2015 3 179 2015 5 Comparative Economic & Social Systems No. 3 2015 May 2015 2001 ~ 2011 F812 A 1003-3947 2015 03-0020-14 Wu & Perloff 2004 Benjamin et al. 2004 Sicular et al. 2007 1998 2003 40% 1985 2. 10 2013 3. 03 50% 2003 1999 2001 2005 2013 14ZDA032
21 2004 2010 2010 2002 CHIPS Oaxaca - Blinder 34. 69% Sicular et al. 2007 1995 2002 CASS Becker & Chiswick 1966 2006 1982 ~ 2000 Becker & Chiswick 1966 Galor & Zeria 1993 Galor & Zeria 1993 2005 Sylwester 2000 Galor & Zeria 1993 Galor & Zeria 1993
22 2015 3 1 2 ω s > 0 ω n > 0 3 h 4 L 5 u = αlogc + 1 - α logb c b 0 < α < 1 6 7 r x x h x < h x < h i > r x h f x < h f = ω n 2 + r + h 1 + i - ω s / i - r x < f x t +1 = { x x t t 1 - α ω + x - h 1 + i f x s t t 1 - α ω s + x t - h 1 + r h xt 1 - α + ω n 1 + r + ω n < f x < f < h 1 2 x n = 1 - α / 1-1 - α 1 + r ω n 2 + r 3 f < x < h g = 1 - α h 1 + i - ω s / 1 + i 1 - α - 1 4 x < g t
23 x n g x s = 1 - α ω s - h 1 + r / 1-1 - α 1 + r 5 t 0 x < h 1 N 1 N 2 N 1 = N 2 + N 0 N 0 x h U n x = log x + ω n 1 + r + ω n + αlogα + 1 - α log 1 - α x h U s x = log x - h 1 + r + 1 - t 0 ω s + αlogα + 1 - α log 1 - α x h U s x > U n x 0 < t 0 < 1 - h 1 + r + ω n 2 + r /ω s x < h U d s x = log x - h 1 + i + N 1 t 0 ω s /N 2 + 1 - t 0 ω s + ε 8 N 2 t 0 ω s /N 2 U d s x > U n x x > f * f * = ω n 2 + r + h 1 + i - 1 - t 0 ω s - N 1 t 0 ω s /N 2 / i - r N 1 = N 2 + N 0 > N 2 f * < f f h x h x n = 1 - α / 1-1 - α 1 + r ω n 2 + r 6 7 9 1
24 2015 3 2005 2006 2013 2010 2014 6 1 2001 2011 2001 ~ 2011 1 1 2001 ~ 2011 1 2003
25 Dedu it Dwage it m 1 = α 1 0 + β 1 j = 0 m 2 = α 2 0 + n 1 j Dwage _jit + β 2 j = 0 k = 1 n 2 j Dedu _jit + k = 1 γ 1 k B kit + u it 10 γ 2 k D kit + v it 11 10 11 i t t = 2001 2002 2011 i t 27 u it v it 1 10 2 Dedu 3 Dwage B Fedu i i = 1 2 3 4 Culture 5 GDP Lgdp 2 6 7 Age East Central 11 D Lgdp Tax 8 Agri 9 GDP 瑏瑠 Bank 1 90% 2 6 3 4 5 6 GDP 7 8 9 瑏瑠
26 2015 3 1 Private 2 Urban 3 Open East Central 2005 2008 2010 2014 2005 3SLS 4 10 11 MLE Dwage Dedu Dwage Dedu 10 11 3SLS 2005 10 11 n 4 1 2 1 Dedu 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dwage n = 2 Dwage n = 3 Dwage n = 4 Age Culture Fedu1 1. 5573*** 0. 5442-5. 8191*** 2. 1279 4. 2548*** 1. 6059-0. 0523 *** 0. 01463-0. 5714 *** 0. 1882 0. 0168 0. 0394 1. 5699 *** 0. 5862-5. 8186 ** 2. 3084 4. 2543 ** 1. 7446-0. 0495 *** 0. 0145-0. 6794 *** 0. 1898 0. 3355 0. 2960 Fedu1 2-0. 1449 0. 1331 1. 5427 *** 0. 5560-5. 7268 *** 2. 1714 4. 1748 *** 1. 6378-0. 0531 *** 0. 0144-0. 5646 *** 0. 1876 1. 6145 *** 0. 5414-5. 8318 *** 2. 1456 4. 1995 *** 1. 6287-0. 0512 *** 0. 0141-0. 5745 *** 0. 1824 1. 5187 *** 0. 5470-5. 7209 *** 2. 1314 4. 1989 *** 1. 6069-0. 0538 *** 0. 0144-0. 5727 *** 0. 1876 1. 5255 *** 0. 5497-5. 7020 *** 2. 1437 4. 1663 *** 1. 6168-0. 0518 *** 0. 0145-0. 5756 *** 0. 1875 1 2 60 3 4 3SLS 3SLS = 2SLS + FGLS
