Ps22Pdf

Transcription

1

2 CBR t 274 (B )

3 ,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1

4 ,,,,,,,, 1., : (1 ); (2 ); (3 ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) (3 ) (4 )( 6) (3 ) (4 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 2. : (1 ) JTJ 051 ; (2 ) JTJ 052 ; (3 ) JTJ 053 ; (4 ) JTJ 054 ; (5 ) JTJ 055 ; (6 ) JTJ 056 ;

5 (7 ) JTJ 057 ; (8 ) JTJ 058 ; (9 ) JTJ 059 ; (10) JTJ 060 : ( J TJ 001 ) ( JTJ 071) 1.,,, ;,, 2. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ), (9 ) (10) (11),,, 3. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ), ;, ; 5 ;, ;, 2 (3 ),, 3

6 (4 ),, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) 4. (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 5% 1.,,,,,,,,, (1 ) : ; ; ; (2 ), 0, (3 ) 3 ; 3,, 4

7 (4 ), ( Grabbs) ; ( Dixon),, ;, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,, 1. (1 ), ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;, (2 ) ; ; ; ; (3 ) ; ; ; 5

8 ; ; ;, ; ; ; 2. (1 ) ;, ; ;, ;, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, (2 ), ;, ; ; ;, ; ; (3 ), ; ; ; ; ; (4 ) ; ;,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) ;, ;, ;, ;, ; ; ; ; ; (6 ), ;, ;,, ;,,,, 6

9 ;,, ; (7 ),,, ;,,, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ;, (8 ),,, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,, ;, ;, ; ; (9 ),,, ;, ;, ;, 1.,,,,, 2.,,, () 3. 7

10 ,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8

11 1. : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ) 2., 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,, : ; ( )( ) ; ;, ; ; 3. : ; ; ; 2 4.,,, 5., 6., 7., 1. 9

12 ,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 1., 2.,,, 3.,, 4.,,, 5.,,, 6.,, 7.,,, 8.,,,,,,,,,,, 10

13 ,,,, ; ;,, ; ;, ;, ;,,,, 20%,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 2. (1 ) ; ; (2 ) ; ; 1. (1 ),, 11

14 ,,, (2 ), (3 ), 2. (1 ) ; ; (2 ) ; ; 1., 2., 3. 4., 5., 6., 1.,? 2.,? 3.? 4. 5.? 12

15 : ( ), ( JTJ 07198),, ( JTJ 07198),,, ( JTJ 07198),,,,,,,, (),,, 21,,,, 13

16 ,, 100, 2 1 ( 10km ) (1 3km ) (1 3km ) ( ) (1 3km ) (1 3km ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 10 km ) (1 3km ),,,,,,, :, 2,, 1 1.,, 100,, = ( ) - ( ) - ( ) (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (), 14 ( % ) = () () 100

17 =, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 4,, ( ), 1 2, ( ) = 3. [ ( )] ( ), ( % ) = ,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ),,, ; ; 70,, 15

18 ,, 2., 85,, ;, 85, 85,, ;, 3., 85,, ;, 85, 85,, ;, 4. () (), ( ) (), ; (), 80%, ( ) 85, ;, ( ) 1. ( ) 2.,, 3., ; (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( CBR ) (3 ),,, (4 ),, 2. ( 22 ) 16

19 2 2 1 ( cm) % (cm) : 2 000m > ( 0.01mm ) 15 3 ( mm ) + 10, , - 20 : 200m ( mm ) : 200m 4 HYYH 10 5 ( mm ) : 200m ( mm ) m : 200m ( % ) : 200m m 4 5 :,,, ( 5 ) 25,,, 3. (1 ),, 50m 12 (2 ),, 50m 12 (3 ),, 12 (4 ),, 50m (1 ),, (2 ),,, 17

20 ,, (3 ) 2. ( 23 ) ( mm ) + 10, , - 30 : 200m ( mm ) : 200m 4 HY YH 10 4 ( mm ) : 200 m ( mm ) m : 200 m ( % ) : 200m m 4 15 : 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ),, 50 m (1 ) :, 30cm, ; 110,,, (2 ) : ;, ; m, ; (3 ) :, 90% (4 ) : ; ; ( ), (5 ) : ;, ;,, (6 ) : ; ; (7 ) : ; ;, ; ( 1/ 3 ) 18

21 , ;, ;, 1m 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 (3 ) ( ), (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 (3 ), () 2.,, 3. ( ) 2, 4. ; 5., ;, 6., ( ) 1. (1 ), 5mm 19

22 (2 ), 2. ( 24 ) ( ) ( % ) / / : 200 m ( mm ) / m : 200 m ( mm) / + 5, , , - 20 : 200 m ( mm ) : 200 m 4 5 / ( mm ) 200m 30 / ( % ) / : 200 m ,,, 12 () 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 2. ( 25 ) ( ) ( % ) m ( mm ) m : 200 m ( mm) + 5, , , , - 20 : 200 m

23 4 ( mm ) : 200m ( mm) m ( % ) : 200 m ,, (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 26 ) 2 6 / ( % ) 200m 2 30 / ( mm ) / m : 200 m ( mm) / + 5, , , - 20 : 200 m ( mm ) : 200m ( mm) / / m

24 6 ( % ) / : 200 m ( MPa) (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 ( ) 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 27 ) 2 7 / ( % ) 200m 2 30 / ( mm ) / m : 200 m ( mm) / + 5, , , ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m ( mm) / / m ( % ) / : 200 m ( MPa) 20 22

25 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), 2. ( 28 ) 2 8 / ( % ) 200m 2 30 / ( mm ) / m : 200 m ( mm) / + 5, , , ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m ( mm) / / m ( % ) / : 200 m ( MPa) (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 ( ) 1. (1 ),,, 23

26 (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 29 ) ( % ) 200m ( mm ) m : 200m ( mm) + 5, , , , - 20 : 200m ( mm ) : 200m ( mm) m ( % ) : 200 m ( MPa) (1 ), 12 (2 ), (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), 2. ( 210 ) 24

27 2 10 / ( % ) 200m 2 30 / ( mm ) / m : 200 m ( mm) / + 5, , , ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m ( mm) / / m ( % ) / : 200 m ( MPa) (1 ), 12 (2 ), ( ) (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 211 ) ( % ) m

28 2 ( mm ) ( mm) + 5, , , , m : 200 m 2 10 : 200 m ( mm ) : 200m ( mm) m ( % ) : 200 m ( MPa) (1 ), 12 (2 ), ( ) 2.,, 3., 100m 3 m,, 95%, ; 70%, ; 95% 70 %, 4., ;, 5., 6.,, ; ; 26

29 1. (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),,, 2. ( 212 ) 2 12 ( mm) 4.5 : 1 I R I( m/ km ) m IRI 20 h ( mm ) m : 200 m ( 0.01 mm ) 20 3 ( mm ) m ( kg/ m 2 ) 10 % ( T0982 ) ( mm ) 30 : 200 m ( mm) 15 : 200 m ( mm ) 30 : 200 m ( % ) 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 : ; IRI ; h 3m ( JTJ T0982 ),, 3. (1 ),, 0.2% 0.2% 2 (2 ), 12 (3 ),, 12 ( ) 1. (1 ) (2 ), ( ) 27

30 (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),, 2. ( 213 ) ( ) 2 13 ( mm) 3.5 : 1 I R I( m/ km ) m IRI 20 h ( mm ) 8.0 3m : 200 m ( 0.01 mm ) 20 3 ( mm ) - 8 % H - 5 mm - 15 % H - 10 mm 200 m ( kg/ m 2 ) 10 % ( T0982 ) ( mm ) 30 : 200 m ( mm) 15 : 200 m ( mm ) 30 : 200 m ( % ) 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 : 6cm, ; < 6 cm, H ( mm ) 3. (1 ),, 0.2% 0.2% 2 (2 ), 12 (3 ),, 12 () 1. (1 ) (2 ),, ( ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 28

31 2. ( 214 ) ( ) ( % ) 95 ( 98 ) 94 ( 98 ) 200 m ( mm ) IRI( m/ km ) : 100m IRI h ( mm ) 5 0 3m : 200m ( 0 01mm ) : 200 m 1 : : 200 m ( mm ) > 60-8 % H > % H 200 m ( mm ) 20 : 200 m ( mm ) : 200 m ( mm ) : 200m ( % ) : 200 m :,, 60mm, - 5 mm - 10mm; > 60mm, - 8 % - 15 % H 3. (1 ),, (, 0.2m, ) 0.03%, 0.05% 0.03 % 0.05% 2, (2 ),, 10m 1 (3 ),, 12 29

32 1. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), 13mm 58mm, (8 ) 2. ( 215 ) ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) m 2 20 ( mm) :, 3 IRI ( m/ km ) h( mm ) m IRI 3 m : 200 m ( mm ) : 200m 1 8 : 2 5 ( mm) m 2, ( mm ) m, ; 200m 4, 200 m ( mm ) 20 : 200m ( mm ) 20 : 200 m ( mm ) : 200m ( % ) : 200m (1 ), 2,

