a 6378.104km 2 a 40075.036km c 6356.755km 2 c 39940.670km R=(a c) 6371.004km 4 R 510064471.9km (a-c)/a 0.0033528 4/3 R 10832.069 10 km

2 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1

(

- - 2- - Cl F SO HCO 4 3

2 15 15 S = -0.08996 + 28.29720R + 12.80832R 3 15 4 15-10.67869R + 5.98624R -1.32311R 3-2 5 15

C( 3515,, 0) ( 32, 435615,, 0) K15 = C = 1 5 i/ 2 i 15 i= 0 S = a K ( 3 3) 5 i S = a i R / 2 t ( 3 4) i= 0 5 t -15 t/ 2 S = 1+ K t 15 b i R t ( ) i= 0 5 b = 0.0000 K = 0.0162 i= 0 i a

1 η = V ( 3 5) v t η = p,s 1 t p,s ( 3 6)

1 = ( 3 8) p s, t

Θ Θ Θ

q = -λ t 3 10 n

τ = = v 3 13 n 1 1 =, =, = 1 3 14

1000-3 3-1 S t = - 0.97266204 10 m kg 3-22 1000 + γ

( np) S t p = S t 0 1 3 24 K( s, t, p) 1

( np) S, t,p = S, t,0 1 3 25 K( S, t, p)

4 E = F Tk 3-28

t n n Q c V t A = ( 3 36) n

K M u z K M 1 gk K z 2 u 1 KM gk gk E z 3-41 z

M A t t B S SB = M t t = 3-42 S S B SBtA SA tb t B t A t = + S S S S S B A A A B A 3-43

S t a = S S t S B A A B B A t B t A, b = 3-45 S S B A t = t A + t B S = S A + S B 2 2

2- - - 2- Cl SO4 Br HCO3 CO3 F -

T = 4-1

dm Q R (4-2) dt dm = 0 Q = R dt 1 M = = τ ( 4 5) k Q

2-3+ Cr CrO4 Cr 2+ + - 0 Cd CdCl CdCl CdCl 3 2

RT a red RT a red Eh = E0 ln = E 0 2. 303 log ( 4 8) nf a nf a ox 25 2.303 RT 0.059V / mol ph pe F ox

RT a H2O Eh = E0 ln + 4 4-9 nf P ah O2 0. 05915 1 Eh = 123. log 8 1 4 = 0 74V 4 10 4 0. 21 (.. ( ) 10 ) E a 0 1 H O 1 2 pe = log = + PO ph = 0 5915 n + 4 20. 79 log 12. 5 2. P ah 4 O 2

, HCO3 CO 3 + - + 2 CO (g) + H O = H CO = H + HCO = H + CO 2 2 2 3 2+ 2-3 2 3 Ca CO3 CaCO 3(s) - 2-

- 4 7 ph 8.1 HCO3 CO 3 2- + p H - logc 4-11 s H + p ah - logah 4-12 ( E Es) F ph = phs + 4-13 2. 303RT ' ' ph pk pk ' 1 ' 2 pk pk ' 2 1 ' 2 CO pk pk ph pk pk ' 1 1 ' 2 2 B = dcb ( 4 15) dph

- 2- - AT [H ] = [HCO 3] 2[CO 3 ] [OH ] [B(OH) 4 ] SA 4-16 - 2- A T = [HCO 3] 2[CO 3 ] [B OH 4 ] 4-17 2- - C CO HCO AT A 3 3-2- DIC [HCO ] + [CO ] + [CO ] - 3 3 2-3 3 [HCO ] [CO ] 2 2- CO 3 CaCO3 3 -

P ' G -3 ' 5 10 0.1cm PG PG,, P G

NO - 3 NO - 2 - NO3 + NH 4 NH 4 + + 4 NH NH - 3 NO - N + 4

k + k + 2 k + 3 1 2 3 H 3PO4 H + H 2PO4 H + HPO4 H + PO4 2-3- - HPO PO 12 H PO H PO 4 4 3 4 2 4 PO 4 3- ( Polyphosphate) 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3-2- Mg Zn Cd Ba Sc Y PO CO 2-4 2-4 3-4 3- - 4 4 2-3 SO CrO AsO VO F OH SiO H SiO H H SiO H H SiO 4 4 + - 3 4-3 4 2-2 4 ph 7.8 8.3 5 H SiO 3

