D (K. 218)
91 2 () D (K.218) ()The Study of Mozart s Concerto in D Major for Violin and Orchestra No. 4 (K. 218) chi 8961602 83 () () () Lin () Yin-Hsin () () Shen, Keh-Shu () () () ()Mozart ()Violin ()Concerto (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756~1791)
Abstract: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756~1791) is one of the most important composers in the Classic period. In his early age, he used to be a virtuoso, played across Europe such as England, France, and Italy, etc. Therefore Mozart was influenced by different styles of music. He then took these different music styles into a refined and harmonious integration. Mozart not only had great dedication in operas, but also in the sonata form with double exposition which he used in the concertos. We can see this progressing from the piano concertos that Mozart composed through his whole life. Although Mozart s violin concertos belong to
his early work, they are the bridge between the concertos with ritornello form in the Baroque period and the sonata form with double exposition in the Classic period. In addition to the preface, this thesis consists of three chapters. The First Chapter mainly summarizes the life of Mozart, dividing into three periods the early period (1756~1779), Salzburg period (1773~1782), and Vienna period (1782~1791). The Second Chapter discusses the background of the Mozart s Violin Concerto No. 4, including the Mozart as a violinist, the interaction between Mozart and other violinists in his time, and the differences between the form of this violin concerto, ritornello form and the sonata form with double exposition. The Third Chapter concentrates on the analysis of the concerto, and the tempo, dynamics, fingerings, and bowings, and the way of playing the decorative notes. In this article, the cadenza written by Joachim was adopted. The writer of this thesis sincerely hopes this article can make some attribution to the persons who are interested in Mozart s music and play the Mozart s violin concertos.
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(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756~1791 (Salzburg) (Leopold Mozart, 1719~1787) ü (Johann Joachim Quantz, 1697~1773) (Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, 1714~1788) 1 Boris Schwarz, Violinists Around Mozart, in Music in the Classic Period, ed. Allan W. Atlas (New York: Pendragon, 1985), 233. 2 1753 1762 3 (Maria Anna Nannerl, 1751~1829) The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. (1980) s.v. Mozart, Leopold.
(1756~1773) (1773~1782) (1782~1791) (Salzburg University) (Munich) (Elector of Bavaria Maximilian ) (Maria Theresa, 1717~1780) 4 (Francis I) 4 (Charles ) (1740~1748) 2
(Stuttgart) (Schwetzingen) (Brussels) (Mannheim orchestra) (Prince de Conti) (Johann Schobert, 1735~1767) (K. 10~15) (Hague) (K. 26~31) (Francois Joseph Gossec, 1734~1829) (Josef Kohaut) (Johann Gottfried Eckard, 1735~1809) (Leontzi Honauer, 1730~1790) (Pierre Gaviniès, 1728~1800) 5 Philip G. Downs, Classical Music The Era of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1992), 263-4. 6 ~ K.7,8, 10~15 D K.175, 238, 242, 246 K.310 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1980, s. v. Schobert, Johann, by Herbert C. Turrentine. 3
(Simon Le Duc, 1742~1777) 7 (Johann Christian Bach, 1735~1782) (Carl Friedrich Abel, 1723~1787) (E K. 16) (Giovanni Manzuoli, 1720~1782) (Ferdinando Tenducci, 1735~1790) (K. 26~31) 7 Downs, 265 8 Downs, 268-269 4