33 (2 ),, 2, 3 1 2,, (3 ), 2cm, 12 (4 ), 100m 2 (5 ), 12 1.,,, (1 ), (2 ) 5MPa, (3 ),, 5 mm (4 ), 1 000mm, (5 ), (6 ),,, (7 ), 2. ( 216 ) ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm) 50 : ( mm) 20 :

34 4 ( mm ) : ( mm ) : : 10 % 10 7 ( mm ) 5 ( ) 10 % (1 ), 1 %, 10mm, 13 (2 ),,, 12 ( ) 1. (1 ) 5MPa, (2 ),,,, (3 ), 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ),, (1 ), (2 ),, 2. () 3., (1 ),, 32

35 (2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ), 2. ( 217 ) ( M Pa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 : 200 m ( mm ) 50 : 200 m ( mm ) 30 20m : 200m ( mm ) 30 : 200 m ( mm ) : 200 m ( mm ) : 200 m (1 ), 12 (2 ), (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 2. ( 218 ) ( % ) 1 : 1020 m ( mm) : 20m (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12, 33

36 1. H6m A1 200m 2,, H < 6m A < m 2, 2., :,, 3.,, 4. 1m, 5., 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, ; (5 ) (6 ) 2. ( ) ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) m ( mm ) m ( mm ) 20m ( mm ) 50 20m ( mm ) 30 20m 2 m

37 ( mm ) m ( mm ) m ( % ) m ( mm ) 20 m ( mm ) m ( mm) m 2 m (1 ),, 13 (2 ) 0.5%, 10mm, 0.5% 2 (3 ), 35 (4 ), (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (6 ), ( ) ( mm ) m ( mm ) m , % 20 m 3 30 : 35

38 ( mm) + 50, m ( mm) m ( mm ) % H % H m ( mm) m ( mm ) m 2 m 3 20 : +,- H 3. (1 ),, 13 (2 ), 13 (3 ) (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ) 2. ( 223 ) ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 50m 3 50 m ( mm) 30 2 m, 3, 50m m ( mm) 100 m ( mm ) m

39 (1 ), 13 (2 ), (1 ) (2 ),,, ; (3 ) 2. ( ) ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) m 2m ( mm ) m % 0.5 % 20 m ( mm ) m ( mm) m 2 m ( mm ) m ( mm ) m, ( mm ) m (1 ), 13 (2 ),, 13 1.? 2.?? 3.? 4.? 37

40 , ; ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, : Gs = ms/ ( wv s ) ; = m/ V ; sa t = ( m s + Vv w )/ V ; d = ms/ V; = ( ms - V s w )/ V ; w ( % ) = m w/ ms100; e = V v/ V s ;n ( % ) = Vv/ V100 ;Sr = Vw/ Ip; IL ; Dr Vv ; wl ; w P ;,,,,,,,, = / (),,, ;,, 38

41 ( ) [ ( 3 1 ) ], w = m w 100 ms (3 1) : w, % ; m w ; ms (), 1. ( 1) : , (2 ) : 0.01g (3 ) : 2. (1 ), 1530g, 50g,,,,,, ( 2),, h, 6h 5%, (3 ), ( 0.51h ),, 0.01g 3., 0.1% w = m - m s 100 ms (3 2) : w, % ; m, g; ms, g 4.,, 3 1 ( % ) ( % )

42 ,, ( ),,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) : 0.01g (3 ) : 95% (4 ) 2. (1 ) ( 510g, 2030g), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), 2 3 (5 ),,, 0.1g () 1., 515cm 1h, 1%, 2., 3.,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 1.5%,, 100, 5.,,, 40

43 1967,,, ( ) ,,, 1, 75 80, 8 h 2.,,,,,,,, 110, , (),, ;, ;: : m; V m = m/ V, m, V V () (3 3),,,,,,, 2030cm,,,, 1. (1 ) : 68cm, 23cm, 1.52mm (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) : 2. (1 ),,, 41

44 (2 ),,,,, (3 ), m1, 0.1g 3. : :, g/ cm 3 ; m1, g; m2, g; V, cm 3 4. = m 1 - m2 V,, 0.03g/ cm 3 ( ) (3 4) ( 500cm 3 ),,,,, 1. (1 ) : 0.01g (2 ) 2. (1 ) 30cm 3,,, 0.01g (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, 0.01g (4 ),,,, 0.01g, (5 ),,, ( 3),, ;0.03g, 3. : :, g/ cm 3 ; 42 m, g; m1, g; = m1 - m2 w t m - m1 - m n (3 5)

45 m2, g; wt t, g/ cm 3, 0.001g/ cm 3 ; n, g/ cm 3 (, 0.01g/ cm 3, 0.92g/ cm 3 ) ( ),, 300kg,,, () (), 1911,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1. L P ; 100g, 30, mm,, 0.5mm 200g,,, ( a )( c ) ( b ), 18h,,,,,,, 5s h 43

46 , w 3., w, h, ab c hw,, hw, h = 20mm w wl, hp : hp = wl w L , hp : (3 6) hp = wl w 2 L w 3 L (3 7) : h p, ( JTJ ) h p hp, hw, hp w p ( ),,,,,,,, 3mm,,, 35g (), ;,,,, Cu = 1.0, e = 0.35Gs = 2.65, d = 1.96g/ cm 3,,, Cu > 1.0, e < 0.35 e = 0.35,,, e emin em a x e Dr, : Dr = ( ema x - e)/ ( em a x - emin ) (3 8) Dr1/ 3 ; 1/ 3 < Dr 2/ 3 ; Dr > 2/ 3 : 44 Dr = ( d - ( dm ax - dmin ) dm a x dmin ) d (3 9)

47 : d,,,,, Dr ( ) (1 ) : 500cm cm 3, 6cm (2 ) : 1.2cm, (3 ) : 1.5cm (4 ) (5 ),, ( 6) (8 ) (6 ), : 250cm 3, 5cm, 12.7cm 1 000cm 3, 10cm, 12.7cm (7 ) (8 ) : 1.25kg, 150mm, 50mm () 1. ( 1) 1.5kg, (),, (2 ),,, cm 3, (3 ) 700g, 1g,,,, 12cm, (4 ),,,, 5cm 3 (5 ),,,,,, 5cm 3 (6 ), 2. (1 ) 4kg, (2 ), g ( 1/ 3 ) 1 000cm 3, ( ) / min,, ( 3060 ) / min, ( 510min ),, (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 1g, 45

48 ( ) (1 ) : : dmin, g/ cm 3 ; dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; m, g; Vm a x, cm 3 ; V min, cm g/ cm 3 d min = d ma x = (2 ) : : em a x ; emin ; Gs 0.01 m V m ax m V min em ax = w Gs d min emin = w Gs dm ax (3 ) ( 3 8 ) ( 3 9 ), 0.01 () ( 3 10) ( 3 11) - 1 ( 3 12) - 1 ( 3 13),,, 0.03g/ cm 3 5mm, 25mm 15% (),,, 0.074mm ; mm () 1.,,,, 2. d > 0.074mm 46

49 3. :60mm 40mm 20mm 10mm 5mm 2mm; :2mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.074mm 4.,, g( ) 2mm, 2mm (60mm 40mm 20mm 10mm 5mm) ;2mm ( 2mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.074mm) 2mm 10%,,2mm 10 %,, 1015min 2mm 1 %, 2mm 1% 5. : x = A B P ( 3 14) : x, % ; A, g; B,, g; P 2mm, 0.074mm 2mm 0.074mm, P = 100%,,

50 9803 (03) ( ) 3 2 = 3 000g 2 mm = 2 190g 2 mm = 810g 0.1mm = 0.5 % 2 mm d x = 27.0 % = 810g ( mm ) ( g) ( g) ( g) ( % ) ( % ) ( ) 1.,, mm,,,,, v : v = 2 s - w 9 R2 : v, m/ s; R, m; s w, N/ m 3 ;, Pa s : : d, m d = 18 v s - w ( 3 15) ( 3 16), Ws,,, 48

51 ti, di vi,, Li, vi = Li/ ti, Li, di, Li di, di di : 1 000cm 3, di Wsi, Li 1 i = : s0 w0 Wsi W si w 0 s0 Wsi = i - w 0 s0 s0 - w 0 di W siw s Pi : Pi = Wsi 100% W s ( 3 17) ( 3 18) ( 3 19),, di, di i, Li , mm,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ( t),, t L d d,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 49

52 ;,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 0.075mm( 0.1mm )50 % 50%, 50 %,,,,,,, wl, wp Ip,, wl Ip,,, JTJ 05193,,, ( J TJ 05193) : (1 ) ; (2 ) : wl w p Ip ; (3 ), 32, 50

53 ( mm ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 32 ( ) 50%, ( ) ( )( ) (1 ) 75% ( ) 50 %, B; 50%, Cb ( 2) 75 % 50 % () 50%, BSl; 50%, CbSl ( 3) 50 % 15 % (), SlB;, SlCb ( 4) 15 %,, () 50% 1. 50%,, : (1 ) 5%, : Cu 5, Cc = 13,, GW;,, GP (2 ) 5% 15%, GF (3 ) 15%, 50%, ( 33 ) : A,, GM; A,, GC 2. 50%,, : (1 ) 5%, : Cu 5, Cc = 13,, SW;,, SP (2 ) 5% 15%, SF (3 ) 15% 50%, : A,, SM; A,, SC 51