- 3 + 4 NO N NH N 4 16 NO N NO, NH + N 4 17 3 - - NO N NO N, 3 2-6 NO N + 4 NH N NO 3-3 - 3-2

NH + 3 NH4 + 2 Ammoniaassimilation NH NH + 4-3 NH NO NO - 2 - NO 3 + NH NH 3 4-6 Denitrification NO 3 4 3

dv = F 5-1 dt du = F dv F dw x y Fz dt, = = dt, dt 5-2 g ϕ g = 9.80616 0.025928cos2ϕ 0.00069cos 2ϕ 0.000003086z m / s 2 2 dφ = gdz 5-3 dφ( gpm) = 1 gdz 5-4 9. 8

p = ρgz 5-5 dp = ρgdz 5-6 G dp = 1 ρ dz 5-7 1 ρ dp G n = 1 5-8 ρ dn 1 p G x G 1 p y G 1 p x =, y =, z = 5-9 ρ ρ ρ z

dp dz ρg dp hpa 1 gdz 5 10 100

fx = 2ω sinϕ v 2ωcosϕ ω fy = 2ω sin ϕ u ( 5 12) fz = 2ωcoϕ u fx = fv fy = fu f = 2 sinϕ sinϕ df, β =, f dy

dv τ = µ ( 5 14) dn τ = Caρa Wa Wa u z ( τ ) τ δxδy τ = δxδyδz τ δz 2 1 2 1 u Fx = µ ( 5-15) z z 2 u Fx = 1 2 5 z 16 ρ µ ( )

1 F x K u x y K u y z K u x = x + y + z ρ z F x K v x y K v y z K v 1 y = x + y + z z 5-17 ρ 1 Fz = x K ω x ρ x + ω ω + y K y y z K z z du 1 p = + 2ω sinϕ v + Fx + dt ρ x dv 1 p = + 2ω sinϕ u + Fy + 5-18 dt ρ x dω 1 p = g + Fz + dt ρ z u + u + u + ( u / x) x ρ + ( ρ / x) δx.

ρ ρ δ + + δ x x u u x x δyδz ρ ρ u ( ) δ ρ ρ = u + + + δ x x u x x u x x x 2 δyδz ( u) ρ u δ ρ ρ δ δ δ x x u + x y z x y z x = x ( ρv) ( ρω) δxδyδz δxδyδz y z ( ρu) ( ρv) ( ρω) + + δxδyδz x y z ρ x y z t ρ ( ρu) ( ρv) ( ρω) + + + = 0 t x y z ρ ρ ρ ω ρ ρ u u v ρ v + + + + + + ρ ω = 0 ( 5 19) t x y z x y z dρ ρ ρ ρ = + u + v + ω ρ = 0 ( 5 20) dt t x y z dρ u v ω + ρ dt + + x y z = 0 ( 5 21) u ω x + v y + z = 0 ( 5 21)

dζ ω = ( 5 23) dt

1 p 0 = + 2ω sinϕ v ρ x ( 5 24) 1 p 0 = g ρ z p v 1 p x 1 2ρω sinϕ ρf x ( 5 25) p dp = 0 x p + z = 0 p p dz = x z dx p = ρg z dz = tg dx g v = f tg ( 5 26) f = 2 sinϕ ϕ 0

p 5-27 x dx + p z dz p x dx p = + z dz 1 2 p 5 25 = ρg, p = ρfv z x dz f ρ2v2 ρ1v1 5 27 = 5-28 dx g ρ ρ 2 1 v = g g 1 tg 1, v2 = f f tg 2 ρ2tg 2 ρ1tg 1 tgγ = ρ ρ 2 1 f d( ρv) tgγ = g dρ tgγ d( ρtg ) = dρ 5-29 2 = 0 tg = - ρ 1tg 1 ρ ρ 2 1

v 0 = g f g tg v f tg v g β, = β, = f tg β 0 1 1 2 2 v - v 1 2 = g ( tgβ1 tgβ2 ) f = g B1C1 B C f L L 2 2 = g B1B2 C1C2 f L g = ( ) fl B 1 B 2 A 1 A 2 dφ = 1 gdz 9. 8 9. 8 Φ B 9. 8 Φ A B1B2 =, A1A 2 = g g 9. 8, v1 v2 = ( Φ B Φ A ) ( 5 30) Lf

