RDEC-RES-088-009

I..V~XVII 1 1 3.6..7 9 9..12..15 37.39 39.41 43.46.48.51.51.52.55.56..59.59.64

II.65.68.69.73.73.79.85..95.109.117.125.141.143.149.153..167....199.......223...233.245

2-1 9 2-2.13 2-3...18 2-4..21 2-5..23 2-6...26 2-7..30 2-8..34 5-1..70 III

3-1.39 IV

828,807 58 V

VI rationality

88 1 88 6 ( ) VII

VIII ---- 1 10,800 2 87 7 50% 5% 50% 35% 35% 86 50% 8 (40%) 11 (36%) 80% 26% 25% 3 ---- 87 69.45 989.41 86 56.45 1587.07 100 4 --- 17 ( 2-7)

IX 5 ---- (38%) (24.2%) (18.5%) (7.8%) 11.5% 6 ---- 27 40% 59% 12 (44.4%) 50% 55.6% 50% 9(33.3%) 5(18.5%) 50% 90% (28.2%) (23.3%) (16.7%) (7.2%) 52.1%

5 X

XI

XII 33 17 52% 6 18%

1 XIII

2 XIV 3 4 3 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 XV

1 XVI 2 3 4 5 6 7 public service profession 58 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 XVII

1 187-188 165 167-168 Van Wart Cayer Cook 1993 1998 6-7 Sherwood Sherwood 1998 7 169-170

(Craig 1987) 2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (productivity) (adaptation) (socialization) (coordination) (Sylvia and Meyer 1990) staff budget facilities Edwards III 53-87 Sims & Sims 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 611-629 Sims & Sims 3

(vision) 828,807 viii Kirkpatrick Lucio 1-8 1970 minimal state Ranson & Stewart 13-14 14-15 1980 downsizing Efficiency Unit Financial Management Initiative, FMI accountable management 1988 Next Step Program John Major 1991 Citizen s Charter 1988 State Sector Act 1989 Public Finance Act 1993 3 National Performance Review NPR Al Gore ----- From Red Tape to Results----Creating A Government that Work Better, Cost Less ---- 384 5 25 2 1,080 4

1994 9 Creating A Government that Work Better, Cost Less Status Report 1995 9 Common Sense Government Work Better, Cost Less 1998 National Partnership for Reinventing Government work better, cost less, and get results Americans care about Public Management New Public Management New Managerialism Reinventing Government New Right results process deregulation empowerment Rosenbloom 21-22 1 2 3 4 5 ---- 5

1999 1 1 23 50% 1 3.2 National Institute of Professional Administration NIPA Tax Officials Training Institute Customs Officials Training Institute National Tax Officials Training Institute Cho, Ki-An 7 23 10 28% 58 6

rationality 7

88 1 88 6 8

28-29 2-1 9

10

( 78 80 81 83 83 87 87 ) ( ) ( 78 ) ( 87 ) ( 83 ) 11

( ) ( ) ( ) ) ) 12

2-2 40 63.5% 9 14.3% 12 19.0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 3.2% 63 100% 2231 37 382 2 ( ) 190 1193 32780 680000 121 559 9.6 54 1 ( ) 561 10.2 60 1 ( ) ( 52 ) 8 12 10 10 55 321,586 12 6 12 25 5847 63.5% 13

121 60 ( 83 ) (contract out) ( 87 ) 3,908,596,209 321,586 12,154 25 ( 45%) 3000 14

1. 2. 88 87 3. 4. 88 87 86 5. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 6. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (5) 88 4 25 44 15

88 5 6 88 5 13 6 15 31 ( 2-3) 20 481,229 2,107,920 10,800 ( / ) 87 7 50% 5%( ) 50% 35% 35% 86 50% 8 (40%) 3% ( 83 67-69) 3 ( ) 644 C 167 12 11 (36%) ( 2-3 2-4) 80% ( 26% 25%) 1984000 5 16

2-3 87 86 87 86 94,500 71,127 68,124 75% 72% 644,000 306,313 349,377 48% 54% na 396800 102240 97430 26% 25% 765800 464782 436805 61% 57% 119,000 33,096 29,052 28% 24% 320,320 308,820 206,212 96% 64% 525,000 24,456 16,560 5% 3% 192,000 261,240 175,710 136% 92% 463000 281877 304514 61% 66% 17

