21 1980 GDP 2020 1980 10 1995 12 2020 14 2.3 1.2 5.9 0.6 3/4 1/2 21 3.20 3.31
1 1992 10.73 9.3 10.92 1 10.0 1994 27.8 7.7 5.9 GDP IEA, International Energy Agency GDP 1983 2 1993 3 PPP GDP 1983 6 1993 9 10.97 23.04 13.22 2.58 75 5 2.43 1.20 3 2 5000 21 2000 GDP 1980 30 1994 46 1994 5.46 2.69 3.45 1 45 55 11 5 3 2 1980 2020 1 1992 2 1997 5 28
1952 1980 6.0 1970 1980 GDP 5.8 1980 1990 GDP 8.9 1990 1995 11.9 5 GDP 1980 1990 3.1 1990 1994 3 1.8 1980-1995 5.0 1990-1995 5.7 1.0 1995 2000 GDP 9.3 2000 2010 8.0 2010 2020 7.0 2020 2030 6.3 1990 2020 GDP 1990 10 GDP 2030 GDP 1990 19 4 1980 1995 GDP 8.6 1995 5 GDP 1980 3.4 GDP 7.4 6 1986 1994 7 20.4 16.3 22.1 1983 1994 1.77 16.62 13.94 16.44 1994 1980 60.8 12.7 795 900 442.90 1206 725.7 8 6 3 IEA 2010 1460 1993 99.7 1993-2010 4.2 1017 1993 81.9 329 1993 128.5 54 3 World Bank, 1996. World Development Report 1996. New York: Oxford University Press. PP.208-209. 4 21 1995 5 1996 24 6 1996 280 7 1995 23 8 1996 212
285.7 18 42 1993 223 213 1993 176.6 7 2020 28 1995 2.17 1995-2020 3.15 24 1995 1.86 2.51 4.35 1995 2.90 4.35 1420 1995 7.93 8.64 4.8 1995 4.76 6.44 8 25 GDP 10 2 3-8 1980 1995 GDP 0.525 1995-2020 0.403 GDP 1 0.403 GDP 75 27.4 23.6 32.3 10.6 9 1994 38.8 54.7 40 9 1980 9 1980 4 1994 1 20 10 1980 21.6 1985 36.3 1993 1995 4.5 90 1980 1990 2.8 2.7 1990 1995 6.4 1.5 IEA 2000 21.6 10 2010 41 2000 1/4 2020 40 1994 800 45.2 9 World Bank, 1997. 10 IEA, 1994. World Energy Outlook, 1994 Edition
4 21 21 11 1.0 1.0 9 1995 1980 1.764 3/4 1/2 1.697 2.8 6.11 47 1994 10.5 1.941 5.75 5 10 20 10 20 25 2020 21 11 IEA, 1996. World Energy Outlook 1996 Edlition.
1994 0.3285 0.90 0.2988 0.82 5 15 30 40, 10 10 6 10 75 25 13.22 1985 65.4 53.3 1991 68.8 55.2 50 20
1 1 70 16-24 104-125 84-96 12 Kosmo(1989) 54 20 82 0.58 42 89 1 1 1 12 13 80 80 50 1997 9 12 Norman Myers. 1997. consumption: Challenge to Sustainable Development, Science, Vol.276. 4 Aprile, pp.53-55. 13 J. Malkenzie etal, 1992. The Going Rate: What It Really Costs to Drive, World Resoarces Institute, Wassington, DC. 8 J.Konheim and B. Ketcham, Costs of Roadway Transportation, Brooklyn, NY.
3.20 1992 1992 1994 1994 1994 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.3 10.0 27.8 7.7 5.9 20.0 25.0 21.0 26.3 13.5 0.9 5.4 NA 7.6 NA 2.0 4.3 5.9 3.8 NA NA 10.0 6.1 7.3 12.8 2.3 2.8 6.1 2.9 NA 1992 1996 4 3.21 GDP PPP 1983 1993 2010 PPP PPP PPP OECD 79 57 78 57 71 46 15 30 18 35 26 48 3 5 5 7 7 10 2 6 2 7 3 9 2 6 3 9 6 16 OECD Source: Summers & Heaston (1991) Penn World Tables Mark5.6, IEA projections, World Energy Outlook 1996 Edition.
3.22 1994 10 9 10 9 10 12 m 3 10 9 / 114.5 3.3 1.7 1923 240.5 3.8 4.6 376 1043.9 141.0 142.0 14546 10.97 2.34 1.20 13.22 23.04 2.70 3.24 2.58 100.00 100.000 100.00 100.00 m 3 / 95 3 1416 1603 962 15 18400 1504 209 28. 28400 2909 45.45 10.71 4.99 55.10 460.29 53.57 64.79 51.70 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Sources: LBNL, 1996; SETC & CERS. 1996; World Bank, 1997. China s Envorinmental Issues. 3.23 1980 1994 1980 1994 248 369 17 26 421 664 30 46 137 248 10 17 1632 1449 115 101 1282 1544 90 108 4644 5066 327 354 7908 7819 557 546 2972 3856 209 269 1419 1433 100 100 Sources: World Bank, 1996. World Developmenf Report 1996: The State in a Changing World, Oxford University Per, pp228-229.
