 清咸丰年间, 四土司为工布朗结一人兼 6 并工布朗结为人阴鸷而狠, 有并西康以西拒 西藏 东抗四川之心康地各土司, 或割地, 或纳贡, 均俯首帖耳, 而莫敢谁何同治初, [3]( P. 36) 工布朗吉以劫掠藏人购茶故, 起衅 工布囊吉者, 瞻对呵鲁之子也 俗传其 妻遇雪山神而生工布囊吉工布囊吉生而臂力 绝人, 兼有诡智, 至幼嬉戏, 儿童多受其指挥既长而驰马试剑无虚日, 每顾盼自雄曰 [1]( P. 99-117) 天何生我在蛮夷中? 4 P. 29 5 P. 29-57 1904 ( 二 ) 马克思主义史学家的观点 1949 8 20
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 结, 脱离了群众, 不久也就被德格土司勾结西 藏农奴主打败布鲁曼率领残军退回新龙, 又 被包围, 最后被农奴主用火烧死, 起义告失 败 9 1959 参加的人数由几千发展到一万多人涉及 范围从瞻对到甘孜 德格等地, 影响所及, 遍 于康东 康南及西藏地区, 历时达三年之久 起义群众击溃了封建阶级的武装, 逐杀了土司等封建阶级分子, 占领了土司的辖地, 取代了土司的政权随即打开了土司的仓库, 把粮 食 金印 衣物等, 分给群众 ; 并烧了土司的 契约 帐薄, 废除了乌拉但由于起义军的领 导在后期开始腐化, 采取了一些错误的措施, 造成内部的不健全, 因而在当地封建统治阶级 勾结西藏封建势力的联合镇压下, 终于失败 [6]( P. 20-35) 了 21 1976 1963 1959 1887 年瞻对爆发了以布鲁曼为首的农民起 义起义军先打垮了瞻对土司的封建武装, 杀 死了穷凶极恶的土司, 没收了土司的财产, 宣 布废除差役起义军在新龙 德格 甘孜等地 转战三年, 孔洒 麻书土司被赶跑了, 德格土司也逃往金沙江西岸, 投奔西藏农奴主统治集团去了各地农奴闻声奋起, 响应起义, 抗差 抗租斗争风起云涌起义军取得初步胜利后, 布鲁曼等人骄傲了, 生活开始腐化, 内部不团 10 1863
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 史也是她们共同用鲜血写出来的 7 P. 30-39 布鲁曼是农民起义军主要领导人之一, 根 据民间传说, 他出身于瞻对波惹村的一个贫苦 农奴家庭从年青时候起, 就参与农奴反对土 司 头人的压迫和剥削的活动, 是一个从阶级 斗争中逐渐形成的农奴领袖但文献资料却明 显记载布鲁曼 ( 工布朗吉 ) 出身土司 可见 罗布七力被诛后, 他的土地财产, 随着也被清 朝没收而赏赐给出力的头目了他的儿子工布 朗结是否因此而下降到农奴地位, 这里暂不考 证, 但工布朗结不会对清王朝和其它土司头人 的 杀父夺产 善罢甘休是可以肯定的不管 布鲁曼的出身和当初参加起义队伍的目的如 这个 ( 起义 ) 重大意义不能局限于康巴这 个狭窄的范围之内, 它应是全中华民族重大的 反清爱国的革命斗争的一个重要组成部分康 巴与内地相隔千里之遥, 但藏族人民的命运与祖国各族人民的命运是息息相连的农奴起义 的整个历史证明 : 没有以汉族为主体的各族人民革命斗争的胜利, 就没有藏族人民革命斗争 的胜利以太平天国革命为首的各民族人民革 命斗争失败了, 藏族农奴起义也就随之宣告结 束这一真理充分表明, 我国各族人民自古以 来就是同呼吸 共命运, 她们不愧为战斗在一 起, 胜利在一起祖国是她们共同缔造的, 历 [7]( P. 37) 何, 从他与清王朝及其十五路土司的斗争来 看, 自始至终是有利于起义军的特别是最后 与敌人决战中, 临死不屈, 表现了农奴们的革 命坚定性 起义军中的另外几个首领 与 敌战斗中, 总是身先士卒, 奋勇作战特别是 起义军被困期间, 无一人动摇变节 这一大 批起义军首领的英雄事迹, 代表了起义军的主 流, 也充分表现了中华民族有同自己的敌人血 [7]( P. 34) 战到底的气概 8 P. 57 22
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 瑏瑡 6 P. 20-26 1959 9 P. 27-35 1728 9 P. 27-35 23
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 9 P. 27-35 1999 瑏瑢 1986 1986 10 P. 16-27 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 1986 瑏瑥 1991 1849 11 P. 62-66 24
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 13 P. 1-44 1959 瑏瑧 瑏瑦 1 P. 109 1984 1982 12 P. 207 25
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 13 P. 1-44 14 1985 16 P. 187 17 P. 42-45 15 为了探索其究竟, 我们在新龙地区进行了 深入的调查了解, 查阅了有关的藏汉文资料, 对工布朗吉的出生 家世以及他的生平事迹, 进行了较为系统的查证搜集 26
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 12 P. 196-214 1 1981 69 27
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 1985 35 2 53 15-16 1889 1984 51 3-5680 1986 3 48 1337 37-42 1986 47-54 4309 1986 40-50 56 10-11 瑏瑤 4 4305-4306 45 46-47 5 4308-4309 56 10 58 58 6 7 瑏瑧 1944 30-37 1938 16-18 1 4 1939 59-73 8 1930. 3. M. 1971 9 1848 1963 27-29 1946. 10 Z/ /. ME 1981 3 1995. 6Xu Ming. Is G npo Namgyel a Leader of a Serf Uprising J. Journal of the Southwestern 295-326 Institute for Nationalities1980 1. 瑏瑡. J. 1980 01. 1986 3 瑏瑣 1986 1982 40-45 1987 8 41-47 瑏瑥 1986 瑏瑦 47-48 1334 3 12 1939 17-22 21-30 1. M. 2003. 2. M. 1928. 4. M. 5. 7Zeng Wenqiong. A Large - scale Serf 瑏瑢 Uprising in Kham in the Mid - Nineteenth Century 28
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY J. Journal of the Southwestern Institute for Nationalities1979 1.. 12. J. 1979 01. C/ / 8... M. 1985. 1971. 9Shangguan Jianbi. A Discussion of the Riot Led by Bulungma G npo Namgyel the Tusi in Nyarong J. Journal of the Southwestern Institute for Nationalities1980 1.. J. 15. 1980 01. 10Xu Jun. Late Qing Perception and Policy Decisions on the Sichuan Borderlands and the M. 1991. 16. Origins of the Nyarong Issue J. Journal of M. 1967. Kangding Nationalities Teacher 's College1999 17. 8 1. M. 1976.. J. 2012-03 - 11 19998 01. 11. M. 1984. 13. Z/ / 1985. 14. M. 1984. 29
2012 /05 13 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY STUDY OF THE SOUTHWEST BORDERLAND OF CHINA AND CHIEFTAIN IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE CENTRAL CHINA AGRICULTURAL CIVILIZATION PLATE YU Fengchun Research Center for Chinese Borderland History and GeographyCASSBeijing 100005China JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGYVOL. 3NO. 501-172012 CN51-1731 /C in Chinese DOI 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1674-9391. 2012. 05. 