54 ( ) 50%, 1. 25% (1 ) A : B,, CH; B, Ip = 10,, CL (2 ) A : B,, MH; B, Ip = 10,, ML 2. 25% 50%, : (1 ),, G (2 ),, S 3. ;;, : h 3/ 4,, ( T ) 33 : (1 ) A : B,, CHO; B, Ip = 10,, CLO (2 ) A : B,, MHO; B, Ip = 10,, MLO 52

55 (),,,,,,,, (), (cm ) ( kg) ( cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm 3 ) ( kj/ m 2 ) ( mm) I I I I I II I I () 1.,,, (1 ) : 50,, () w0,, 2% (5 ),, m w : m w = m0 : m0 m0 m w 0.01 ( w - w0 ) w0 ( 3 20),,, 24h, 12h (2 ) : (), 53

56 2., 3 5, 5mm,, 3. d : :, g/ cm 3 ; w, % d = w ( 3 21) d, w, dw, cm 997cm kg 5 mm ( g) ( g) ( g) (g/ cm 3 ) (g/ cm 3 ) ( g) ( g) ( g) ( g) ( g) ( % ) ( % ) = 15.8 % = 1.83g/ cm mm 30 %, 5mm P 5mm, 5mm ( JTJ d > 38mm ) 54

57 d m ax = 1 - P dm ax 1 + P Gs2 w (322 ) w 0 = w0 ( 1 - P) + P w2 (323 ) : dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; dm a x 5mm,, g/ cm 3 ; w, g/ cm 3 ; P5mm ( ) ; Gs2 5mm ; w 0, % ; w0 5mm, % ; w2 5mm, % ( ) ,,,,,,,, 1h, , 3 5 ( kg) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) ( cm) (cm 3 ) ( J ) ( mm) , Q w = Qn wn Qc wc 0.01 w - Qn 0.01 w n wn Qc wc wc : Q w, g; ( 3 24) 55

58 Qn (), w n, % ; Qc, g, wc, % ; w, % 1 h, 5 % 30 %, : : dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; d ma x = d m ax ( P) PG dm a xg/ cm 3 ; P; G; w 0, % ; w, % ; w0, % 3. ( 3 25) w 0 = w0 ( P) Pw ( 3 26) (1 ) 25mm, 40mm() (2 ) :1224h, 68h, 4h, 2h (3 ), 1h, 1h, (4 ) (5 ), 0.05g/ cm 3 ( ) 0.08g/ cm 3 ( ), 0.5% (10% ) 1.0% ( 10% ) ( ),, : f = c + tg ( 3 27) c, c 56

59 ( ),, () (), 35,,,,, 3 6 c, 4, f1 f2 f3, f, ( 3 7 ) a) b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ;9; 10 ; ; 5 ; ,, 57

60 ,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 35min 3050s 2.,,,,, 3., 1 4h, ( ) 1.,,,, 5% 8% , : ( ), ; ( ), 15% 1/ 151/ 10 () ( 3 9 ),,,, 58

61 ,,, ep ( 310 ), elg p ( 311 ) a) b ) e - p 3 11 e - lgp ( ) ep elg p : 1. a = e 1 p2 - e2 - p1 ( 3 28) 2. cc = e1 lg p2 - e2 - lg p1 ( 3 29) 3. a cc a = mv = cc p a 1 + e1 ( 3 30) ( 3 31) 6. E = Es 1 - Es = 1 + e 1 a ( 3 32) = E s (1-2K0 ) ( 3 33) : p1 p2 pep elg p ; e1 e2 p1 p2 ; K0, 59

62 7. Pc elg p ( ) 1.,,,,,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,, ( JTJ 05193) 24h,, : ; (1 ) ; (2 ), (3 ),, ; (4 ),,,,, : ; ,,,,,, 60

63 3 6 : :,,,,,,,, 2.,, 3 12, 4,, ;,,, cu ( S r ): : M; D; H 3. cu = 2 M D 2 ( D 3 + H) ( 3 34), 313, 63.5kg, 76cm, 51mm, 35mm, 500mm,, 42mm, 15cm, 30cm, N, N 61

64 N, N, :,, 4.,, :, : ; ( 50m,, 70m), 314 ps ; qc fa ps qc f a,, 5.,,,,,,, ; ( 2.5mm/ min ),, - ( p - S ), E0 6.,,,,,, 62

65 7.,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 314 a) ; b),,,,,,,, () (),,,,,, () (),, 1. :10mm, 2mm 90% ; 63

66 2. :30mm, 20mm 85% ; 3. :50mm, 40mm 85% ( ) (),,,,,,, ( ),, 38, ( ) () 1. (1 ),, 5, 40, 17 : 35% ; 40% ; 30% (2 ) 1520 ( ), 15 % 0.8% 10 %, : 40% ; 35% ; 30% (3 ) 1220 ( ), 10% 2., ( 6h ), ( 325 ) III,,, 64, 3 8

67 ,, 3 7 I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I II II I ( % ) ( 5mm, % ) ( % ) mm ( % ) 0.125mm ( % ), ( % ) > 5 4 > 4 : 5 %,, I 75 % II 70 % I II 60 % 4. SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 70 %, 20% ; 2 500cm 2 / g, 35%,, 5., SiO2 Al2 O3, ( ) kg/ m 3 30mm,, ( MPa) : ( 7 ), 7d 0.5 MPa; 7, 7 65

68 ( ) ,, ; ( ),, ( ) ; ; , 2, 2 000m 3 2 ( ) 0.5 mm, 2, 2 000m g,, 2, m 3 2, cm 3 2, m 3 2, 2 2, 2 1, 2 66

69 ( ) EDTA 1. (1 ),, ( 7d ) ( 2% ),, 10min (2 ) 2. (1 ) ( )50mL, 1 (2 ), 1 (3 ), 1 (4 ) : 10mL, 10 (5 ) ( ) : 200mL, 20 (6 ) : 2 000mL(1 000mL),1 ; 300mL,10 (7 ) : 1 000mL, 1 (8 ) : 1 200mL,10 (9 ) ( ), 10 (10) :100mL 5mL, 1 ; 50mL, 2 (11) :60mL, 1 ( ) (12) :500g 0.5g 100g 0.1g, 1 (13) 1 (14) :9cm, 10 (15) :12 13cm, 1 (16) : 2.0mm 2.5mm, 1 (17) (1 2 ), 1 (18) : ph12ph14 ( 19 ) 20L, 1 ( ) ; 10L, 2 (EDTA ) ; 5 L, 1 () (20) (21) ( ) 500mL, 1 3. (1 ) 0.1mol/ m 3 ( EDTA ): EDTA ( )37.226g,,, 1 000mL (2 ) 10% ( NH4 Cl) : 500g ( ) 10L, 4 500mL,, 1 000mL, (3 ) 1.8 % ( ) : 100g 18g ( NaOH) ( ), 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 67

70 , 2mL (), (4 ) : 0.2g ( C21 H13 O7 N2 SN a, ) 20g 1051h,,,, 4. 1) :, 2.0mm 2.5mm, ( 0% ) 2) : (1 ) : = (2 ) : (1 + ) 300g = (1 + ) = / ( 1 + ( ) ) () = - = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 300g - - 3) 5, 2 ( ), : 1 :2 300g 2, (300g ) 2 : 2 2 %, 300g, : 2 4% 6% 8 %, 300g, 6, 1 :, 100g :, : 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 %, 4), 600mL10%, 3min( ) ( ), 1 000mL, ( ) 3min ( ), 4min[ 4min,,,, ( ), ], 300mL,, : 100g, 200 ml10 % 5) ( 12cm ) 10.0mL 200mL, 500mL1.8 % ( ), ph ( ph1214 ), ( ),, EDTA, EDTA ( ml, 0. 1mL) 68

71 6),, EDTA 7) EDTA, ( % ), 315, (1 ), 300g,, 600mL10 %, (2 ), EDTA, (315 ) 6. (1 ), (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, ( ) (1 ) ( PVC ),1 (2 ), 232( 330), 1 (3 ), 1 (4 ) : 0.1g 0.5g, 1 (5 ) : 1 000mL 200mL 50mL, 1 (6 ) : 1 000mL, 10 ( 10 ) ;500mL,4 (7 ) : 2 000mL, 1 ;300mL,10 ; 50mL,15 (8 ) : 1 000mL, 1 (9 ) ( ) : 10L, 2 ; 1 000mL,3 ; 250mL, 2 69

72 (10) :2mm 2.5mm, 1 (11) :100mL, 1 (12) :1 (13) :90mm, 10 ; 50mm,15 (14) :1 (15) :20 (16), 1 (17) :500mL, 1 (18) :,,, 3. (1 ) 10% 100g, ( ) 900mL,, :, (2 ) 10-1 mol/ m 3 ( CaCO3 )180 2h, 45min g 300mL,, 15 ( 18mL 90mL ),, 5min, 1 000mL,, 950mL, 20%, ph 7,, 1 000mL : ( ), (3 ) 10-2 mol/ m 3 100mL10-1 mol/ m 3,, 1 000mL (4 ) 10-3 mol/ m 3 100mL10-2 mol/ m 3,, 1 000mL (5 ) 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 0.1g ( KCl) 70g, 300mL, 200mL,, ( ), (6 ) 20% 0.1g 40g ( NaOH) 300mL, 160mL, (,, ) (1 ) :,, 10-1 mol/ m 3