2 Kz u 0 = 2ω sinϕ v + 2 ρ z 5-31 2 Kz v 0 = 2ω sinϕ u + 2 ρ z τy = K u z, τ x = 0 5-32 z u = V0 exp( az) cos( 45 + az) 5-34 v = V0 exp( az) sin( 45 + az) 2 ρω sin ϕ a =, K z τy τ 2 2 y V0 = u + v = = ( 5 35) a 2K 2K ρω sinϕ z z

ϕ π 0 z = - a V exp az = V exp 0 0 π π z = - D D = - a a = K z / ρω sin ϕ. SI, V / W = 0.0127 / sin D W D = 4.3W 0 ϕ sin ϕ W ϕ W

M M x y V V D τ y 0 0 = 0 udz = = = 2a 2π 2ωρsinϕ 5-36 = vdz = 0 0 τ y τx ( ) = x y

= y f

ü

2π 2 k = = λ σ π, T c = λ T c = σ k u = ackexp - kz sin kx - t 6-3 w = -ackexp - kz cos kx - t u = acksin kx - t 6-4 w = -ackcos kx - t

u ackexp kz sin kx - t 0 0 w = -ackexp kz cos kx t 0 0 6-5 z0 = - aexp - 2 = 1 535 a a 1 / 535, π t = kx t = 3 π 2 2 1 h h 20 tanhx = e x - e -x x -x x 0 tanhx e + e σ c = k c 2 g gλ tanh kh tan h kh k 2π gλ c h kh 6 7 2π tan ( )

2 2 λ c = = g λ tan h kh 2π T 2 2 = gt tan h kh 6 8 2π λ c = T c = gt tan h kh 6 9 2π 1 h (h / tanh kh 2 tanhπ 2 λ 2 2 c = g λ c = gt = gt 6 10 2π 2π 2π h h 20 tanh kh tanh 2 λ λ h 2 λ 2 c = g λ h 2 = gh 2π λ c = gh 6 11 e = gzdz = 1 p ζ 0 g 2 λ λ 2 2 E = ep dx = 1 g dx = 1 p 0 0 gh 2 16 6-12 0 1 2 2 E = u + w dz = 1 2 k gh 2 16 6-13 2

1 2 E E p Ek gh 6-14 8 P = 1 Ec 6 15 2 t = 0 = 2asin 2 π x λ t = 1 4 T 0 sin 2 π x 0 λ t = 2 4 T = -2asin 2 π x λ t = 3 4 T = 0 sin 2 π x 0 λ t = T = 2asin 2 π x λ 2n + 1 x = n = 0 1 2 4 n x = n = 0 1 2 2

t = 1 3 T T t = 4 4 2n + 1 T n = 0 1 2 0 4 = 2acos k - k' σ σ' k + k' x t x t 6-17 2 2 σ + σ' sin 2 2 A 2acos k - k' σ x σ' t 2 2 σ + σ' σ c = k + k' k d cg = σ σ' σ = 6-18 k k' dk 4π Tg = 6 19 σ σ' c = 1 2kh g c 1+ 6 20 2 sh2kh cg = 1 c 2

1 2 ka 2 2 gλ 2 2 gλ 2 2 c = ( 1 + k a ) = ( 1+ π δ ) 6-21 2π 2π 2 2 = -aexp kz sin kx - t + k a cexp 2kZ t 0 0 = aexp kz cos kx - t 6-22 0 0 -' 2 2 u = k a cexp 2kZ 6-23 0 z = 0 = k a c 0 u 0 2 2 0 1 2 V = k a c exp( wkz) dz = ka c 6-24 2 0 2 2

1 1 120 7 10

gλ( ρ2 ρ1) c = 2πh2 2πh cth + cth 2π ρ2 ρ λ 1 λ 1 6-25 ( 2 ρ1) ( + ρ ) 1/ 2 gλ ρ c = 6-26 2π ρ2 1 gh h c = 1 2 ( ρ2 ρ1) ( h + h ) 1 2 ρ 1/ 2 6-27 ρ = 1 2 + 1 h 1 = 0 h2 h 6 25 2

2 E 0 = 2a0g / 4 a / a = [ / - ] 30 0 2 2 1 1/2 h / h / cth 2 π h 1 cth 2 π h 2 1 2 1 λ λ

f 2 sinϕ 6-28 ü ä ä ä 1/ 2 2 g dρ g N = 2 6-29 ρ dz c0 f σ N 6-30 ü ä ä ä 2 2 d / dz g / c 1/ 2 2 2 N σ tan = 2 2 6-31 σ f 0