27 Dedu 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fedu2 Fedu2 2 Fedu3 0. 0122 0. 0349 0. 6562 ** 0. 2933-0. 2806 ** 0. 1280-0. 0141 0. 0205 1 0. 1149 0. 1088 Fedu3 2-0. 0445 0. 0368 Lgdp Lgdp 2 East Central - 4. 1884 ** 1. 6980 0. 5065 ** 0. 2086-0. 0534 * 0. 0315-0. 0503 ** 0. 0238 10. 6043*** 3. 4651-4. 5329 *** 1. 6836 0. 5562 *** 0. 2071-0. 0492 0. 0303-0. 0376 0. 0244 10. 9540 *** 3. 4257-4. 0607 ** 1. 7261 0. 4914 ** 0. 2119-0. 0527 * 0. 0316-0. 0495 ** 0. 0238 10. 3380 *** 3. 5297-3. 7056 ** 1. 6532 0. 4503 ** 0. 2025-0. 0435 0. 0308-0. 0431 * 0. 0231 9. 1621 *** 3. 4058-4. 3195 ** 1. 7117 0. 5215 ** 0. 2102-0. 0515 * 0. 0311-0. 0505 ** 0. 0238 10. 9426 *** 3. 4983-4. 2504 ** 1. 7138 0. 5119 ** 0. 2105-0. 0511 0. 0311-0. 0541 ** 0. 0240 10. 7212 *** 3. 5063 R 2 0. 5593 0. 5786 0. 5595 0. 5723 0. 5586 0. 5551 1 6 135 2 *** 1% ** 5% * 10% 2 Dedu n = 2 Dedu n = 3 Dedu n = 4 Lgdp Agri Bank Dwage 1 2 3 4 11. 1557 ** 4. 4981-36. 7291 ** 15. 4961 25. 6399 ** 11. 1199-1. 2355 *** 0. 2858 10. 3946 ** 4. 6507-34. 8451 ** 16. 0133 24. 5517 ** 11. 4842-1. 3443 *** 0. 2946-0. 0153 * 0. 0089 11. 3023 ** 4. 5612-37. 1779 ** 15. 7863 25. 9252 ** 11. 3492-1. 3113 *** 0. 2867 0. 0343 0. 0926 10. 6104 ** 4. 6788-35. 4731 ** 16. 1717 24. 9421 11. 6161-1. 3911 *** 0. 2931-0. 0143 0. 0091 0. 0189 0. 0946 Urban - 0. 7631 * 0. 4349-0. 8835 ** 0. 4455-0. 7489 * 0. 4353-0. 8535 * 0. 4434
28 2015 3 Tax Private Open East Central Dwage 1 2 3 4 2. 4110 * 1. 2797-0. 2097 ** 0. 0943 0. 0241 ** 0. 0111-0. 4753 *** 0. 1386-0. 4727 *** 0. 1100 7. 5154 *** 1. 2574 2. 6547 ** 1. 3131-0. 2302 ** 0. 0982 0. 0358 *** 0. 0129-0. 4344 *** 0. 1409-0. 4448 *** 0. 1110 8. 2455 *** 1. 3294 2. 9504 ** 1. 3873-0. 2046 ** 0. 0974 0. 0262 ** 0. 0115-0. 4616 *** 0. 1393-0. 4558 *** 0. 1132 7. 7398 *** 1. 2530 2. 9910 ** 1. 4019-0. 2263 ** 0. 1003 0. 0360 *** 0. 0130-0. 4270 *** 0. 1409-0. 4362 *** 0. 1135 8. 3636 *** 1. 3196 R 2 0. 7321 0. 7319 0. 7355 0. 7333 2 1 6 135 2 *** 1% ** 5% * 10% 1 4 2 2 i 1 i 2 2 a 1999 2013 2 a 2 a 2 a 1 2005
29 0. 1 30 0. 014 2 2 b 2 b 2 b 0. 1 30 0. 14 Fedu2 Fedu2 2 5% 1 4 Fedu2 Fedu2 2 U Fedu2 Fedu2 2 0. 6562-0. 2806 U 1. 1693 Fedu2 it < 1. 1693 Fedu2 it 1. 1693 1 2
30 2015 3 1 U 4. 117 GDP Age GDP Culture 2 Private Urban 2004 2013 Open 2 2 Agri Bank East Central 2008 2005 Dedu 1 3 2 10 11 Fedu3 1
31 3 Galor & Zeria 1993 2001 ~ 2011