73 15,, 10-2 mol/ m 3 2h,, (2 ) :,,, (3 ) :, 20min 5. (1 ) : 2mm 2.5mm (2 ) : 2mm 2.5mm, (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 6% 14% (6 ) : 6% 14% 0.1g 0.5g (5 ), 300g, 1 000mL ( ), () (5 ), 10 % 600mL ( ) 2min, 120 5, 4min 500mL,,,, 6% 14% 10d :, 16 % 18 % ;, 100g 500mL, 200mL10 % mL 50mL, 6%, ( 3 16 ),, I, 6.0 ;, 6%, 14%,,, II, % 14% , 7. ( 1) 1 000g,, 2mm 2.5mm (2 ) 0.5g 300g, 1 000mL, 10% 600mL ( ) 2min, min 2530mL 50mL,, 71

74 ,,, 8. (1 ) 6% 14%, (2 ), 6% 14 % ( 16 % 18% ), (3 ),, (4 ) 316 (5 ), (6 ), 10-3 mol,,,,, (7 ),, 72 ( ) (1 ) : 0.15mm, 1 (2 ) : (3 ) : 25cm, 1 (4 ) : 30mm50mm, 10 (5 ) : 1213mm,1 (6 ) :,1 (7 ) : 0.1g, 1 (8 ) : W, 1 (9 ) : 20cm20cm, 1 (10) :3mm,1 (0.25kg) (11) :250mL, 20 (12) :, 3 (13),1 (14) :20L,1 (15) :5 000mL, 1 (16) :300mL, 10 (17) :250mL 1 000mL, 1 (18) :200mL 100mL 50mL 5mL, 1 (19) :250mL 1 000mL, 5

75 (20) :1L, 1 (21) :50mL, 5 ; 250mL( 300mL),10 (22) :60mL, 4 ; 250mL, 5 (23) :60mL, 3 (24) :50mL, 2 (25), 1 (26) :25mL 50mL, 1 (27) :7cm,10 (28) :8mm250mm 4mm180mm, 10 (29) :5 (30) :8mm150mm, 5 (31) :1 3. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) : 0.5g 50mL95% (3 ) 0.1 % : 0.05g 50mL (4 ) 0.5N :42mL ( 1.19) 1L, g(0.002g) 1802h, 250mL, 100mL ; %,,, 3min,,,, : : N; Q, g; V, ml 4. N = Q/ V0.053 ( 3 35) (1 ) :, 2mm 200g,, 20g 0.10mm, 10, 1001h,, (2 ) : 10, h,, g( g) 250mL, 5g, 15, 50mL, 15min (, ), 73

76 , 23, 0.5 N ( 23 ), 30s 6. ( X1 ): X1 = VN G : V, ml; ; G, g; N 7. ( 3 36), ( ) (1 ) 110 :1 ( 1.19 )10 (2 ) ( ph = 10 ) :67.5g 300mL, ( 0.90 )570mL, 1 000mL ( 3) K B(12.5 ): 0.3g K 0.75g B 50g 105, (4 ) EDTA : 10gEDTA,, 1 000mL (5 ) : g 105 ( 2h ) ( ), 250mL, mL,,, 1 000mL,, 1mL 1mg (6 ) 20% : 20g 80mL ( 7) : 0.2g 20g 105, (8 ) 10% : 10g 90mL (9 ) ( 12) :1 2 4.EDTA 50mL 300mL, 100mL ; 0.1g, 20% ; 34mL, EDTA, 74 EDTA ( 3 37) :

77 : TCa O = CV1/ V2 ( 3 37) TC ao EDTA, 1mLEDTA EDTA ( T M go ), 1mLEDTA (3 38 ) : T M go = TC ao = 0.72 T CaO ( 3 38) 0.5g( g), 250mL,, 30mL 110,, 810min, 250mL,, 25mL, 250mL, 50mL, 1mL 5mL, - 10mL K - B 0.1g EDTA, EDTA V1 25mL, 300mL, 150mL, 5mL 20% 5mL, 0.1g EDTA,, EDTA V2 6. ( X2 ): X2 = T M go ( V1 - V2 ) G1 000 : T M go EDTA ; V1 EDTA, ml; V2 EDTA, ml; 10 ; G, g 7. ( 3 39), ( ) 1. 5% :,,,, 2. 75

78 , ( 11 ) ( 17 ) 250mL ( 18 ) 100mL 50mL ( 19 ) 250mL, ( 20 ) (21) ( 22 ) (25) ( 27 ) 3. (1 ) 1N : 83mL( 1.19 ) 1 000mL, 0.5N, 1.52g (2 ) 1 % g( g) 300mL, 150mL 10, 5min,, 2,, 23,,,,, 5min, 5. ( CaO + MgO) % = : V, ml; N; G, g; VN G ( 3 40) 0.028,,, ( CaO + MgO) % CaO 6., 1. ( ), :, = 11,, ;, 2., 2 000m 2 :, Cv 10%, 6 ; Cv = 10% 15%, 9 ; Cv > 15 %, (1 ) : 40mm 25mm(20mm) 5mm (2 ) : :

79 (10mm ) := 50mm50mm; (25mm ) := 100mm100mm; (40mm ) := 150mm150mm (3 ) (4 ) : 400kN (5 ) ( kN) (6) : 50mm, 4.5kg, 450mm (7 ) : (8 ) : 50mm (9 ), 200kN (10) : 0.01g (11) : 10kg, 5g (12) 4. 1) (, 50 ),,, 40mm ;, 25mm 20mm ;, 10mm,, 100g; 25mm, 1 000g; 40mm, 2 000g 2) ( JTJ )T ) (1 ), ( ), 6 ;, 9 13 (2 ), 50mm 50mm, g; 100mm100mm, g; 150mm150mm, g, 6 ;, 3 ;, (3 ) ( 400mm600mm70mm ), ( ) 3%, ( 324 ), :1224h;68h; 4h ;2h 77

80 (4 ), ( ), 3 % ( ), 1 h, 1h, 4), m1 ( g) : : V ; w, % ; d, g/ cm 3 m1 = d V (1 + w ) ( 3 41), 2cm m1 ( g) 23 ( ), 50mm 50mm,,, 2cm () ( ) ( ), 1min,,,, () m2, 1g; 2g; 5g h, 0.1mm, (,, ) 5.,,,,, 7d, 20 2, 25 2,, 2.5cm, m3, : 1g; 4g; 10g, 6. (1 ),, m4 (2 ) h1, 0.1mm (3 ) ( ),,, 1mm/ min P( N) 78 (4 ) ( ) w 1

81 7. 1) Rc : : Rc = P A : Rc = P A : Rc = P A = P( MPa) ( = P(M Pa) ( = P(M Pa) ( 3 42) 3 43) 3 44) : P, N; A, A = 4 D2 ; D, mm 2) Cv ( % ) : 10% 15% 20% 8., (1 ) Rc : : Rd, MPa; ; Cv ( ) ; Rc Rd/ (1 - Za Cv ) ( 3 45) Za, : 95%, Za = 1.645; :90%, Za = (2 ), 9. : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ; (4 ) ( % )( ); (5 ) ( 0.01g/ cm 3 ) ; (6 ) ( % ) ; ( 7) : 2.0M Pa,, ; 2.0MPa, 1 (8 ) RcS Cv 95% Rc0.95 ( = Rc S) 1.,,,?? 79

82 2.,? 3.,,? 4.? 5.?? 6.? 7.? 8.? 9.,? 10., d < 0.074mm,? 11.? 12.? 13.? 14.? 15.???? 16., 17. e? 18.? 80

83 ,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 1. (), 80 % 87%, 10% 15 %, 0.3%,,, :,,, ;, ( ), :,, :,, 3/ 4, 2/ 3;, ; ( ) : 81

84 (1 ), 1.0, 1.0, 1.0; (2 ) ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ), 45 51,,,,, 30 70,, :,,,,, 2. (1 ), : ( 41 ), A - 60, A - 100, A - 140, A A , A - 60 A - 100,,, 4 1 A A A A A A - 60 A - 60 (25,100g,5s) (0.1mm) (25,5cm/ min) (cm) () () ( ) ( %) (163,5h) ( %) ( %) (COC) ()

85 ( JTJ ),, ( J TJ 052 M0611)4 2 AH - 50 AH - 70 AH - 90 AH AH ;,, 15,, 4 2 AH AH AH - 90 AH - 70 AH - 50 ( 25, 100g,5 s) ( 0.1 mm) (5 cm/ min, 15 ) ( cm) ( ) ( ) (COC) ( ) 230 ( ) ( % ) 3 (15 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( ) ( % ) 99.0 (163, 5h) ( % ) ( % ) ( 25 ) ( cm) ( 15 ) ( cm) (2 ),, AC( R ) - 1 AC( R) - 2 ; AC(M ) - 1,, A( M) - 6 AC ( S) - 1,, AC ( S ) - 6 6, (3 ),, ( 43 ) 1. 83