01 Abstract When the territory of China was formed finally in 1820 the borderland area of the central China agricultural civilization plate opened up by Emperor Wudi in Han Dynasty Korea Si Jun and Nanyue San Jun that were relatively stablehad supported themselves successively. Howeverthe area of Southwest Yi or Xinanyi where the traffic was blockedmiasma was raging the economy and culture was u- nique and the separatist forces were strongwas still at the hand of Qing Government after a turbulent history of more than a thousand years. This is because the area was the place where Kublai Khan strengthened his power. He established administration and chieftain system there in order to strengthen his rule. The court of the Ming dynastyon the other handwished to change this area into a rear base depending on its natural and human resources so as to prevent the Northern Yuan s re - occupation of the southwest. In order to prevent the union of the powers of the Mongolian and Tibetan with the chieftains in southwest and guarantee the supply of Yunnan copper the court of the Qing dynasty chose to implement series of policies like gaitu guiliu replace the local chieftains with royal pointed officials to strengthen its rule in the southwest. The actions taken by the above mentioned three courts and the fact of Central China farmers bringing of high yielding American crop seeds which can resistant to the high plateaucold weather and barren land in the late Ming period made the southwest area where was regarded as a place hard to be controlled in the pastbecome a part of the central China plate at last. Key Words the central China agricultural civilization plate chieftain miasma gaitu guiliu THE HISTORIANS CONSTRUCTION OF CHIEFTAIN G NPO NAMGYE S IMAGE YUDRU Tsomu JING Hongmei History Department of Lawrence UniversityAppletonWisconsin54911America JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGYVOL. 3NO. 518-292012 CN51-1731 /C in Chinese DOI 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1674-9391. 2012. 05. 02 Abstract In historical literatures the image of G npo Namgyelan indigenous chieftain of Nyarong in Central Kham in the mid - 19 th centuryhas shifted from a loathsome destroyer of happiness and peace to a tragic leader of a serf uprisingand later again to a self - serving warlord. The process of constructing the image of G npo Namgyel shows that the construction of historical figures is rather complex and ambivalent 91
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2012 /05 13 and is often influenced by various factors. The historians ideological focusbiases of official documents contemporary political contextand current academic concerns all have impacted on the construction of G npo Namgyel s image. Historical narration means to construct historical figures within a narrative structure by relying on prevalent narrative methods of the timesand the narrative structure just reflects the concerns of the period. Key Words G npo Namgyel chieftain image construction historical evaluation CHIEFTAIN CULTURE AND THE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ZHUOKEJI OF SICHUAN MA Tingzhong Southwest University for NationalitiesChengduSichuan 610041China JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGYVOL. 3NO. 530-362012 CN51-1731 /C in Chinese DOI 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1674-9391. 2012. 05. 03 Abstract Chieftain of Zhuokeji was one of the eighteen famous chieftains in Jiarong area as well as a major component of the four chieftains. Under the rule of the chieftains for more than 600 years Zhuokeji area formed a unique chieftain culture due to its natural and humanistic characteristics. The major contents of the chieftain culture include the architectural culture represented with official village of chieftain the religious culture activities with local characteristics and the unique folk songs and dances called as situ guozhuang. Although the chieftain system died outchieftain culture in Zhuokeji area still widely exists and becomes an important resource for developing ethnic cultural tourism. We should protect and develop ZhuoKeJi chieftain culture by setting up the concept of sustainable developmentpromote the exploitation of tourist commodities on chieftain cultureand develop the traditional festivals tourism to strengthen the tourists participation interactivity and entertainment. All of these measures will be good for promoting Zhuokeji area s competitive strength in tourists commodities and strengthening the ethnic culture protection. Key Words Sichuan Zhuokeji area chieftain culture ethnic tourism tourism development THE PRACTICE AND NARRATION OF A YI CHIEFTAIN DURING ANTI - JAPANESE WAR THE YI SOCIETY AND THE SPECTACLE OF CHINA S SOUTHWEST FRONTIERS IN INTRODUCTION TO THE LUO ZHANG Yuan Southwest University for NationalitiesChengduSichuan610041China 92