(Verona) (Mantua) (Milan) (Lodi) (Parma) (Bologna) (Florence) (Thomas Linley, 1756~1778) (Niccolo Jommelli, 1714~1774) (K. 84) (Mitridate, re di Ponto, K.87) (K. 80) (Turin) (Venice) (Padua) (Ascanio in Alba, K. 111) (Lucio Silla, K. 135 (Modena) (serenata) 5
(K. 80, 155~160) (Venanzio Rauzzini, 1746~1810) (Exsultate, jubilate, K. 165) (Count Hieronymus Colloredo) (K. 9 10 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician. (2001) s.v. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 11 (Ferdinand Seidl) (Michael Haydn, 1737~1806) 6
167, 192, 194) (K. 175) (K. 191) (K. 190) (K. 203) (K. 131, 166, 205) (K. 174) (Florian Gassmann, 1729~1774) (Sturm und Drang) (Christoph Willibald Gluck, 1714~1787) (Joseph Haydn, 1732~1809) (K. 185) (K. 168~173) (K. 168~173) 12 K. 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134 K. 161, 162, 163, 181, 182, 183, 184, 199 K. 201, 202 13 7
K. 196) (K. 207, 211, 216, 218, 219) 14 K.168 K. 173 15 (K.207) 1773 16 Downs, 299. 8
(Christian Cannabich, 1731~1798) (Ignaz Holzbauer, 1711~1783) (K. 309, 311) (K. 285) (K. 296, 301~303, 305) (K. 294, 295) (K. 297) (K. 299) (K. 304, 306) (K. 310, 330, 331, 332, 333) (K. 264, 265, 353, 354) (K. 304) (K. 310) (K. 365) (K. 364) (K. 378) (K. 318, 319, 338) (K. 320) (K.334) (Idomeneo, K. 366) 17 (K.304)E (K. 310)A 18 ( Coronation, K.317) 9
(Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, K. 384) (Constanze Weber, 1762~1842) (K. 385, 409) (K. 382, 386, 413, 414, 415) (K. 412) (K. 407) (Count Johann Esterházy) 19 (Burgtheater) K.175 K. 415 20 K.387, 421, 428, 458, 464, 465 10
(Lorenzo da Ponte, 1749~1838) (Le Nozze di Figaro, K. 492) (Don Giovanni, K. 527) (Cosi fan tutte, K. 588) (K. 488, 491, 503) (K. 496, 498, 502) (K.493) 499) (K. 495) (K. 504) (Za berflote, K. 620) (La clemenza di Tito, K. 621 (Requiem, K. 626) K. 537, 595 (K. 515, 516, 593, 614 11
12
(Claudio Monteverdi, 1567~1643) (Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685~1750) (George Frideric Handel, 1685~1759) (Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770~1827) (Johann Andreas Schachtner, 1731~1795) 21 Michel Parouty 13
(Elector of Bavaria) (King George ) (Queen Charlotte) 22 Neal Zaslaw and William Cowdery, eds., The Compleat Mozart A Guide to the Musical Works of W. A. Mozart (New York: Mozart Bicentennial at Lincoln Center, 1990), 136. 14
(Johann Baptist Vanhal, 1739~1813) (K. 218) (K. 216) 23 24 Schwarz, 234. 15
(Jacob Stainer, 1617~1683) (Mozarteum) (Luigi Tomasini, 1741~1808) (Pietro Nardini, 1722~1793) (Giuseppe Tartini, 1692~1770) (Antonio Lolli, 1728 or 1730~1802) (Charles Burney, 1726~1814) (K. 216) 25 Walter Kolender, The Amadeus Book of the Violin Construction, History, and Music, trans. and ed. Reinhard G. Pauly (Portland: Amadeus Press, 1998), 328. Brainard. 26 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.(1980) s.v. Tartini, Giuseppe by Paul 16
17
(op. 5) 18
(E. Borrel) 27 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.(1980) s.v. Gaviniés, Pierre by J.Cooper and A. Ginter. 28 Schwarz, 236. 29 Schwarz, 235~236. 19
(British Library) (Joseph Myslivecek, 1737~1781) 30 Schwarz, 237. 20
(Milan) 31 Peter Clive, Mozart and His Circle: A Biographical Dictionary. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993): 112~113. 32 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.(2001) s.v. Myslivecek, Joseph, by David Dichiera. 21