86 4 3 PC - 1 P A - 1 PC - 2 PA - 2 PC - 3 PA - 3 BC - 1 BA - 2 BC - 2 BA - 2 BC - 3 BA - 3 ( % ) 0.3 ( + ) ( - ) ( C 25, 3 ) ( s ) ( E 25 ) ( % ) (100g,25, 5s ) ( 0.1mm ) ( 25) ( % ) 80 ( ) ( % ) d ( % ) 1d ( % ) 5 1, 2/ , 1.18 mm ( % ) - 5 ( - 5) ( J TJ ) : 1) (1 ) ( AC) (2 ) ( AM ) ( ) 2) (1 ) :, : (2 ) 84

87 : :, : (3 ) :,, : (4 ) :,, 10%, : a.i : 3% 6% ; b.ii : 4% 10% :,, 15%, ( 10% 15 % ) (5 ) 4 : : 26.5mm (30mm) ; : 16mm 19mm(20mm 25mm) ; : 9.5mm 13.2mm( 10mm 15mm) ; : 4.75mm(5mm), 4,, 37.5mm (40mm ) 2. 3 : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 85

88 ,,,, (3 ),,,,, 3. ( J TJ ) 4 4 : ; ;, ( ) ( ; I II ) 4., 4 4 ( ) MS( kn) I I I > 7.5 > 5.0 > 5.0 > 4.0 > FL(0.1mm ) I I I I VV ( % ) I I > 10 > VFA ( % ) I I I MS 0 ( % ) I I I > 75 > 70 > 75 > 70 > 75 - : 1. 1kN 2.I 2 % 6 % 3. ( VMA) : 86

89 ( mm ) VAM, ( % ) : (1 ),, ;,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ ) :, ( M )( AH - 50AH ),, ( A - 60A ), 4 5,,,,, 4 5 A140 A180 A200 A 140 A 180 A 200 AH90 AH110 AH130 A100 A140 AH 90 A H110 AH 130 A100 A140 T5 T 6 T6 T7 T 6 T7 T7 T8 A100 A140 A180 A 100 A 140 A 180 AH90 AH110 A100 A140 AH70 AH 90 A60 A 100 T6 T 7 T6 T7 T 7 T8 T7 T8 A60 A100 A140 A60 A 100 A 140 AH 50 AH70 AH90 A100 A60 AH50 AH 70 A60 A 100 T6 T 7 T7 T 7 T8 T7 T8 T9 87

90 (2 ),, ( 46) 4 6 ( % ) ( % ) ( t/ m 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) 12 - ( % ) < 0.075mm ( % ) 1 1 ( % ) 5 5 ( BP N) 42 ( % ) 28 ( % ) : 1. ; , 2.45t/ m 3, 3 %, ; 3.,,, ; 4. 3 %, 2 %,,, 46,, 40%,5mm 50 % ( ),, 6 88

91 , 46,,, 46 2%, 1% 47 47, (48), ( ) 4 7 ( mm) (, mm ) ( % ) S S S S S S S S S S S S S S (3 ),,

92 4 9 ( t/ m 3 ) ( > 0.3mm ) ( % ) 12 - ( % ) : ;, 0.075mm ( ), 3 %, 5 %,,,,,, 410, 411,, ( 48 ), (4 ) () 3%,, 4 12, 2% ( mm ) ( mm ) ( % ) M x ( % ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) S S

93 ( t/ m 3 ) ( % ) < 0.6 mm ( % ) < 0.15 mm ( % ) < 0.075mm ( % ) < 1, 12%, 4%, 50 %,,,, 50 %, 4%,,, ( JTJ ) ( 4 8 ),, ( JT J ) ( M ),, ;, ( ),, ;,, 1 (1 ),, 0.1mm (2 ), 100g0.05g, 25, 5s, (3 ) 92

94 2. : (1 ) :, 0.1mm 50g0.05g, 50g0.05g, 100g0.05g,,,,,,,,, (2 ), HRC5460, Ra0.2m Ra0.23m, 2.5g0.05g, (),,, (3 ) :, 55mm, 35mm ( 200) ; 70mm, 45mm ( ) ; 350, 60mm, 125mL (4 ) : 10L, 0.1 ( ), 100mm, 50mm (5 ) : 1L, 80mm, (6 ) : (050 ), 0.1 (7 ) : 0.1s (8 ) :, (9 ) : (10) : 3 (1 ), 10mm,, (1530) 11.5h ( ) 1.52h ( ) 22.5h( ), h ( ) 1.52 h( ) 22.5h (),,,,, (2 ), 0.1(), 10mm,,,,, 93

95 , 5s,,,, :,, 5 s,, 0.5 3, 10mm,,,, 200, 3,, 3, 4. 3, 3,, 0.1mm ( 0. (0.1mm) 1mm) > (1 ) 50( 0.1mm ), 2 (0.1mm), 4( 0.1mm ) (2 ) 50( 0.1mm ), 4%, 8% 6 (1 ),,, ;,,, ( ),,,, 23,,, (),,,, (2 ),, 94

96 ,,,,,, (3 ), ;,,, (4 ),,, 7. (1 ) PI T 800 T 1.2,, (2 ) ( T ) (3 ) ( JTJ ) , 30, 5 (4 ) PI : a( 4 1 ) A, Alog Pe n : log P = AlogP en T + K (4 1) AlogPe n ( 41 ) 0.995,, b(42) PI, PIlogP en : PIlogP en = c( 4 3 ) T800 : T800 = log800 - K AlogP e n d(44)t 1.2 : (5 ) T1.2 = log1.2 - K AlogP e n [ AlogP en ] [ AlogP e n ] = K Alo gp en = K Alo gp en ( 42) ( 43) ( 44), P I T

97 T 1.2, (4 1),, ( JTJ T 0671 ),, 25 ( ) cm/ min ;, 15 ( 50.25) cm/ min,, 15(),, 1 (1 ),, cm (2 ), 25 15, ( 50.05)cm/ min( 10.05) cm/ min, (3 ) 2 : (1 ) :, (2 ) :,, Ra0.2m, 4 13 (3 ) : ( Ra0.2m) (4 ) : 10L, 0.1,, 50mm 100mm (5 ) : (050 ), 0.1 (6 ) (7 ) ( 21) (8 ) : ( mm) ( ) (1 ),, 96

98 ,, 30 40min, 0.1, 30min,,, 1 1.5h,, 0.5 (2 ),,, 25mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, cm,,, 4., 3, 3 100cm, > 100cm; 3, 1 100cm,, 3 ; 100cm, > 100cm;, cm, 20% ; 30% 6. (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,,,, 97

99 , 87.2%,,, 1 (1 ),, ( ), ( 50.5) / min, ( 25.4mm ), (2 ) 2 : (1 ), : : 9.53mm, ( ) g : : :,,,,, 51mm 25.4mm, 12.7mm, 19mm : mL, 86mm, 120mm :080, 0.5 (2 ) :,, (3 ) ( ) (4 ) : (Ra0.8m) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) ( 21) (8 ) (9 ) : 3. (1 ), 120, ( ) min,,, (2 ) 98

100 80 : a ( 50.5) 15min; b5, c, ;,, ( 50.5 ), 080, d,,, 3min ( 50.5 ),,, e,,, : a (321 ) 15min; b 32, c( 1), 1 4.,,, (1 ) 80, 1, 4 (2 ) 80, 2, 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( JT J 052 M ),,, ( ) 1. (1 ),,, 50g, 5h,

101 (2 ) (3 ),, 2. : (1 ) : 330mm330mm,, 1 250mm,,, (5.51) r/ min, 6, 10cm10cm, : (2) :,,,, ( 551 ) mm, ( 351 ) mm (3 ) : 0200, 0.5 (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 3. 1) (1 ) ( m0 ), 1mg (2 ), (500.5 ) g, ( m1 ), 1mg (3 ), ;, 20mm, 6mm ; (1631) 2) (1 ),,, 163, 5 h 5.25h : (2 ),,, ( m2 ), 1mg (3 ), ;,, ; 4. (1 ), ( - ), ( + ) : Lb = m2 - m1 m1 - m0 100 ( 45) : Lb, % ; 100 m0, g;

102 m1, g; m2, g (2 ) : Kp = P 2 P1 100 ( 46) : K p, % ; P1, 0.1mm; P2, 0.1mm 5.,,, 2 6. (1 ) 0.5%, 0.10 %, 0.20% (2 ) 0.5%, 0.20 %, 0.40% (3 ), ( ), 50g 139.7mm 9.5mm, 3mm, ( 1631 ) 5h, 25 15, min,,,,, 75min, 1. ( T FOT) 3.2mm,,, 163, 5 h,, 2. : (1 ) : 200, mm, 4,,, (5.51 ) r/ min,,,,,, (2 ) :, 4 101

103 (3 ) : (0200), 0.5( ) (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 3. (1 ), ( m0 ), 1mg (2 ), 4 [ ( 500.5) g ],, ( m1 ), 1mg,,,, (3 ),, 6mm, (1631) 4. (1 ), ( 5.51) r/ min, 3, (2 ) 163,, ; 162, (1631 ) 5h, 5.25h (3 ),, ( m2 ), 1mg,,,, (4 ), ( 1631 ) 15min;,,, (5 ),,, 72h 5., (, ) LT = m2 - m1 m1 - m0 100 ( 47) : LT, % ; m0, g; m1, g; m2, g, : KP = P 2 P1 100 ( 48) 102