32 2015 3 2004 2004 6 2014 2014 6 2010 2010 11 2010 2010 1 2003 2003 2 2007 2007 4 2004 2004 6 2005 2005 12 1998 1998 6 2013 2013 12 1999 1999 1 2013 2013 9 2003 2003 4 2005 2005 5 2013 2013 1 2006 2006 4 2008 2008 1 2011 2011 7 2006 2006 2 Becker G. S. and B. R. Chiswick 1966. Education and the Distribution of Earning. American Economic Review. 56 358-69. Benjianmin Dwayne Loren Brandt and John Giles 2004. The Dynamics of Inequality and Growth in Rural China Does Higher Inequality Impede Growth Working Paper University of Toronto. Galor O. and J. Zeira 1993. Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. Review of Economic Studies. 60 35-52. Knight J. B. and R. H. Sabot 1983. Educational Expansion and the Kuznets Effect. American Economic Review. 45 1-28. Sicular Terry Ximing Yue Bj rn Gustafsson and Shi Li 2007. The Urban - Rural Income Gap and Inequality in China. Review of Income and Wealth. 53 1 93-124. Sylwester K. 2000. A Model of Public Education and Income Inequality. Working Paper. Carbondale Sourthern Illinois University. Wan Guanghua Ming Lu and Zhao Chen 2006. The Inequality - Growth Nexus in the Short and Long Runs Empirical Evidence from China. Journal of Comparative Economics. 34 654-67.
33 The Urban - Rural Income Gap and Education Inequality and Government Spending on Education in China Lü Wei Yang Mo & Wang Yan Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Dalian Abstract This article focuses on how the internal mechanism about the Urban - rural income gap and education inequality in China can be improved by the policy of rural - bias education investment. To achieve this purpose we extend Galor and Zeria's theory model 1993 by incorporating the dual urban - rural structures and government behaviors. Furthermore we build an equation system and distribute the lags model based on provincial panel data from 2001 to 2011 to test the theory model empirically. Empirical results show that the urban - rural income gap is aggravated by urban - rural education inequality. In turn urban - rural education inequality also increases the urban - rural income gap. Moreover reducing the ratio of urban to rural average junior middle school education expenditures can help reduce urban - rural education inequality while reducing that ratio of primary school and senior middle school don't help. The policy suggestion of this paper is that implementing the rural - bias policy and support of rural senior middle school can break the vicious cycle of urban and rural areas effectively. Key words Urban - Rural Education Inequality Urban - Rural Income Gap Government Behavior Human Resources