I.1 1.1...1 1.2...2 1.3 2 1.4 5.6 2.1 6 2.2 6 2.3 7.9 3.1 9 3.2 10.13 4.1 13 4.2 13 4.3 14 4.4 16 4.5 17 4.6... 18.19 5.1 91...19 5.2 20 5.3 21 5.4 22.24 6.1 24.26 7.1 26 7.2 26 7.3 vs..28 7.4 29 7.5 30.32 8.1 32 8.2 32 I
8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 vs. 8.8 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 11.2 11.3 56 11.4 57 11.5 11.6 59 11.7 11.8.....62 12.1 12.2 67 12.3 70 12.4 72...74 II
1.1 1990 91 95 1
1.2 95 1.3 91 1. (1) 95 3 13 95 4 18 (2) 12,000 18 (3) a. 6 b. 6 (4) 114 8,623 1,705 19.77% (5) 91 27.5 2
45.9% 54.1% 21.7% 61% 17.3% 35.4% 64.6% 42.7% 50.7% 6.6% 86.8% 13.2% 70.5% 13.8% 90.8% 4.5% 2.0% 1.0% 64.2% 3.5% 20.5% 4.6% 3.7% 2. (1) 95 4 26 (2) 12 91 4 4 2 1 1 4 8 6 6 5 7 95 1. (1) 95 4 13 95 5 15 (2) 91 (3) 91 (4) 129 8,253 3,522 42.68% (5) 42.9% 57.1% 34.7% 65.3% 18.1% 81.9% 3
46.6% 47.0% 6.4% 1. (1) 95 4 26 95 5 13 (2) 93 2,017 (3) 452 22.41% (4) 17.5% 82.5% 0.7% 25.3% 5.4% 68.6% 2. (1) 95 5 3 (2) 6 3 2 4 4 2 1. (1) 95 2 17 (2) 95 109 115 1 4
6 2 (3) 110 70 63.64% (4) 72.9% 27.1% 57.1% 37.1% 25.7% 74.3% 12.9% 50.0% 37.1% 40 3 2. (1) 2006 3 2 (2) 6 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 5 1 1.4 6 5
2.1 (Wikipedia) (employability) HarveyLocke Morey (2002: 16) 2.2 (core employability) Harvey 2002 (employability skills) 2002 Employability Skills for the Future 6
(employability skills framework) 2.3 OECD (2001) 7
1990 (United Nations, 2003) 8
3.1 1998 Sorbonne 1999 29 Bologna 2004 91% (Reichert & Tauch, 2004) Harvey 2002 (Coate, Court, Gillon, Morley, & Williams, 2000) (Morley, 2001) Harvey 2002 9
Bologna (Kirkwood-Tucker, 2004) 3.2 (Harvey et al., 2002) Harvey 2002 10
(Tariq, Scott, Cochrane, Lee, & Ryles, 2004) (Crebert, Bates, Bell, Patrick, & Cragnolini, 2004) (Crebert et al., 2004: 162) Crebert 2004 Harvey 2002: 37 11
OECD (2004) Trinity College Dublin 12
4.1 15-24 4.2 2005 13
4.1 4.3 4.1 14
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 94 20 15
7. 94 3 5 95 5 10 96 10 20 8. 9. 10. 94 25 95 30 11. 95 96 5,000 4.4 2005 95 1. 2. 3. 21 16
1. 2. 3. 4.5 2005 1. 2. 3. 1. 2 5 17
2. 4.6 2005 18
5.1 91 2.16 1.13 3.54 1.24 91 4 8 2 3 3.79 3.35 3.97 3.29 3.48 3.66 3.08 2005 91 2004 8 2005 1 3.30 2.87 1 1 3.09 1.24 1 2,630 1 1 9 (1) 1.76 91 1.76 86.3%3 5.9% (2) 0.93 19
54.4% 1.73 0.98 1 3 0.93 5%10% (3) 62% 4.4% 0.9% 4.1% 27.1% 23.6% (4) 54.5% 34.9% 10.5% (5) 44.9% 42.7% 9.3% 3.1% 5.2 72.4% 87.1% 68.9% 20.7% 48.3% 19.7% 11.5% 20