193,200 143,640 169,002 74% 87% 101,760 57,822 46,505 57% 46% 360,000 296,571 229,853 82% 64% 1,008,000 1,002,311 652,898 99% 65% 430,080 217,000 245,000 50% 57% na 510,024 81,015 94,296 16% 18% 192,000 114,052 92,244 59% 48% 2107920 483202 418124 23% 20% 10,800 11,064 4,590 102% 43% na 149,940 1,661,940 977,760 1108% 652% na 592,900 397,791 419,870 67% 71% 82,327 64,086 82,327 78% 100% na 1,225,000 420,000 406,000 34% 33% 18

9,624,571 6,420,328 5,120,309 481,229 321,016 25601545% 115% 84% 2,107,920 1,661,940 977,760 1108% 652% 10,800 11,064 4,590 5% 3% 19

2-4 87 86 87 86 94,500 71,127 68,124 75% 72% 396800 102240 97430 26% 25% 765800 464782 436805 61% 57% 320,320 308,820 206,212 96% 64% 192,000 261,240 175,710 136% 92% 193,200 143,640 169,002 74% 87% 1,008,00 0 1,002,31 1 652,898 99% 65% 90% 73% ( 2-5) 87 69.45 989.41 86 56.45 1587.07 87 300 7 38% 86 9 300 (54%) 20

100 69.45 (989.41 ) (547.06 ) (233.94 ) (258.27 ) 21

2-5 87 87 87 86 86 86 6,170,150 71,127 $86.75 5,920,025 68,124 $86.90 21,272,000 306,313 $69.45 349,377 101,157,000 102240 $989.41 103,986,000 97430 $1,067.29 67,547,493 464782 $145.33 693,239,994 436805 $1,587.07 15,506,790 22,881,761 61,260,000 506,927,000 4,734,943 33,096 $143.07 1,640,000 29,052 $56.45 102,896,000 308,820 $333.19 82,841,000 206,212 $401.73 10,399,974 9,985,873 23,320,000 24,456 $953.55 23,320,000 16,560 $1,408.21 65,979,000 261,240 $252.56 68,254,000 175,710 $388.45 26,655,174 33,934,014 40,750,266 35,649,448 2,200,000 2,000,000 78,579,468 143,640 $547.06 78,866,260 169,002 $466.66 21,095,302 57,822 $364.83 21,349,000 46,505 $459.07 22

130,000,000 296,571 $438.34 130,000,000 229,853 $565.58 234,485,000 1,002,311 $233.94 216,365,000 652,898 $331.39 56,044,550 217,000 $258.27 55,206,640 245,000 $225.33 181,000,000 178,000,000 26,405,585 81,015 $325.93 29,668,904 94,296 $314.64 114,052 92,244 26,963,542 29,697,752 112,798,859 483202 $233.44 111,829,242 418124 $267.45 80,217,339 76,349,364 87,899,992 90,015,806 11,064 4,590 1,661,940 977,760 46,573,506 397,791 $117.08 46,302,884 419,870 $110.28 64,086 82,327 30,446,958 420,000 $72.49 27,596,453 406,000 $67.97 $327.34 $487.78 $252.56 $359.92 $989.41 $1,587.07 $69.45 $56.45 23

2-6 88 58,528,181 189,000,000 1,294,822 87 61,568,848 234,485,000 2,200,000 86 98,647,170 693,239,994 1,640,000 17 ( 2-8) 55% 80% (goal displacement) -- 24

2-6 88 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 86 6,176,400 18% 13% 6,170,150 18% 13% 5,920,025 18% 13% 20,337,000 33% 7% 21,272,000 32% 6% NA 102,492,000 4% 34% 101,157,000 4% 33% 103,986,000 4% 33% 75,404,000 13% 42% 67,547,493 15% 38% 693,239,994 13% 35% 13,709,000 30% 70% 15,506,790 29% 71% 22,881,761 29% 71% 75,622,000 26% 33% 61,260,000 28% 40% 506,927,000 25% 39% 1,294,822 40% 0% 4,734,943 47% 0% 1,640,000 49% 0% 103,793,000 10% 35% 102,896,000 9% 37% 82,841,000 8% 48% 14,236,000 84% NA 10,399,974 80% NA 9,985,873 85% NA NA 25

23,320,000 38% 4% 23,320,000 38% 4% 23,320,000 38% 4% 75,332,000 25% 31% 65,979,000 18% 35% 68,254,000 23% 30% 35,231,319 43% 20% 26,655,174 40% 20% 33,934,014 37% 18% 47,925,100 10% 22% 40,750,266 8% 24% 35,649,448 6% 27% 2,828,000 35% 11% 2,200,000 36% 13% 2,000,000 40% 15% 80,403,000 11% 45% 78,579,468 11% 47% 78,866,260 11% 45% 25,989,800 13% 42% 21,095,302 8% 43% 21,349,000 8% 42% 130,000,000 0% 45% 130,000,000 0% 45% 13,000,000 0% 45% 27,398,400 42% 30% 234,485,000 38% 28% 216,365,000 35% 30% 61,829,000 15% 86% 56,044,550 2% 98% 55,206,640 3% 97% 189,000,000 2% 38% 181,000,000 2% 37% 178,000,000 2% 37% 26