(K. 218219) 33 34 Schwarz, 240. 22
(Giovanni Battista Locatelli, 1713~1790 ) (Niccolo Pasqualini, 1718~1757) (Gaetano Pugnani, 1731~1798) 35 Schwarz 36 Kolneder, 328-329. 23
(K. 550) (K. 466) G (Cassation, K. 63) (grace notes) 37 Abraham Veinus, The Concerto. (Garden City: The Country Life Press, 1944): 76. 38 Cassation, Finalmisik, serenade, serenata notturna, divertimento 39 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. (2001) s.v. Haydn, Michael, by D. Wight Blazin. 24
(Serenade, K. 185) (Serenade, K. 203) (Serenade, K. 204) (Menuetto) (Trio) (K. 190) (K. 271, 415, 482) 40 Kolneder, 329. 41 25
(K. 219) (col legno) (London Notebook) ( 7) A (Jean- Georges Noverre, 1727~1810) 42 ( Le gelosie del serraglio ) 7 1600~1750) 42 43 Bence Szabolcsi, Exoticism in Mozart, Music and Letters 37(1956)326. 26
(Domenico Scarlatti, 1685~1757) (Johann Stamitz, 1717~1757) (sonata form) 44 (exposition) (development) (recapitulation) ( ) 45 (codetta) 44 Kolneder, 326. 45 (C ) (E ) (C ) (E ) 27
( ) ( ) I I I I I I ) (op. 53) (op. 57) 46 (Allegro) (sonata-allegro form) 47 46 47 28
(ritornello form) 48 49 (concerto grosso) 50 ( ) 51 52 48 (R 1 ~R 4 ) (S 1 ~S 3 ) R 1 +S 1 +R 2 +S 2 +R 3 +S 3 +R 4 49 Michael Thomas Roeder, A History of the Concerto.(Portland: Amadeus Press, 1994), 48-49. 50 (concertino principale) (concerto, tutti ripieni) ( ) (Trio sonata) 51 Edwin J. Simon, The Double Exposition in the Classic Concerto, Journal of the American Musicological Society. (1957): 113 52 Charles Rosen, Sonata Forms.( New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), 71. 29
53 54 ( ) 55 (tutti interjections) 56 53 54 55 i Simon, 113. 56 Simon, 114. 30
57 58 (toccata) (Niccolo Paganini, 1782~1840) (Franz Liszt, 1811~1886) 60 57 Lawrence S. Cunningham and John J. Reich, Culture and Values Vol. (New Haven: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994): 176. 58 59 60 Cunningham and Reich, 177. 61 Cunningham and Reich, 253. 31
61 32
33
G D 62 63 (Allegro) ( ) 62 Miriam Verhey-Lewis, program notes of Arthur Grumiaux, perf., Mozart s Violin Concertos No.1,4,5, trans. Alfred Beaujean, London Symphony Orchestra, Philips Records, 416 632-2, 1962. 63 (Fillipino Manfredi) (Abraham Veinus: The Concerto, Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1944: 79.) 64 Alfred Einstein, Mozart-His Character, His Work, trans. Arthur Mendel and Nathan Broder (New York: Oxford University Press, 1945), 279-80. 34
1~18 D R 1 18~34 D 34~41 D 42~57 D S 1 58~86 D -A 86~109 A R 2 109~115 A 115~125 A -B 126~133 S 2 134~142 G -D R 3 143~145 D 146~180 D 180~208 D S 3 208~212 D 213~220 R 4 35
36
37
7 38
39
40
G (134~142 14b) G D 41
14 (cadenza) (Joseph Joachim, 1831~1907) 65 65 42
( ) 43 (1~12 ) D D B (13~26 ) X Y B G (bariolage) 43
(Andante cantabile) A B A B B A B C C D D' 1~4 5~10 11~14 15~20 21~24 25~28 28~30 31~34 35~38 39~42 A AAA E E E E EE -E -A A B C C D D' 43~46 47~52 53~56 57~60 61~62 63~66 67~70 71~78 78~90 A A A A AAAA A 44
31~38 ( 20) 45
46
47 20 43~77 A C E D D D DD
48
Niccolò Piccinni, 1728~1800 (La buona figliuola) C (K.467) 66 rondeau (Andante grazioso) (rondo form) 68 (opera buffa) (Giuseppe Sarti, 1729~1802) (Giovanni Paisiello, 1740~1816) 66 Downs, 162, 182~183. 67 Rondeau Rondo 68 (ABA) (ABACA) (ABACABA) 49