104 : : K P, % ; P1, 0.1mm; P2, 0.1mm : T 0, ; T 1, ; T 2, : : K n 60 ; T 0 = T 2 - T 1 ( 49) Kn 2 60, Pas; = , Pas : : C 6. : (410) C = loglog( ) - loglog( ) (411) (1 ),,, 2 (2 ) 7. (1 ) 0.4%, 0.04%, 8% (2 ) 0.4%, 8 %, 40% (3 ),,,,,,, ( JTJ 052 M ),, COC 1. (1 ) ( COC), 103

105 ,,, (2 ) 79, : (1 ) : : :, ( ) mm, ( ) mm, (9.40.4) mm, :, mm 6.5mm,,, 58mm ( ) mm, :0400, 2 :,, 1.6mm, mm, ( ), 150mm, 2mm,, 1.0s : 500mm,,, (2 ) :,,, 600mm (3 ) 1kW, (1417) / min ( )/ min 3. 1) (1 ),,, 50mm, (2 ),, 6.5mm, 16mm (3 ),, : 55 (4 ), (5 ),, ( 40.8 ) mm 2) (1 ), ( 1417 )/ min 56,, 28 ( ) / min (2 ) 28, 2 150mm ; 1s (40.8) mm, 22.5mm 104

106 : (3 ),, 4. (1 ), 8, (2 ) 95.3kPa( 715mmHg ), kPa( mmHg ), 2.8; kPa(634500mmHg), ; 16,,,,,, - -, - -,,,, 1. (1 ),,, - 20 (2 ) 2. : (1 ) : (2 ) :,, ( P16) 1016m (3 ) (4 ) : 1mg 0.1g (5 ) : ( ), 0.5 (6 ) : 150mL 250mL (7 ) (8 ) : (9 ) ( 6090 ): (10) ( CO2 ) (11) (12) : U ( ) 105

107 3 1) (1 ),, 0.1g, ( 2) 150mL 250mL,, 1mg, (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ), (6 ) 2) (1 ) ( mb )( 501 ) g, 0.1g,, (2 ), ( ),,, ( 3) (), 5 8min ( ) (45mL/ min), 1min ( ) 25min (4 ),,, ( m1 ), 0.05g (5 ),, ( 250mL ), ( m2 ), 1mg, g, 10g (6 ), ( ) U ( ), ( ) 70mm,, ( );, 11, ( ) (7 ) 10mL,,, 15mL, 25mL, 1h, (8 ) ( 50mL) 50mL ( 11 ), - 20, 15min (9 ),,,, 30min (10), ( ), U 106

108 ,,, ( ), 30mL,,,, 5min,, (11),, 3, 1015mL, (12), 30mL ( 5060 ),,, 35mL, ( ), (13),, 1015mL (14), 105 5, ( 105 5, kpa)1h, 1h, m3, 0.1mg 3), 3 4. (1 ) : Pp = m 1 m w mb m2 : Pp, % ; mb, g; m1, g; m2, g; 100 (412) m w, g (2 ) ( g),,, 0.075g 3,, ( % ) :,, 5 : ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) > , 99%,,, 10 %, 10%, 107

109 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 2. : (1 ) : 100g, 0.2mg (2 ) : 200mL (3 ) : 50mL (4 ) : 2.6cm, 0.6mm (5 ) : 250mL (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) : 100mL (9 ) (10) : (11) (12) (13) (),, 3. 1) (1 ) (2 ),,, ( 1055 ) ( 15min),, 30min, ( m1 ), 0.2mg (3 ) ( m2 ), 0.2mg 2) (1 ) 2g( m3 ), 0.2mg (2 ), 100mL,, 15min (3 ),,,,,, (4 ), ; ( 105 5) 20min;, (5 ) ( 305 ) min, ( m4 m5 ), 0.3mg 4. : 108

110 Sb = [1 - ( m 4 m1 ) + ( m5 - m2 ) ] 100 (413) m3 - m2 : Sb, % ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; m4, g; m5, g 5., 0.1%, 99.0%, 0.01 % ; 99.0%, 0.1% %, 0.1%, 0.5%,,,,,, 1. (1 ), t/ m 3 g/ cm 3,, 15 (2 ),, 25 (3 ) (15), ( 25/ 25) ; ( 25/ 25), ( 15) (15) (25/ 25) : (25/ 25) = ( 15) :, 2. : (1 ) :,, 2030mL, 40g (2 ) : 0.1 (3 ) : 200, (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 0.6mm 2.36mm 109

111 (6 ) : 050, 0.1 (7 ) : mL (8 ) (9 ) :, ( ) (10) () (11) : ( ) (12) : 3. 1) (1 ), ( m1 ), 1mg (2 ),, 40mm (3 ) 0.1 2) (1 ), 100mm,, (2 ) 30min,,, (3 ),,,, ( m2 ), 1mg, (4 ) m2 - m1 :, 3) (1 ) ( 0.6mm), (2 ) ( 0.1), 40mm (3 ) 30min,,, (4 ), ( ), ( m3 ), 1mg 4) (1 ),, 2/ 3, (2 ),, 1h, ( m4 ), 1mg (3 ),, ( ), 30min,, 110

112 ,,, (4 ) 30min,, ( m5 ), 1mg 5) (1 ),,, 50 (2 ) 50100g, 0.6mm 2.36mm mm 5g, ( m6 ), 1mg (3 ),, 10mm, (1% ),,, (4 ), (), 98kPa(735mmHg)15min,,,, :, (5 ),,, (6 ) ( 0.1) 30min,, ( m7 ), 1mg 4. (1 ) : b = m3 - m1 m2 - m1 w (414) b = m3 - m1 m2 - m1 (415) : b, g/ cm 3 ; b ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; w, g/ cm 3, g/ cm 3 (2 ) : b = m4m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m5 - m4 ) w (416) b = : m4, g; m5, g m4m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m5 - m4 ) (3 ) : (417) 111

113 b = m6 - m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m7 - m6 ) w (418) b = m6 - m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m7 - m6 ) (419) : m6, g; m7, g 5.,,, 3, 6. (1 ), 0.003g/ cm 3 ; 0.007g/ cm 3 (2 ), 0.01g/ cm 3, 0.02g/ cm 3 (3 ) ( ) ( JTJ ),,, 12h ( ),,,,, 1., ( JTJ ),, 2.,,, : (1 ),

114 4 14 AC - 13 AC - 16 AC - 20 AC - 13 AC - 16 AC - 13 AC - 16 AM - 13 AC - 5 AC - 13 AM - 5 AM - 10 AC - 20 AC AC - 25 AC - 20 AM - 25 AC - 20 AM - 25 AC - 30 AC - 25 AC - 20 AM - 30 AM - 25 AM - 30 AC - 30 AC - 25 AM - 30 AM - 40 AC - 30 AM - 25 AM - 30 (2 ) ( D), , 0.5 : h/ D,, h/ D,,, h/ D < 2, h D h/ D 2, h/ D mm, 4 7cm, D 20 25mm;, 4 5cm, D 15cm;, 3cm,,, (3 ), 4 8 (4 ),,,,, a.,, 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm b., 113

115 () ( ) c.,, 3.,, ( JTJ ),,, 1) (1 ) (2 ) 48 ( ), ( ) 2), 0.5 % 5, 3) (1 ),,, 41 (2 ) 41 a1 a2 a3, OAC1 : OAC1 = ( a1 + a2 + a3 )/ 3 ( 4 20) (3 ) 4 4 OACmin OACma x, OAC2, OAC2 = ( OACmin + OACm ax )/ 2 ( 4 21) (4 ) OAC1 OAC2 ( OAC), OAC1, 44 VMA,, OAC1 OAC2 OAC,,, (5 ) OAC1 OAC2 OAC,,, OAC2 OACmin, OAC2 0.5% 114

116 41 :, : a 1 = 6 35 %, a 2 = 6 2 %, a 3 = 5 2 %, OAC 1 = 5 92 %, OAC max = 6 45 %, OAC 2 = 5 93 %, OAC = 5 9 %, OAC2 OACm ax, OAC2 0.3% 4. OAC ( ), OAC OAC1 OAC2, OAC OAC1 OAC2,, I 75%, II 70%,, 5. OAC, ( J TJ , T0719), 60 OAC OAC1 OAC2 ( JTJ ),, 60 : 800 / mm; 115

117 600 / mm,,,, 1,,, ;, 101.6mm 63.5mm, 2 (1 ) : 98.5mm ( ) mm, ( ) g (2) : 200mm200mm457mm 305mm305mm25mm 4, ( ) g/ cm 2,, ( 605) / min (3 ) :,, 10L ( 7080 ) r/ min, ( 4050 ) r/ min (4 ) :,, (5 ) : 3,, 101.6mm 87.0mm ( 120.6mm )( 101.6mm 69.8mm)1 (6 ) :, (7 ) :, 0.5g;, 0.1g (8 ) : (9 ) (10) : 1 (11) : ( ) 3 1) (1 ),, (17020 ) mm 2 / s ; ( ) mm 2 / s, ( 8510 ) s ; ( ) s 116, 4 15,