3.24 GDP GDP 1970-1980 a 1980-1990 b 1990-1995 b 1995-2000 c 2000-2010 c 2010-2020 c 2020-2030 c 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 5.8 8.9 11.9 9.3 8.0 7.0 6.3 9.3-10.2 8.0-8.7 7.0-7.8 6.3-7.0 a. World Bank, 1992, World Tables 1992. Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press; b. 1996 1996 c. 21 1995 3.25 1980 1985 1990 1995 1994/1980 ( ) 9583 13318 15800 15731 1.608 ( ) 11574 15624 16700 14515 1.127 ( ) 43 91 159 299 8.953 ( ) 2 4 19 17 10.00 ( ) 14 13 29 54 5.429 (10 kilo-joule) 1092 5651 8972 11351 13.059 ( ) 105 223 481 737 8.257 1996 212
3.26 1993 2010 ( p.a.) 1971 1993 2000 2010 1971-1993 1993-2000 2000-2010 1993-2010 236 731 981 1460 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.2 190 559 719 1017 5.0 3.7 3.5 3.6 40 144 207 2329 6.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 3 14 27 54 7.1 9.6 7.1 8.1 0 0 5 18 NA 43.3 13.1 24.7 3 13 23 42 7.6 8.3 6.3 7.1 0 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA final energy 193 559 783 1159 5.0 4.9 4.0 4.4 147 359 468 618 4.1 3.9 2.8 3.3 35 111 170 286 5.4 6.3 5.3 5.7 1 12 21 42 10.2 8.5 7.1 7.6 10 77 123 213 9.8 7.0 5.6 6.2 Sourees: IEA, World Ehergy Outlook 1996 Edition. 3.27 1990 2020 1980 1990 1995 2020 1980 1995 1995 2020 ( ) ( ) ( ) 6.03 9.8 12.9 28 5.20 3.15 ( ) 6.10 10.8 12.9 24 5.12 2.51 ( ) 0.88 1.38 1.50 4.35 3.62 4.35 ( ) 143 160 179 1420 1.51 8.64 ( ) 3006 6212 10077 48000 8.40 6.44 1992 471 473 1996 204 437 2020 203 1995 3.28 1988 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 27.4 43.9 24.7 4.0 3.027 23.6 56.9 12.7 7.0 2.502 43.2 36.2 15.9 4.7 2.897 32.3 39.0 25.5 3.6 3.098 10.6 54.2 16.1 19.1 2.722 14.3 39.5 30.0 16.1 3.420 29.7 28.4 39.4 2.5 3.080 43.7 36.90 18.4 1.6 2.768 68.1 25.0 3.4 3.0 1.893 4.6 64.0 29.3 1.9 2.008
8.7 41.76 42.3 7.05 2.733 2.3 30.4 66.1 0.11 1.887 1980 72.2 20.7 3.1 4.0 1.764 1985 75.8 17.1 2.2 4.9 1.648 1990 76.2 16.6 2.1 5.1 1.636 1995 75.0 17.3 1.8 5.9 1.677 (1996) 89 1994 1 / X 2 i Xi i 3.29 1980 1994 1980 1994 1980 1994 60 28 10 14 7.5 12.7 21 21 45 30 6.3 7.0 38 40 27 17 9.5 8.8-4 -1 NA 6 11.4 14.3 79 71 28 12 2.9 10.2 97 87 30 8 14.3 21.6 65 39 43 16 6.1 6.6 50 68 18 10 5.7 10.5 77 86 30 18 13.7 7.4 86 81 28 10 4.3 6.0 75 95 27 9 4.1 2.3 14 19 33 10 3.6 5.6 49 58 23 8 4.6 2.2 88 81 50 21 5.0 0.4 66 57 11 4 6.0 0.3 Sourles: World Bank, 1997, pp.228-229 and pp.242-243. 3.30 1995 a b c a/b a/c ( /GJ) 1.1-2.0 1.2-1.5 1.5 0.92-1.33 0.73-1.33 ( / ) 103 126 118-135 0.82 0.76-0.87 ( / ) 322-356 382 158 0.84-0.93 2.04-2.25 ( / ) 273-290 348 148 0.78-0.83 1.84-1.96 ( / ) 1.4-2.1 1.8-5.5 0.38-0.78 ( /GJ) 26-72 47 0.55-1.53
26-60 84 0.31-0.71 a VAT 1995 100 835 90RON 1.4 GJ 2.1 GJ b ( ) ( ) 1.8 /GJ 5.5 /GJ c SETC CERS 1996 ELA 1996 100.00 100.00 5.27 5.06 65.42 67.79 13.24 14.31 53.35 53.47 1.70 1.25 4.84 4.65 1.00 1.16 3.22 3.38 17.37 16.70 3.31 1985 1992 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 100.00 4.92 68.47 13.90 59.63 1.23 4.60 3.52 16.01 3.83 15.41 3.99 14.32 1994 1.26 100.00 4.91 68.81 13.60 55.17 1.23 4.58 1.22 1091.70 4.60 69.87 1.28 4.63 1.30
1949 8 1000 1998 5650 50 4.6 3.44% 20.58% 4/5 30% 8238 1 40 2588 64.70 2 0.95% 2040 3 2040 8238 GDP 4 2040