1945-2005 1990 2000 8 22 rent-seeking 2000 P. 316 2004 Lin and Tsai 2002 1987 lifting of Martial Law 2002 1 Gordon Tullock 1947 1949 1967 1990 rent-seeking 1895-1945 1683-1895 1945 1
89 6 93 6 Niskanen 1971 rent-seeking Niskanen case study 55 patronage 12 1988-2000 2
revenue- expenditure patterns 2001 PP. 173-174 2 power elite marginal elite 2 3
4
KMT 5
89 6 93 6 89 6 421.19 211.13 100.13 1,215.11 643.27 202.50 282.46 70 15 560 390 170 2,578.89 1,103.27 599.13 93 6 689.63 53.96 81.39 310,000 690.26 656.09 223.21 1 998.00 840 158 5,092.24 1,530.26 869.05 1999 47 35 12 2002 6
( ) (2) 2 ( 1) 89.06.30 ( 89 89 ) (a)+(b) (b) (e) (a) ( ) (d) +(c)+(d)+(e) % (c) 5,000,000 ( 2) - - - - 64,327,000 7,000,000 39,000,000 110,327,000 32,481,580 7.58 21,113,001 - - - 20,250,000 1,550,000 17,000,000 59,913,001 37,481,580-21,113,001 - - - 84,577,000 8,550,000 56,000,000 170,240,001 0-0 - 10,521,000 8,100,000 10,920,999 5,700,000-16,620,999 6,000,000 6.2 0 745,000 5,292,000 - - - - 745,000 2,000,000 6.2 1,125,505 433,972 - - - 1,320,000-2,879,477 5,000,000 6.2 2,907,000 629,678 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,231,000 320,000-5,087,678 5,000,000 6.2 4,182,103 984,555 3,928,766 3,928,766 6,709,139 - - 11,875,797 3,000,000 6.2-292,326 700,000 700,000 700,000 1,200,000-2,192,326 4,000,000 6.7 462,080 - - - - 500,000-962,080 0-0 1,224,000 12,335,000 27,000 20,000 1,988,000-3,232,000 3,000,000 6.2 2,212,698 291,268 3,900,000 2,300,000 2,307,946 775,514-5,587,426 - - - 577,400 581,186 581,186 1,194,966 - - 1,772,366 3,000,000 ( 3) 6.2-596,971 3,900,000 2,800,000 5,381,791 2,550,000-8,528,762 5,000,000 6.7 3,099,326 816 1,980,000 1,980,000 1,980,000 - - 5,080,142 2,000,000 6.2 1,595,014 1,015,000-1,100,000 1,100,000 1,100,000-4,810,014 2,000,000 6.45-573,000 - - - 520,000-1,093,000 - - - 656,000 - - - 250,000-906,000 - - - 580,682 - - - - - 580,682 - - - 591,930 - - - - - 591,930 2,000,000 6.7 - - - - - 2,781,216-2,781,216 1,500,000 6.2-129,875 500,000-660,208 691,500-1,481,583 6,000,000 6.2 5,421,893 601,100 - - 4,728,000 - - 10,750,993 - - - 89,240 - - - - - 89,240 49,500,000-21,005,619 10,012,813 44,637,952 22,516,952 36,934,049 19,696,230-87,648,711 86,981,580-42,118,620 10,012,813 44,637,952 22,516,952 121,511,049 28,246,230 56,000,000 257,888,712 89.08.08 1 (1) (3) 89.06.30 3 7
( 1) ( 93.6 ) (a)+(b) 93 93 ( (e) (b) (d) +(c)+(d)+(e) % (a) ( 2) )(c) - - - 0 0 0 69,026,000 0 84,000,000 153,026,000 7,087,000 1~2.5 5,396,015 0 0 0 65,609,000 100000 15,800,000 86,905,015 7,087,000-5,396,015 - - - 134,635,000 100,000 99,800,000 239,931,015 25,300,000 1.18 22,739,646 1,177,000 13,100,000 9,500,000 31,689,012 3,799,421 0 59,405,079 10,000,000 1.40 528,449 2,400,000 2,000,000 3 2,000,000 18,000,000 0 0 20,928,449 6,000,000 1.4 3,058,488 86,828 3,000,000 2,700,000 8,926,000 5,980,000 0 17,051,316 4,000,000 1.8 2,150,875 157,900 3,500,000 1,700,000 7,330,900 0 0 9,639,675 10,000,000 1.3 9,202,594 443,590 3,000,000 3,000,000 8,906,676 0 0 18,552,860 4 6,000,000 1.45 0 158,973 3,000,000 2,100,000 2,100,000 600,000 0 9,625,213 5 4,000,000 1.4 2,189,075 80,750 1,500,000 0 0 500,000 0 7,672,325 12,800,000 1.3 7,240,000 584,455 12,000,000 2,000,000 8,427,545 900,000 0 17,152,000 4,000,000 1.35 2,615,264 50,957 1,000,000 1,550,000 8,750,000 0 0 11,416,221 6,000,000 4,970,781 0 0 0 18,259,683 600,000 0 23,830,464 6,000,000 1.225 0 78,461 0 2,700,000 13,917,384 3,712,397 0 17,708,242 7,000,000 1.8 715,660 1,059,794 0 0 8,777,776 0 0 10,553,230 6 8,000,000 1.35 5,449,858 0 1,468,077 75,000 6,137,018 