12 / sinϕ σ ζ = f σ a exp c y sin t c x g σ = σ u c a f exp c y sin t c x 6-32 v = 0 c = gh c f = 2 sinϕ c = gh x u y = +b aexp - f b y = -b aexp f b c c

,, = f / y 2 2 x 2 y K = k + k 6-34 σ c K c σ σ =, x =, c y =, 6 35 k k x y c x B K c k x = 2, y = 2 K k y 6-36 k y = 0 = 200km ( ϕ = 45 ) k x σ = - K + 1 (6-37) 2 2 R 1 2 R = f 2 / gh h gh R = 6-38 f d( ζ + f ) = 0 6-39 dt

2 gλ h c = tan h 2π 2π λ c 2 0 = gλ 0 2π 2 c λ h 2 = tan h 2π c λ λ 0 0 c c = λ / T λ = λ / T λ c c 0 0 λ h = = tanh 2π λ λ c λ h / λ 0 = = tanh 2π 6-40 c λ λ / λ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

c1dt sin 1 = A' B c2dt sin 2 = A' B sin 1 sin 2 6-41 2 2 E / E = H / H H H 0 L0 n0c0 = 6-42 L nc L0 L0 L L n0c 0 nc 0 0

D = n 0 c 0 nc 1/ 2 c 0 1 D = c 2kh 1+ sh2kh

KM fc = 2 7-1 D KM fm = 2 7-2 X

' 3 2 F V = g S / E r / D 3cos -1 7 8 F = 3 / 2g S / E r / D sin 7 9 h ' 3 3 Fv / F v = M /S D / D = 2.17 7 10 3 3 v v1 1 1 F / F = M / S D / D = 19454 7 11 Ω = r 0 3 2 ( ) / ( cos θ 1) K Mr D E r ( 3 θ 1) 0 2 3 2 ( ) ( θ ) 3 2 = KM / D cos rdr = 3 / 2K Mr / D cos 1/ 3 7-12

B ϕ 90 2 0 ϕ 90

ϕ T M ϕ T cos = sinϕsin + cosϕcos cost 7 19

h = 3/ 2h 2 sin ϕ -1/ 3 2 sin -1/ 3 7 21 0 a h = 1/ 2h sin ϕsin cost 7-22 1 a 2 2 2 2 h 2 = 1/ 2ha cos ϕcos cos2t 7 23

x = - / 4 / 4 / 2 sin 2 x / = µ 1 u = - / Th Acos 2 x / sin 2 t / T = -A g / hcos 2 x / sin 2 t / T 7 27 u = µ A g / hcos 2 x / 7 28 u = µ A g / h 7-29

ζ t = 0 u = -A g / h cos(2 x / )sin(2 t / T) (7 33) v + A g / h cos(2 y / )cos(2 t / T) (7 34)

4 1mmHg = 1.33hPa hpa 3 3 1hPa = 0.75mmHg mmhg (8-3) 4 mg = gdz - p dz z p g = 1 (8 4) ρ z dp = - g (8-5) dz ρ

H = 1 z gdz g 0 0 (8-6) at E = E b+ t ) 0 10( (8-7) f = e 100 (8-8) E

0 = fv k - 1 g (8-9) ρ P f = 2 sinϕ ϕ 1 p 0 = + fvg (8-10) ρ x 1 p 0 = fug (8-11) ρ y 1 p ug = (8-12) ρf y 1 p vg = (8-13) ρf x SA Z 1000 SA 1000 ), Z

(ElNi n o) Q = L C ( q q ) U (8 14) L E 0 a Q S = CH ( T0 Ta ) U (8-15) τ0 = ρ C D V V (8-16)

o ENSO (ElNi n ) (SouthernOscillation)

( ) ( LaNi n a)

+ ( NH 4 - N) - ( NO - N) 3

gpol gorg CF = µ / µgpol / gsw

L p = x 201 log λ 2 1 2r b ρ k c x Lp = f + 2 1 201log 20log 2r b ρ k

ξ X x dx ξ + x ξ ξ ρ0 x = ρ 1 + x (10-1) x 2 ξ p ρ0 x = ρ 1+ 2 = x (10-2) t x p p ρ = x ρ x ρ 2 ξ p p 0 2 = (10-2)' t ρ x s s