3.76 1.0 55.2% 29.6% 13.0% 2.2% 5.3 1,403 1,400 21
5.4 4,440 5,550 1,240 3,970 1 4 5,600 22
23
6.1 (Harvey et al., 2002) (employability skills framework) (Commonwealth of Australia, 2002) 6.1 24
0.5 25
7.1 75.6% 17.9% 6.5% 56.4% 60.4% 7.2 26
7.1 7.2 7.1 65.6 1 51.2 2 48.5 3 46.5 4 45.2 5 32.5 6 28.7 7 27.4 8 15.1 9 14.3 10 14.0 11 13.0 12 9.5 13 8.0 14 7.2 15 6.1 16 5.7 17 (1) (2) 27
7.2 84.9 1 66.4 2 58.8 3 57.0 4 45.7 5 39.6 6 36.7 7 33.0 8 25.6 9 14.0 10 8.2 11 7.8 12 5.1 13 2.9 14 2.2 15 1.6 16 0.7 17 (1) (2) 7.3 vs. 28
care 7.4 emotion quality 29
EQ emotion quality 7.5 30
31
8.1 4.6% 8.7% 28.0% 58.6% 14% 51.1% 32% 2.9% 8.2 8.1 8.2 32
8.1 (1) (%) (2)(1)+(2) 60.2 27.0 87.2 1 53.2 31.3 84.5 2 57.7 26.4 84.1 3 58.3 25.5 83.8 4 57.9 25.1 83.0 5 51.8 29.4 81.2 6 49.7 30.6 80.3 7 47.7 29.9 77.6 8 39.8 35.8 75.6 9 47.4 27.1 74.5 10 39.1 34.2 73.3 11 36.3 35.7 72.0 12 38.3 33.7 72.0 13 36.1 35.3 71.4 14 37.1 30.6 67.7 15 34.1 31.7 65.8 16 23.6 29.7 53.3 17 (1)+(2) (%) (%) 33
8.2 (1) (%) (2)(1)+(2) 38.9 47.3 86.2 1 14.3 50.9 65.2 2 11.3 42.0 53.3 3 11.9 41.0 52.9 4 9.7 42.5 52.2 5 11.7 39.7 51.4 6 9.6 40.1 49.7 7 10.4 34.7 45.1 8 12.6 31.7 44.3 9 9.3 32.9 42.2 10 7.4 31.1 38.5 11 6.4 31.2 37.6 12 5.2 25.4 30.6 13 6.6 23.8 30.4 14 7.1 20.9 28.0 15 5.2 21.0 26.2 16 4.1 21.5 25.6 17 (1)+(2) (%) (%) 8.3 8.3 8.4 34
8.3 58.2 1 53.5 2 48.1 3 45.0 4 37.7 5 30.4 6 28.7 7 27.9 8 22.7 9 20.8 10 18.2 11 17.2 12 12.3 13 12.2 14 10.3 15 10.1 16 6.9 17 (1) (2) 8.4 68.8 1 63.6 2 46.2 3 43.5 4 40.4 5 39.1 6 37.3 7 31.3 8 19.4 9 18.1 10 16.7 11 35
15.8 12 8.3 13 8.0 14 5.6 15 4.7 16 2.2 17 (1) (2) 8.4 36
8.5 e msn 37
8.6 38
OK 39
XX XX 40
8.7 vs. 41
8.8 picture 42
8.9 FAX case 43
8051 8051 popular marketing time 44
9.1 2 43 4 90 4 4 10 50 120 150 52.9% 45.7% 9.2 95 6.9% 43.3% 49.8% 20.9% 45
60% 9.3 46
47
10.1 95 10.1 38.4% 1.5% 9.3% 2.2% 21.9% 5.5% 7.1% 10.1 38.4 21.9 9.3 7.1 5.9 5.5 4.9 3.2 2.2 1.5 10.2 36.1% 38.4% 19.9% 5.5% 48
33.7% 33.6% 21.9% 10.8% 10.2 10.2 49.9 16.1 15.4 12.6 2.4 3.6 2.85 0.68 2 2 3 5 2,302 2,511 10.3 41.6% 10.3 42% 30.5% 91 27.1% 49
10.3 42.0 30.5 18.4 3.0 1.6 4.5 10.4 10.4% 6.8% 5.4% 3.2% 10.4 74.1 10.4 5.4 4.2 3.2 2.6 10.5 50
10.5 8.4 82.8 29.2 16.0 51
11.1 11.1 11.1 57.2 1 53.0 2 40.5 3 35.8 4 27.7 5 21.5 6 14.7 7 10.7 8 7.1 9 5.9 10 5.0 11 (1) (2) 95 11.2 91 52