(refrain) 69 (episode) 70 71 (K.216, 219) (K.271, 415, 482) 69 70 71 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician. (2001) s.v. Rondo. 72 Malcolm S. Cole, The Vogue of the Instrumental Rondo in the Late Eighteenth Century, Journal of American Musical Society XXII(1969)180~181. 73 B 50
A B A' a b c d e f a b c' 1~14 15~22 22~37 38~45 46~53 53~69 70~84 85~92 93~103 D D DD A A D D D - -A B C A" B' A''' g h g a' e' a" c b' 104~ 125 126~ 136 137~ 156 157~ 167 168~ 178 178~ 184 185~ 209 210~ 216 217~ 223 224~ 239 B G GE D D D D D D -G -D (Andante grazioso) 51
(Allegro ma non troppo) b( 24a) X 74 (K. 211) c( 24b) Y A C c B 74 16 52
53
B ( 26) ( 27a) ( 27b) 27c 54
55
Andante grazioso 56
75 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician. (1980) s.v. Mozart. 57
(K. 207, 211) 58
solo (tutti) ( ) 77 () 78 (Robin Stowell) 79 a = 430 Hz a= 440 Hz 76 D. F. Tovey, Essays in Musical Analysis. (London: Oxford University Press, 1944), 54 77 Christoph-Hellmut Mahling, preface of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Violin Concerto in D major, K.218. (Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag Karl Vötterle GmbH & Co., 2002) 78 68 79 Robin Stowell, The Early Violin and Viola. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 59
(Tempo rubato) (K. 6 ~626) 80 D 4/4 (K. 6) A (K. 622) 4/4 (Jean-Pierre Marty) M.M.?=126 81 (David Oistrach, 1908~1974) 82 34. 80 Jean-Pierre Marty, The Teopo Indications of Mozart. (New York: Yale University Press, 1988), 81 Marty, 39 82 (Dmitri Shostakovich, 1906~1975) 60
(Anne-Sophie Mutter, 1963~ ) 83 M.M.?= 132 (Jascha Heifetz, 1901~1987) 84 (Arthur Grumiaux, 1921~1986) 85?=112 (Andante) 3/4 M.M.?=84 88 (moderato) (poco adagio) 83 (Phiharmoniker Orchestra) (Riccardo Muti) 84 (Leopold Auer) (New Symphony Orchestra of London) (Sir Malcolm Sargent) 85 86 (Wiener Philharmoniker) (Nicolaus Harnoncourt) 87 (Thibaud) 88 Marty, 14~16. 61
(poco sostenuto) (cantabile) (maestoso) (B K. 424) F (K. 547) 89 (K. 330, 333) (K. 465) M.M.?=66 90?=38-50 (agitato) (grazioso) (poco allegro) (con moto) 2/4 (Andante grazioso) 2/2 M.M.?=60 2/2 M.M. =66 91 M.M. =88 6/8 89 (Andantino cantabile) 90 Marty, 83. 91 Marty, 115. 62
92 92 Marty, 143. 93 63
54 ( 32) 32 (Carl Flesch, 1873~1944) 94 299. 95 Carl Flesch, Violin Fingering Its Theory and Practice. (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1966), 64
96 Ivan Galamian, Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985.), 58~59. 97 Flesch, 286. 65
99 ( 27b) 6667 98 Flesch, 153. 99 66
36 6370~7180~81 100 Flesch, 125. 67
68
69
101 Neumann, 63 102 Neumann, 33. 70
103 Neumann, 132~133. 71
' ' ) () 22 104 21 ( ) 45 104 Neumann, 86~87. 72
105 Neumann, 44. 106 Neumann, 49~51. 73
74
(Giovanni Battista Viotti, 1755~1824) (Pierre Baillot, 1771~1842) (Jacques Pierre Joseph Rode, 1774~1830) (Rodolphe Kreutzer, 1776~1831) 75
Concertone C 2 violins Solo ob, vc; 2 ob, 2 hn, 2 tpt, str Concerto Bb Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str 1773 or 1775 Concerto D Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str Concerto G Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str Concerto D Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str Concerto A Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str Adagio E Violin 2 fl, 2 hn, str Rondo Bb Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str Sinfonia Concertante Eb violin, viola 2 ob, 2 hn, str 1779-1780 Rondo C Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str Andante A Violin 2 ob, 2 hn, str 76