2 2 ξ p 1 ξ 2 = 2 2 (10-3) t ρ ξ x s 1 + x 2 2 ξ p ξ 2 = 2 t ρ x c 2 = p ρ s s ξ x (10-4) (10-5) 2 1 1 c = = = 1 (10-5) ρ 1 ρ ρβs p ρ s ρ p s 2 2 ξ 2 ξ 2 = c 2 (10-6) t x j wt kx ξ = ξ e ( ) (10 7) a k = 2π (10-7) λ ξ 1 (10 6) ak 1 a x 2 2 a J = 1 ρcξ a ω a k 1 a k 2-4 3-8 3 10 J pc 10 = 1000kg / m 1

t p = γ s γ = c (10-8) c v 2 γ c = (10-9) ρβ t 1 c0 c t = = ρ β 1 V t 1 V t 0 0 ( ) ( ) t 1 c = c ρ β 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 V t 1 c t = c0 + Vt t 1 1 2 t t (10-11)

1 c = ct c0 = Vt t = c 0 0. 0354t (10 12) 2 1 2 V t c0 c = c + 1 s 0 c 0(Vsk - V sρ) (10-16) (1+ V )(1- V ) 2 sρ sk c s = c 0 0. 00083 (10-17)

0 c = c p Vpkp = 0.00022c 0p (10 19) 2

I TL = 10log = 20 log r (10-21) I 0

dc c dz = dt c ds c t dz + dp S dz + ( 10 p dz 23) dt ds G t = G s = dz dz G = dp p dz = 0.1 dc c dz t G c c = t + G s + 0.1 (10-24) S p c c G s t p

1 γ c = = ( 10 25) ρβ ρβ s t s s = t 2 ω 4 1 1 α = η + ξ + ρ 3 K ( 10 26) 2 c 3 c v c p 2 2 Bω τk α = Aω + + 2 ( 10 27) 1 ω τ k

-n(r -r ) 2 1 I 2 = I1e (10-28) 10(logI 2 log I1) 10 logi 2 10log I1 = α( r2 r1 ), α = r r 2 1 ( 10 29) I r p r 10 log = 20 log ( 10 30) I p i i

2 2 p 2 p 2 = c 2 ( 10 31) t x p( x, t) = p( x) e jwt ( 10 32) 2 d p( x) 2 2 + k p( x) = 0 ( 10 33) dx ω k = c0 jkx jkx p( x) = Ae + Be ( 10 34) ( ωt kx) j( ωt+ kx) p( x, t) = Aej + Be ( 10 35) 2), ϕ0 ω x 3) c 0 = =, c k 0 t Pa = 2 r J = 2 4π 1 1 4π r2 J 2 ( 10 36) Pa J = 2 ( 10 37) 4πr

Pa J = ( 10 38) 2πlr d ds n dz dn ds = dz ( 10 39 ) c0 c = c(z) n c( z) n n = 0, = 0 x y n dx =, n dy = ds ds dx dz = cos θ, = sinθ ds ds cosθ0 cosθ1 cosθ = = = c c c( z) 0 1 dn d [ ] dz ds n n d dn dz d dn = sinθ = cosθ θ + sinθ = n cosθ θ 2 + sin θ ( 10 40) ds dz ds ds dz dθ dosθ = ds n dn dz

dθ ds P = cosθ c 0 0 d θ ds = P dc dz dc dz dc,, dz dθ ds dx dz = dosθ, = sinθ ds ds B B x = cosθds = cot θdz ( 10 41) A A x = 0 Z c cosθ 0dz c 0 c 1 c 0 2 cos 2 θ 0 ( 10 42) 10 7a dc = G ( dz c ), 2 2 1 x z + 1 + = 1 tan θ0 α α αcosθ 0 2 ( 10 43) 1 x = 1 tanθ 0 z = - 1 α cosθ α α 0

1. L ϕ

E = lim Lcos θ ω = Lcosθdω (10-45) ω 0 4π 4π E (z) = L(z, θ, ϕ) cos( θ) dω (10-46) u 2π π/ 2 ϕ=0 θ=0 E (z) = - L(z, θ, ϕ) cos( θ) dω (10-47) d 2π π ϕ=0 θ= π/2 ϕ E = lim L ω = Ldω (10-48) 0 ω 0 4π i 4π E (z) = L(z, θ, ϕ) cos( θ) dω (10-49) u 2π π/2 ϕ=0 θ=0 E (z) = - L(z, θ, ϕ) cos( θ) dω (10-50) d 2 π π ϕ=0 θ= π/ 2 π 2 r Ld ω Es = 4π E A = 1 0 ( 10 4 51)