11.2 51.5 1 48.4 2 46.1 3 35.5 4 30.4 5 21.9 6 15.2 7 14.1 8 9.6 9 7.9 10 5.6 11 (1) (2) 11.2 53
11.1 11.1 54
55
11.3 56
11.4 57
11.5 58
E (e-portfolio) 11.6 59
11.7 11.8 60
61
12.1 1. (1) 91 2.16 1.13 3.54 1.24 4,440 5,550 1,240 3,970 (2) 1.76 (3) 0.93 (4) (5) 62
(6) 20.7% 48.3% 19.7% 11.5% 2. (1) (2) 3. (1) 58.6% 28.0% 8.7% 4.6% (2) 14% 51.1% 32% 2.9% (3) (4) 63
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 4. (1) 2 43 4 90 (2) 52.9% 45.7% (3) 6.9% 43.3% 49.8% 20.9% 64
5. (1) 21.9% 5.5% 7.1% (2) 36.1% 38.4% 19.9% 5.5% (3) 33.7% 33.6% 21.9% 10.8% (4) 2.85 0.68 2 2 3 5 (5) 6. (1) (2) 65
66
12.2 12.1 1. 2. 3. 67
12.1 68
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 4. (1) (2) 5. (1) (2) 69
(3) 12.3 1. (1) (2) 2. (1) (2) (3) (4) 3. (1) (2) 70
4. (1) (2) (3) (4) 5. (1) (2) (3) (4) 6. (1) (2) (3) 7. (1) (2) (3) 8. (1) E 71
(2) 9. (1) (2) 12.4 1. 2. 72
3. 4. 5. 73
95 94 94 94 Coate, K., Court, S., Gillon, E., Morley, L., & Williams, G., (2000). Academic and Academic Related Staff Involvement in the Local, Regional and National Economy. London: Association of University Teachers. Commonwealth of Australia (2002). Employability Skills for the Future. Canberra: AusInfo. Crebert, G., Bates, M., Bell, B., Patrick, C-J., & Cragnolini, V. (2004). Developing Generic Skills at University, during Work Placement and in Employment: Graduates Perceptions. Higher Education Research and Development, 23(2), 147-165. Harvey, L., Locke, W., & Morey, A. (2002). Enhancing Employability, Recognising Diversity. London: Universities UK. Kirkwood-Tucker, T. (2004). Toward a European Model of Higher Education. European Education, 36(3), 51-69. Morley, L. (2001). Producing New Workers: Quality, Equality and Employability in Higher Education. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 131-138. OECD (2001). Competencies for the Knowledge Economy, Paris: OECD. OECD (2004). Career Guidance and Public Policy. Paris: OECD. Reichert, S. & Tauch, C. (2004). Reforming Europe s Higher Education Area: As the Fog Clears, New Obstacles Emerge. International Educator, 13(1), 34-41. 74
Tariq, V., Scott, E., Cochrane, A., Lee, M., & Ryles, L. (2004). Auditing and Mapping Key Skills within University Curricula. Quality Assurance in Education, 12(2), 70-81. United Nations (2003). Towards a Global Alliance for Youth Employment the Next Five Steps, www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/yeninfopack.zip 75