77
78
79
80
() Atlas, Allan W. Music in the Classic Period--Essays in honor of Barry S. Brook New York: Pendragon, 1985. Clive, Peter. Mozart and His Circle: A Biographical Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Cole, Malcolm S. The Vogue of Instrumental Rondo in the Late Eighteenth Century. Journal of American Musical Society XXII (1969): 423-455. Cunningham, Lawrence S. and John J. Reich. Culture and Values Vol. New Haven: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994., 3rd ed. Downs, Philip G. Classical Music The Era of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1992. Einstein, Alfred. Mozart His Character, His Work. Trans. Arthur Mendel and Nathan Broder. New York: Oxford University Press, 1945. Flesch, Carl. Violin Fingering Its Thoery and Practice. London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1966. Galamian, Ivan. Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985. Kolneder, Walter. The Amadeus Book of the Violin Construction, History, and Music. Trans. and ed. by Reinhard G. Pauly. Portland: Amadeus Press, 2001. Marty, Jean-Pierre. The Tempo Indications of Mozart. New York: Yale University Press, 1988. Mersmann, Hans ed. Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Trans. from the German by M. M. Bozman. New York: Dover Publications, 1972. Neumann, Frederick. Ornamentation and Improvisation in Mozart. New Jersey: Princeton University, 1986. Sadie, Stanley ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. (1980) S.v. Gaviniés, Pierre, by J. Cooper and A. Ginter; s.v. Mozart, Leopold ; s.v. Mozart, Wolfgang. Sadie, Stanley ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. (2001) S.v. Haydn, Michael, by D. Wight Blazin; s.v. Myslivecek, Joseph, by David Dichiera; s.v. Rondo. Simon, Edwin J. The Double Exposition in the Classic Concerto. Journal of the American Musicological Society. X(1957): 111-118. 81
Stowell, Robin. The Early Violin and Viola. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Szabolcsi, Bence. Exoticism in Mozart. Music and Letters 37 (1956): 323-332. Tovey, Donald Francis. Essays in Musical Analysis. London: Oxford University Press, 1944. Veinus, Abraham. The Concerto. Garden City: The Country Life Press, 1944. Zaslaw, Neal and William Cowdery, eds. The Compleat Mozart A Guide to the Musical Works of W. A. Mozart. New York: Mozart Bicentennial at Lincoln Center, 1990. ( ) Campell, Margaret Parouty, Michel Francescatti, Zino. Mozart s Violin Concerto No.4 in D major, K.218. Columbia Symphony Orchestra, cond. by Bruno Walter. Sony Classical, SMK 64 468, 1958. Grumiaux, Arthur. Mozart s Violin Concerto No.4 in D major, K.218. London Symphony Orchestra, cond. by Sir Colon Davis. Philips Classics, 416 632-2, 1962. Heifetz, Jascha. Mozart s Violin Concerto No.4 in D major, K.218. New Symphony Orchestra of London, cond. by Sir Malcolm Sargent. BMG RCA Red Seal, BVCC-37212, 1962. Kremer, Gidon. Mozart s Violin Concerto No.4 in D major, K.218. Wiener Phiharmoniker, cond. by Nicolaus Harnoncourt. DG, 453 043-2, 1987. 82
Mutter, Anne-Sophie. Mozart s Violin Concerto No.4 in D major, K.218. Phiharmonia Orchestra. cond. by Riccardo Muti. EMI Classics, 7243 5 69865 2 7, 1982. Oistrach, David. Mozart s Violin Concerto No.4 in D major, K.218. Berlin Phiharmonic Orchestra, cond. by David Oistrach. EMI Classics, 7243 5 74744 2 9, 1972. 83