0 0 11,586,876 3,500,000 1 2 152,624 0 3,920,000 2,000,000 5,050,000 250,000 0 5,452,624 150,000 1.35 93,824 0 3,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 450,000 0 2,043,824 7 5,000,000 1.25 0 228,725 1,000,000 0 2,597,200 350,000 0 3,175,925 3,500,000 1.8 1,800,000 1,600,000 0 0 1,000,000 3,800,000 0 4,780,000 9,000,000 1.35 0 0 500,000 0 3,010,000 300,000 0 3,310,000 1,500,000 1.4 0 0 0 0 2,612,211 301,286 0 2,913,497 2,000,000 1.45 18,223 0 0 350,000 18,374,250 678,000 0 19,070,473 15,000,00 1.3 641,982 31,294 0 0 0 0 0 673,276 133,750,000-63,567,343 8,138,727 49,988,077 31,175,000 175,365,655 22,221,104 0 269,292,829 140,837,000-68,963,358 8,138,727 49,988,077 31,175,000 310,000,655 22,321,104 99,800,000 509,223,844 93 7 1 (1) (2) (3) 93 6 30 2 3 4 90 0.35 5 93 7 5 1,500,000 7 8 6 1.01% 7 (1) 93.1.15 90 0.15 (2)93 93.6 8
2005 75% 15% 9
2001 corruption shirking bureaucracy bureaus agencies organization specific ends Downs 1957 Buchauan and Tullock 1962 passive agent Downs 1967 Tullock 1965 Breton 1974 Niskanen 1971 Niskanen active agent Niskanen Tullock 1965 Downs 1967 type subset self interested officials mixed motive officials Niskanen Tullock Downs 10
1 U = U S, O, P1, P2, P3, E1, E2 S= O= P1= public reputation P2 power P3 patronage E1 E2 B positive monotonic function legislature tax revenues borrowing money creation bilateral monopoly monopsonist output indeterminate votes 11
discretionary power of bureaucrats 1 2 Niskanen budget-output function 2 B aq-bq 2 O Q a/2b B Q a b 2 marginal valuation function 3 V a-2bq V 3 V cost-output function 4 C cq+dq 2 O Q C 5 dc dq=c+2dq B C B 12
6 db dq = a -2bQ = 0 7 Q a 2b B>C B C 8 aq-bq 2 =cq+dq 2 9 Q a-c b+db C a-c b+d a 2b 10 Q a-c b+da < 2bc b-d a 2b a 2bc b-d social optimum 11 a-2bq=c+2dq 12 Q 1 2a-c b+d< a-c b+d < a 2b Niskanen 1 2 3 8 2005 3 3 6 300 5.8 305 13
1999 3 15 8,193 12.5 89 551.96 23 85 57 2001 31-38 89 10 16 7.25 90 89 12 12.25 90 90 12 19 57.03 84.62 27.5 50 74 8 124 89 12.25 1 120 100 36 2.55 1.5 1 36 0.35 2.9 36 80 90 52 89 6 19 89 6 30 14
0.96 1.08 1.5 1.9 1.9 3.4 48 100 120 1.2 1.44 2.5 3.5 150 1500 3000 89 16 48 50 3.4 1,100 3.4 200 900 1,100 90 2 15
88 2 2 1999 6 300 2,000 3,000 300 90 90 180 180 360 2,000 6 6,000 5 Niskanen 8,000 1.2 6,000 Niskanen Tullock Downs Niskanen 100 16
50 50 50 50 5 305 10 90 GNP 12.9 marginal evaluation willingness to pay marginal sacrifice marginal benefit capital flight 17
2004 12 1-33 2000 295-333 12 2001 11 2005 1952-2003 1 1-28 Buchanan, James and Gordon Tullock (1962), The Calculus of Consent, University of Michigan Press, Michigan. Downs, Anthony(1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy, Harper and Row, New York. Downs, Anthony (1962), Inside Bureaucracy, Little, Brown and CO., Boston. Lin, Kien-Tsu and Tsai, Chiyuan 2002, The Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Taiwan A System in Transition, paper for 20 th annual meeting of the Association of Third World Studies (ATWS) on The Effects of Globalization in Taiwan and the Third World, pp. 1-29, 28-30 December, Taipei. Niskanen, William A, Jr. (1971), Bureaucracy and Representative Government, Aldine, Chicago. Tullock, Gordon (1965), The Politics of Bureaucracy, Public Affairs Press, Washington, D.C. Tullock, Gordon (1967), The Welfare cost of Tariffs Monopolies and Theft, Western Economic Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 224-232. Tullock, Gordon (1990), The Economic of Special Priveleges and Rent-Seeking, Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam. 18