20,985,958 33% NA 26,405,585 40% NA 29,668,904 39% NA 20% 39,617,000 12% 34% 26,963,542 11% 50% 29,697,752 10% 42% 126,644,000 29% 44% 112,798,859 29% 39% 111,829,242 28% 38% 92,656,800 19% 60% 80,217,339 18% 56% 76,349,364 19% 55% 99,991,300 23% 42% 87,899,992 25% 46% 90,015,806 26% 43% 51,594,990 9% 14% 46,573,506 9% 22% 46,302,884 6% 26% 36,450,000 13% 49% 30,446,958 10% 52% 27,596,453 11% 63% 1,580,260,889 1,662,358,891 2,564,826,420 58,528,181 23% 34% 61,568,848 22% 36% 98,647,170 22% 37% 189,000,000 84% 86% 234,485,000 80% 98% 693,239,994 85% 97% 1,294,822 0% 0% 2,200,000 0% 0% 1,640,000 0% 0% 27

( 2-7) (38%) (24.2%) (18.5%) (7.8%) 11.5% (50% 49%) 50%(40% 34%) 27% 28

2-7 14 0 67 0 16% NA 25 NA 30 5 5% 27% 23 0 62 10, 5% 15 0 75 5,,, 5% 50 25 15 9 NA 1% NA 2 21 30 NA 38%, 8.5% 7 51 32 9 0.5% 0.5% 49 2 32 3 14% NA 10 10 60 10 NA10% NA 15 0 14 10 20% 40% 10 10 40 20 NA 20% NA NA NA 29

50 0 40 10 0 0 6 10 80 2 2%, 2% 10 10 5 5 70% 0 10 30 30 10 10% 0 15 5 75 5 NA NA 30 20 30 15 NA5% 20 10 5 5 NA 10 12 62 8 4% 4% 36 64 NA NA NA NA NA NA 40 2 2% 2% NA 80 NA NA NA NA 30 50 15 5 NA NA 5 68 12 12 0 0 5 69 25 1 0 0 30

9 57 29 4 1 0 2 17 42 2 23% 5% 5% 5% 24 8 41 27 NA NA 18.54 24.19 38.00 7.76 50 80 80 27 2 0 5 0 31

( 2-8) 27 40% 59% 12 (44.4%) 50% 55.6% 50% 9(33.3%) 5(18.5%) 50% 90% ( ) ( 2-7) (28.2%) (23.3%) (16.7%) (7.2%) 1. 15 50% 12 (80%) 25% 12 7 (58.3%) 25%-50% 5 (42.7%) 50% 2. (16.7% 7.2%) 3. 50% 4 (14.8%) (85.2%) 32

2-8 40 49 14 4 5 26 0 100 31 NA 8 57 0 100 28 5 22 45 0 100 15 2 3 80 25 75 25 5 40 5 85 16 20 NA 60 20 88 12 40 1 35 23 0 100 26 8 32 17 0 80 35 20 10 30 0 100 60 10 5 20 0 100 50 30 10 10 0 100 40 20 10 30 90 10 3 NA 3 4 33

0 100 10 7 2 80 0 100 40 10 10 10 75 25 30 0 40 30 55 45 35 15 30 15 10 90 90 10 20 30 10 90 73 6 4 5 80 20 10 2 5 3 90 10 50 NA NA 50 50 30 20 5 3 3 92 7.9 1 0 1 8 96 4 1 0 8 2 85 15 0 0 0 15 34

83 17 4 0 4 6 16 84 9 6 63 6 39.63 58.51 28.15 7.22 16.65 23.33 96 100 90 30 63 80 0 4 0 0 0 2 35

36

5 37

rationality (A) (B) C A B 38

rationality 39

profession professional professional community codes of ethics social mechanism 40

general profession public service profession Mosher 116 manager level worker level Mosher 121 41

1980 19000 1 2-42

(on job training) (off job training) 3 senpai - 43

Koh 170-185 Aoki 1988 44

(corps) grand corps Conseil d Etat, the Inspection des Finances, the Cour des Comptes, the Prefectoral corps, Corps des Mines, Corps des Ponts et Chaussees, Corps des Eaux et Forets, - Suleiman, 1974 239-240 Ecole Nationale d Administration Ecole des Polytechnique Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees The Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines 305-310 45