118 ,, 4 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2 ) ( 46h ),, (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, 15( 163) ( 36 ), (5 ) (6 ), 100 1h 2) (1 ) 10 (2 ),, 11. 5min,,, 3min 3) (1 ) ( 1 200g),,, (2 ),, ( ), 15, 10 (3 ),, (4 ), ( ),, () 457mm ( ) (5 ),,,, (6 ),,,,,,, ( ) mm : : q, g; 63.5 q = q0 h0 (422) 117

119 q0, g; h0, mm (7 ),,,, ( 12 h ) 1, 12h,, 2 (1 ) : 3kg, 0.1g; 3kg, 0.5g; 10kg, 5g, (2 ) (3 ) :,, (4 ) :,, (5 ) 3 (1 ) ( ), 1.25, 5 (2 ), ( m a ) (, 5g) (3 ),, ( ), 1min, ( m w ) :,,,, 4. (1 ),, 3 : s, g/ cm 3 ; ma, g; m w, g; s = w, 1g/ cm 3 (2 ) m a ma - m w w Pa, t, 3 : (423) 118 t = P1 1 + P Pa + + Pn 2 n + Pa a w (424)

120 Pb, t : : t, g/ cm 3 ; t = P 1 + P P n + P b 2 n a n P1 Pn ( P i = 100) ; 1 P 1 P n ( n i + Pb = 100) ; 1 n ; 1 P w (425) :, > 1.5 % Pa ( ), % ; Pb ( ), % ; a ( 25/ 25) (3 ), 1 : VV, % ; VV = ( 1 - s/ t ) 100 t, g/ cm 3 ; s, g/ cm 3 (4 ),, 1 : VA = VA = b t a s 100 Pa s (100 + Pa ) a w : VA, % (5 ), 1 : VMA = VA + VV : VMA, % (6 ), 1 VFA = VA VA + VV 100 : VFA, % (426) (427) (428) (429) (430) 5. I ; I II, I, 2 % I II mm63.5mm, 119

121 , ( ) ( ), () ( ), 2 (1 ) : ( GB/ T11823 ), XY 25kN, 100N, ( 505) mm/ min, ( ) ( ) ( 16mm ) (50.8mm ) (2 ) : 1, 150mm (3 ) : (4 ) (5 ) : 0.1g (6 ) : 1 (7 ) (8 ) : 3 1) ( ) ( 63.5mm1. 3mm 2mm, ), 2)( ), 60 1 ( ) 3040min, 5cm 3) (), ( ),,,, 4),,, ( ), 5),, (505 ) mm/ min,, ( ) (, 30s) 6) (1 ),,, ( MS), kn, ( FL ), 0.1mm 120 (2 ) :

122 : T, kn/ mm; MS, kn ; FL, 0.1mm 7) T = MS 10 F L (431) (1 ) k,, n , k (2 ), 1,,, 1) A, AH - 90,,, ,, 2) (1 ), 417, S7 (1030mm) S6, 26.5mm 78.1 %, AC - 25, 26.5mm, ( 26.5mm )1020mm S9 ;510mm S12 ; 35mm S14, 4.75mm, 418,,,, (2 ), 3.02,, 0.3mm, , (3 ) 4 21,, 2., AC - 25I, () 1) 121

123 ,,,, 4.75mm 2.36mm 0.075mm, : 1030mm 1020mm 35mm = , mm, 0.075mm 4 16 ( AH - 90 ) ( 25, 100g, 5s) 0.1 mm JTJ T0604 ( 5cm/ min ) 15 cm > 100 > 150 > 150 JTJ T cm - > 30 > 150 JTJ T0605 T r & B JTJ T0606 ( ) % > 99.0 > JTJ T0607 ( COC) > 230 > JTJ T0611 ( 15 ) g/ cm JTJ T0603 % < 3 < JTJ T Pas JTJ T mm 2 / s JTJ T0619 % < 1.0 < JTJ T0609 TFO T % > 50 > JTJ T cm > 75 > 100 > 150 JTJ T cm > 80 > 150 JTJ T cm - > JTJ T ( mm ) ( % ) cm ( S7 ) ( S6 ) mm ( S9 ) mm ( S12 ) mm ( S14 )

124 4 18 ( ) ( mm ) % < % < % - g/ cm 3 > g/ cm % < % < % < 1 0 % < 5 % < 12, 4 19 : : ( g/ cm 3 ) > > < 0.075mm ( % ) < ( % ) < 12, 4 20 ( mm ) ( % )

125 4 21 g/ cm 3 > < 1 < 1.0 % < m m % m m % mm % mm % ( mm ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ) 3.5% 5.5%, 0.5%, ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn) ( mm ) ( k N/ mm )

126 4 24 ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) / / + / / / / / / / / ( JTJ ) B4.4 ( ) : OAC1 = 4.54% ; OAC2 = 4.31% ; OAC = 4.4% ; = 4.2%, ( J TJ ), AC - 25I 424,,, ;- 3),,, 125

127 600.7M Pa, / mm800 / mm,, 800 / mm, / mm,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ), ; (5 ) 60;, 4) 4.4 %, 48h, ( % ) (g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn) ( mm ) ( kn/ mm ) ( h) %, 75%, 100%, 4.4 %, 3., NBD - 120A - U,,,,,, 32mm 20mm 10mm 4mm, 427, mm 2.36mm 0.075mm, : ( 2030 )3 (1020)2 (410 )1 (04)=

128 ( mm) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( mm) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn ) ( mm ) ( kn/ mm)

129 , %,, ( ): OAC1 = 4.63% ; OAC2 = 4.95% ; OAC = 4.8% ; = 4.6% 0.4%,,, 4.6% ( 4.4 % ), 1 600kg, : 4 ( 2030 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )24% = 367( kg) 3 ( 1020 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )28% = 428( kg) 2 ( 410) : 1 600( 1-4.4% )16% = 245 ( kg ) 1 ( 04 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )26% = 398( kg) :1 600( % )6 % = 92 ( kg) : % = 70 ( kg) 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.6%,, : 10.4kN, 3.8mm, 2.8%, 82.7 %,, 3%,, 4.92%,, : 11.1kN, 3.5mm, 3.7%, 78.5 %, 4.55%,,, 4 30,, 98%,,,, : 128

130 (1 ) 4 ( 2032 )3 ( 1020 ) ; 2 (410 )1 (04 ) = (2 ) 431 ( 3) 4.6%, 4. 4%, 0.3% 4 31,, ( ) ( MPa) ( / mm ) , ( ),,, AC - 25I 4 31 ( mm ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, 60,, 129

131 , ;, 1, 300mm300mm500mm 2 (1 ) :, 300mm, 300N/ cm,, ( 1001 ) % :,, 10kg 5, ( 50mm ) (2 ) :,, 30L, 10L (3 ) :, 300mm300mm, 50mm,, (4 ) :, 300mm300mm50mm, (5 ) :, (6 ) : 5kg 1g; 5kg, 0.5g, 0.1g (7 ) : (8 ) : 80mm80mm, 10mm,, 0.5kg (9 ) : 1 :, 300 mm, 0 300, 0.1, (10) : 3. (1 ), (2 ) 1001 h (3 ) ( V ) ( 0 ), 1.03, ( m = V ), (4 ), ( ),,, (5 ),, (6 ), (, ), 130 ( 7), 100(, ),

132 ,, 9kN( 300N/ cm) (8 ), 2 (4 ),,,, ( 1001 ) %,,, 12 ( 24 ) 100mm (9 ),,, 5, ( 1001 ) %, (10),, (11),, 12h 1 ( 300mm 300mm 50mm) ( 60), 0.7MPa,, 1mm,, / mm, 2 (1 ) : : : ( 300mm 150mm) :, 200mm, 50mm, 15mm ( )20844; 60782(23010 ) mm, (421 )/ min( 21 / min) ( ) : 60 ( ) MPa, 700N, :,, 300mm, 300mm, 50mm :, LVDT : ( 0.5) (2 ) :,, ( 601) [ ( 600.5) ],, (3 ) : 15kg, 5g 3 131

133 (1 ) [ ( ) MPa], (2 ), ( 601), 5h, 24h,, (600.5 ) (3 ),,,,, 1 h, 25mm, ( 42 ) : 300 mm, 1/ 3 (4 ) min ( t1 ) 60min ( t2 ) d1 d2, 0.01mm, 60min 25mm, 25mm( d2 ) t2, 15min t1, d1 : DS = ( t 2 - t1 ) 42 c1 c2 ( 432 ) d2 - d1 : DS, / mm; d1 t1 ( 45min ), mm; d2 t2 (60min), mm; 42, / min; 42 c1, 1.0, 1.5 ; c2, 300mm 1.0, 150mm (5 ) 0.8, %, 20%, / mm, > / mm (6 ) 20%,,,,, :, 132