( θ θ ) sin a w ρ = 2 sin ( θ + θ ) ρ = 2 2 a w ( θ θ ) tg a w 2 ( 10 52) tg ( θ + θ ) a w na sin θa = n w sinθ w

di( θ) dϕ / dω β( θ) = = ( 10 55) Edv Edv π b = 2π β( θ) sin( θ) dθ ( 10 56) 0

b f = π 2π β( θ)sin( θ) dθ ( 10 57) 0 b b = π 2π β( θ)sin( θ) dθ ( 10 58) π/ 2 T r c = 1 ln 1 r T r u ( )R = E Ed

π ded ( z) = 2π π al cosθdr sin θdθ ( 10 59) a 2 dedb ( z) π = 2π alsin d = aed ( z) = ade d ( z) ( ) dz π θ θ 0 10 60 2 dedb ( z) = bde d ( z) ( 10 60)' dz ded ( z) = ( ad + b) Ed ( z) + beu ( z) ( 10 61) dz deu ( z) = ( ad + b) E u( z) + bed ( z) ( 10 62) dz ad( ad + 2b)

dl = cl+ L* ( 10 66) dr L ( 0) = L ( z) exp( cπ) dz ( 10 70) u π 0 u

τ * * Ls = 2 Lu( 0) + rls Ta + L = [ Lw + Lr ] Ta + L ( 10 71) n w

C C 0 r = = L L L 0 b 0 r L L L b 0 b r br ( 10 72) ( 10 73)

dl dr dl dr br r = cl + L ( 10 74) br = cl + L ( 10 75) r * * C C r 0 = e 1 π Cr = θ = = C ( cr) 10 77 2 0 exp ( ) 1 r = re = ( 10 78) c + Kcosθ re = 4 r c e 4 c = ( 10 79) r e Lr Lb ( ϕ R) Ed C0 = = ( 10 81) L E R b d ϕ R E d ϕ

H( ψ r) ψ

A Pr = Pt 2 η1η2ρ r exp( 2K r ) ( 10 82) ( H + nr) c t r = ( 10 2n 83)

A Pf = Pt 2 η1η2σf Cexp( K f r) ( 10 84) ( H + nr)

A PR = Pt 2 η1η2σrn exp( k Rr) ( 10 85) ( H + nr) Pf C P = σ f ( 10 σ N 86) R R

2 a( 1 e ) r = ( 11 1) 1 + ecosθ 3 T = 2π a GM ( 11 2) GM V0 = a ( 11 3) h g = GM 2 (R R 6378km g V = R R + h ( 11 4 )

2 2hc 1 B( λ, t) = 5 ( 11 5) λ exp( hc / kλt) 1

ElNi n no

2 L w ( ) = ( 1 ρ) Ed( 0 ) R / n wq ( 11 8) L K( 490) = 0. 022 + 01. K w w ( 443) ( 550) 1. 2996 ( 11 11)

L = t b b + b w b i w Ed ( 0 ) i w (11-14) 3n 2 w Q a w + a i i a = f (c ) b = f (c ) c i i a i b i b i i i i f i

3.0+0.5logc d pc = 10 k (11-19)

H meas = t c (11-22) 2 sat 2 2 2 d = H ( τ p + 16H ln 2 / c ) (11 23)

( 1) 4 4 ( 1) 2 σ ( θ) = rπk cos θ g ( θ) ψ( 2k sin θ, 0) (11-27) 0 t y (1) g y ( ) 1 ψ( ) β cos ϕ / 2 1 k = u g / 2 7 k / 2 (11-28) πβ 1/2 1/2 4 ( 1) 2 2 1 1/ 2 σ = cos ϕ sin θcos θ g ( θ) ( u g k) (11-29) 2 2 0 0 *

γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 σ0 = α1v + α 2V + α3v cos2ϕ (11-30) ϕ =10[G( ϕ ) + H( ϕ )log10v] (11-31) 0 = u(1+ b cos ϕ + b cos2 ϕ) / (1+ b + b ) 0 1 2 1 2 log10u = c + c + c + log10v (11-32) 1 2 3 2 V 10m ϕ σ α + = 10 β V δ ( 1 + b cos ϕ + b cos 2ϕ) (11-33) 0 1 2

Rλ L = R / 2L = = D R S λ R (11-37) 2Rλ / D R 2 ' S r

' s = rsin ϕ / 2sin = sin ϕ (11-39) ϕ