306-309 detachement (career track) 46

turf 1 2 178 178 47

1 amakudari Aoki, Masahiko 1950 Aoki, Masahiko.. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge University Press, 1988. 2 Aoki, Masahiko.. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge University Press, 1988, 7-93. 3 self-selection (Koh Pp.172) 48

49

86 6 5 5 1 9 1 COTI 5 1 2 3 50

4 51

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 52

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 53

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 public service profession 58 1 2 3 4 54

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 55

2 3 4 56

1994 1998 365-8 economic incentives 123-174 15-43 57

( ) 158-164 1985 137 / 1 58

8-9 192-194 276-278 2 59

276-278 army corps of engineers forest services (Federal Bureau of Investigation) elite corps of foreign services 60

1 2 Wilson 90-112, ( -,the dichotomy of politics and administration) Appleby, 1949 Long, 1949 Seidman, 1970 6.5-61

430080 230000 54% 1267200 418760 595584 87 143,640 62

41 2112000 971520 70000 192,000 337920 105600 705520 63

- 84 Y2K 64

2560000 65

66

1 4 5-1 1 2 3 4 3 4 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 67

- 1 2 68

69

70 ( ) ---- 10,800 87 7 50% 5% 50% 35% 35% 86

50% 8 (40%) 11 (36%) 80% 26% 25% ---- 87 69.45 989.41 86 56.45 1587.07 100 --- 17 ( 2-7) ---- (38%) (24.2%) (18.5%) (7.8%) 11.5% ---- 27 40% 59% 71

12 (44.4%) 50% 55.6% 50% 9(33.3%) 5(18.5%) 50% 90% (28.2%) (23.3%) (16.7%) (7.2%) 52.1% 72

5 73

74

5-1 12 3 12 3 9 2.25 7 1.75 3 33 17 52% 6 18% 75

1 2 3 76

4 3 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 77

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 78

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 public service profession 58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 79

10 11 12 1 2 3 4 80

81

1 2 3 4 1 2 82

3 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 83

12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 58 1 2 3 4 5 6 84

7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 1 2 85

86 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 87

4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 88

X X 87 86 85 89

88 87 86 1 % 2 3 % 4 % 5 % % % % % % % % % 88 2 2 90

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: 85 89 150 400 2.5 : 150 : 150 400 : 150 : 150 : 400 : : : 88 88 : : : 320 98

: : 85 1 22 4 4 400 400 320 : : 215 internet 800 internet notebook 88 1 3 49 3 : : : : 99

: : : : : : : : : : : : 100

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400 100 185 : : 12 7 8 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 102

88 2 5 103

750 9035 19128 6530 3552 1895 2380 9075 12345 office 662 400 318 63 381 104

105

(?) 90 word 90 50 10 10 90 20-30 7 1 106

107 83

108 33 excel 45

109

110

111

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113 85 87 80 45 85 1255 8801 1650 86 1406 7145 1158 87 1534 3884 1730 87 87 15 15

114 1794 90

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116

117

118

119

88 2 10 36 45 120

36 80 121

122 86 86 5 26 85 8 1 30

123

2 4 8 67 7 2 36 123 173 76 208 87 123 87 124

125

42 87 150 25 600 580 620 580 15 126

127

128 3 1 1.5 4

1 4 1 4 4 129

130

24 21 131

6 88 14 1100 330 18915 297 17575 17 610 16 735 82 86 150 5901 86 87 25 994 83 87 74 19256 18 4744 18 21 132

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: : : : : : : : : : : : : : 83 86 134

88 3 9 135

1 2 6 10 1 50 320 2 9000 / 1 70% 2 93% 3-4 - 1 3808 2 15000 / 3 4981 4 15000 / 1-2 - 136

88 2 8 137

138 : : : : : : : : : : 83 : : 96 : : : : : : : : :

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: : : : 18 3 6 18 : : : : 1490 : : 300 10 3 150 200 : : 650 20 : 650 : 650 300 : : 142

: : : : : : : : : : : : 18 : : : : 3 88 2 9 143

144 59 18 170

145 87 10912 24

88 97.6% 36 60 130 11 2 7 case 425 5700 146

88 2 6 147

148 training key-in 6 4 6 4 8 2

3700 OJT ON-Job-Training 10% 20% OJT 70% B B B B trainer OJT B C grow-up 149

150 7-10 OJT B 80% 20% lobby 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 150

training member member discount 151

450 membership mtp cpc membership 10000 6000 membership 152

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154 membership cost down down

155 mtp cpc cpc half 50 B..

156 down 2% 4000 5000 cost down 1999 follow Ojt ojt 3% 5%

10% membership 50% 20 4000 2000 50% 157

E E E E CEO project workshop review 158

50 60% 3% 5% case 3-5 159

160

161

162

163

164

165

Human engineering 58 HP 166

key in charge 167

168

zero learning effect 169

294,000 277 300 170

50 50 22% 78% 57% 53% 17 27% 27% 30% 171

30% 280 6 172

86 7 30 30 20 20 WTO 173

58 174

Y2K 175

176

22 4 69 177

178

27 5% 100 12-15 179

180

Porter Porter 4 181

Porter Porter Porter portfolio Porter portfolio portfolio 182

183

27 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1200 900 900 900 15 400 160 70 500 184

4 5 10-12% 36 64 57 6 185

186

20 20 187

3 12 100 188

300-400 87 1 1 1400 189

30 190

191

192

193

194

WTO outsourcing outsourcing 195

outsourcing Outsourcing outsourcing 10 6 4 - leader 6 4 2 leader 196

7 8 197

43 51 66 47 1 32 20 21 260 60 198

22 62 260 23 8000 1500 500 80 199

13 200

9 201

15 18 12 12 202

20 5 6 203

90 8 9 204

50 205

206

74 207

74 74 208

209

210

50 40 50 100 90 7 97 7 211

3000 212

220 300 180 800 20,000 1200 1600 213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

1 2 3 221

222

223

1 1 2 3 224

4 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 2 3 225

4 1 2 3 5-1 5 6 7 226

8 ( ) 9 10 11 1 2 3 227

4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 228

- 4 ( ) 5 6 1. 2. 1 3. 1 4. 229

5. 6. 7. 8. 6 1. 2. 230

3. 1 2 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 (Instrumental Rationality) 2 3 4 231

6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 ( ) 1 2 1. 2 3 232

233

institutions dynamic integration of training institutions 4 1 6 1.2. 3. 234

87 87 83 83 84 87 87 ( ) 87 235

88 83 87 87 87 83 87 73 76 87 74 87 84 161-178 87 77 87 67 87 87 87 236

72 85-87 Aoki, Masahiko.1988. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge University Press. Atsuyuki, Suzuta.1978. Japan Echo, Vol.5, no.3. Buchanan, James M..1967.Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal Institutions and Individual Choice. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. Cho, Ki-An. 1999. Korean Government Employee Training Policies in Preparation for 21 st Century. COTI HIGHLIGHT Vol.9, March,1999, 6-8 Craig, R,. 1987. Training and Development Handbook. New York: McGraw Hill. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row. Downs, Anthony. 1967. Inside Bureaucracy. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. Kirkpatrick,I. & Lucio, M.M. 1995. Introduction the Contract State and the Future of Public Management. Public Administration An International 237

Quarterly,Spring,vol.74, 1-8. Koh, B.C. Japan s Administrative Elite. 170-185. Mosher, Frederick C.1982. Democracy and Public Service. New York Oxford University Press. National Performance Report. 1998/10/7. Transforming Organizational Structure: Executive Summary. http://www.npr.gov/library/reports/tosexe.html. Osborne D., and Ted Gaebler. 1993. Osborne D. and Ted Gaebler.1992.Reinventing government--how the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Ostrom, Vincent. 1989. The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration, 2nd. ed.. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press. Ranson, S. & Stewart, J.1994. Management for the Public Domain Enabling the Learning Society. Hong Kong St.Martin s Press. Rosenbloom, David H.1998. Public Administration Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector. New York: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc. Sims R. R. & Sims S. J.1994. Managing Public Sector Sector Training during Times of Financial Stress. Public Personnel Management 23(4) 611-629. Suleiman, Ezra N. 1974. Politics, Power, and Bureaucracy in France: the Administrative Elite. Princeton University Press. Sylvia, D. Ronald, and C. Kenneth Meyer, 1990, An Organizational Perspective on Training and Development in the Public Sector, in Hays, Steven W. and Richard C. Kearney, eds., Public Personnel Administration. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Van Wart, M. V., Cayer, N. J. & Cook, S.1993. Handbook of Training and Development for the Public Service. C. A.: Jossey-Bass Inc. Wendell L. F. and Cecil H. Bell. Jr. 1973. Organization Development: Behavioral Science Interventions for Organization Improvement. 238

Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wilson, James Q.. 1975. The Rise of the Bureaucratic State. The Public Interest, No. 41(Fall 1975). pp.77-103. 239