134 (), ;,,, ( ) 1. (1 ),, (2 ), 13.2mm ( ) 13.2mm 13.2mm, 13. 2mm, 2 : (1 ) : 500g, 0.01g (2 ) : 80 1 (3 ) : 5mL (4 ) : 100mL (5 ) (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) : 9.5mm 13.2mm 19mm 1 ( 10mm 15mm 25mm ) (9 ) : (10) (11) :200mm200mm (12) :300mm400mm (13) : mm () (1 ) 13.2mm 19mm( 15mm 25mm), mm( 1525mm) 5,, (1055),, (2 ), h, ( )45s,,,,, 133

135 15min,,,,, 3min,,, 432 5,, 4 32, 0 5,, 10 % 4,, 30 % 3,, 30 % 2,, mm () (1 ) 9.5mm 13.2mm( 10mm 15mm ), mm ( 1015mm)200g, 105 5,,, 80 1 (2 ) ( mm) 100g, 51h 100g ( )g, 0.1g, 15min,, 11.5min,, 20,, 1h ( 802 ), 30min,,,,,, :,,,,, 134

136 ( 60 1) 48h, 2, : : MS0, % ; MS0 = MS 1 MS 100 MS1 48h, kn; MS, kn (433) 1.,,, 97.3kPa(730mmHg)15min,, 15min, [ (601 )] 48h,, 2, : MS 0 = MS2 MS 100 : MS 0, % ; MS2 48h, kn; MS, kn (434), 25 2h, ; : (25) 20min, 0.09MPa 15min, h, 60 24h, 25 2h,, 12.7mm, 50.8mm,, R = FT/ h, FT ( N), h ( mm ), R ( MPa) R1, R2, R0 = R 2 100%,, R1 135

137 ,,,,, ( JTJ ),, () 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ), (4 ) 2. : : : : 10kg, 5g : 50cm, 10cm :,,, 3. (1 ) a. 8kg, 165, 4h b., ( ) 0.5 % 2 3, c. 3min d. ( 6kg ),, 16min :, 136 e. c d,,,

138 ,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 8min ( 4min ), ( ), :,,,, 4., 0.2%, ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1 ( 1) (2 ),,, 2. : ( 1) : 3 000r/ min,, (2 ) (3 ) : 1 700mL (4 ) (5 ) : 0.01g 1mg (6 ) : 1mL (7 ) : (8 ) : (9 ) : (10) :,, 3. 1) (1 ),, 100, g ( m ) (,, ), 0.1g (2 ),, 137

139 , 2) (1 ),, 30min,, : (2 ), (3 ), 0.01g,,, (4 ),,, (5 ), 3 000r/ min,, (6 ), 35min,, ( 7),, 105 5,, ( m2 ) (8 ), (4h ),, ( m1 ) (9 ), m3, (10) :, ( Va ) ml, 10mL( Vb ),, [ (500600) ], 1g 5mL,, 1h 105 5, ( m4 ) 4. (1 ) : m a = m1 + m2 + m3 (435) : ma, g; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g, : : 138 m3 = m4 V a Va, ml; Vb, ml; m4, g Vb (436)

140 (2 ) : Pb = m - m a m (437) : m, g; Pb, % ; Pa, % 5. Pa = m - m a m a (438), 0.3%, 0.3 % 0.5%,, 3 ;3 0.5 % ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1 ( 1) (2 ) (3 ),,, 2. : (1 ) :, ( 250W ) (2 ) : 2mm,, (3 ) : 1g (4 ) :, (5 ) (6 ) : (1 000) 3. 1) (1 ) 23, ( ),,, ( m1 ), (2 ),, 11.5 (3 ), (100, 80), ( ), 1h, (4 ) 1kg( m), 1g, (5 ), 2) 139

141 (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,,, 810h (4 ),,,,,, [ (1055) ], 4h (5 ) ( m2 ) ( m3 ) (6 ) :,,, ( V1 ), ml, 10mL ( m4 ), ( V2 ), [ ( )], 1g 5mL, 1h, [ ( 1055 )] ( m5 ), 4. (1 ) : : Pb, % ; m, g; Pb = ( m - m 0 ) - m2 - ( m3 - m1 ) - m6 m - m0 m0, g(, ) ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; m6, g, m6 = m7 V 1 V2 100 (439) (440) : m7 10mL ( m5 - m4 ), g; V1, ml ; V2, ml (2 ), : PB = Pb 1 + : PB, % ; 140 Pc Pc (441)

142 Pb (439 ), % ; Pc, % 5., 0.3%, ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1.( 1) (2 ) ( ) : ( Soxhlet ) (3 ), 2. : (1 ) :, (2 ) : 40mm, 140mm, (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) (6 ) : 2kg, 0.1g; 500g, 0.01g (7 ) : (8 ) : (9 ) : (10) (11) :,,, 3. 1) (1 ),, 100, 200g ( m ), 0.1g (2 ),,, (3 ),, 180mm400mm, 40mm140mm,,,,, ( mp ), 0.01g 2) ( 1) 50 % 70 %, ; 200mL ; 141

143 (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), 20min (5 ),,,,,,,, 105 5, (4h) (6 ),, ( ms ), 0.01g; ( m1 ), 0.1g (7 ), m3, (8 ) :, ml, 10mL,, ( ), 1g 5mL,, 1h, ( 105 5), ( m4 ) 4. (1 ) : m a = m1 + m2 + m3 (442) : ma, g; m1, g; m2 ( m2 = m s - mp ) ; m3, g, : m3 = m4 V a V b (443) (2 ) : Pb = m - m a m Pa = m - ma m a (444) (445) : m, g; Pb, % ; Pa, % 5., 0.3%, 142

144 , 1 1. (1 ), (2 ), 2. : (1 ) : 53.0mm 37.5mm 31.5mm 26.5mm 19.0mm 16.0mm 13.2mm 9. 5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 0.6mm 0.3mm 0.15mm 0.075mm,,, 60mm 50mm 40mm 35mm 30mm 25mm 20mm 15mm 10mm 5mm 2.5mm 1.2mm 0. 6mm 0.3mm 0.15mm 0.074mm (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) :, 3. (1 ), (105 5), :, mm2. 36mm4. 75mm 5 ;, mm2. 5mm5. 0mm 5, (2 ) ( ) 1 1.5kg, 0.1g,,,, 10min,,, 0.1 %,,, 0.1g,, 1%

145 (1 ): Pi = mi m 100 ( 446 ) : Pi i, % (2 ) :, 0.1 % (3 ) : 100, 0.1% (4 ), 43, 43, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, ( NCAT )1990,,,, 35.6cm35.6cm35.6cm, 538, 2 4,,,, h,, 4, 1,,

146 ,4,,, ( t/ h ) 100t/ h,1, 20%, 5%, 1 : = 19 ( t/ h ), 1 19t,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,, 4 ( ), : 1. ; 2.,, ; 3. ; 4., 1,,, 10t, ( h ) ; 5., 1 ( t/ h) ; 6. ( )45, 1 ; ; 4) (4 4 4,,,,,,, 145

147 ,,,,,,,,, (),, : 1. () ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., ; 5., ; 6.,,,,,,,, 7. ( ),,,,, (0.075mm 1 %, 2 % ) 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm 4.75mm,,,, 1.,, (1020) 2., 3050s, 50s 3.,, 4.,,,, 146

148 ,,,, 5. ( s ), ( ),,, 35s,,, 35s 35s, :,,,,, 40% 50% 1m 2,,, 1kg,24h :, 0.3mm,, ;,,, ( > 0.5mm),, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 1., ; 2. 10m ( h) ; 3., ( ),, ( h) ; 4. K, : K = h / h (447) ( ),, : v, m/ min; v = 100 Q 60 DW T C (448) 147

149 Q, t/ h ; D ( 96% ), t/ m 3 ; W, m; T (), cm; C,, 0.7 v,, ;,,,, 6m/ min, 140 (, ), , 5m,,,, 110, ,,, 5,, 5,,,,, 916t,, 30m,,, 10m,,,, 96% 148,,, 12,,,

150 ,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.? 3.?? 4. 5.? 6.?? 149

151 , : ; ; ; ; ; ; () 1. (1 ) ( ) [ ( 1055 ), 20], ( ) ( JTJ ), ( ) () ( JTJ ) (2 ), ( JTJ ) (3 ), ( JTJ ) 2. (1 ) ( ) ( ) 50mm50mm50mm ( 50mm ),, ( JTJ ) (2 ), ( JTJ ) ()

152 ( JTJ 054 M ) 5 1 ( ) ( M Pa) ( % ) > 120 < 25 < 4 I > 100 < 30 < 5 II I II 1 > 100 < 30 < < 20 < 5 I V JTJ 054 T JT J 054 T JTJ 054 T ( ), 5mm, 5mm ( ) 1. (1 ) () ( JTJ ) ( JTJ ) ( 151

153 )( JTJ ) (2 ), (3 ) ( JTJ ),,,, (4 ) (5 ) 0.08mm 5mm,, 2.5mm 2. (1 ) (2 ),, 3. (1 ) ( J TJ ) (2 ),, ( JTJ ) ( ) 1. 2., 500g,, : (1 ) : (2 ) : (3 ) :, 100 (4 ) M x : 152

154 M X = ( A 2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 ) - 5 A A1 : A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 5mm 2.5mm 1.25mm 0.63mm 0.315mm 0.16mm : ( M x ( M x = ) ; ( Mx = ) 3. ( ) 1. (1 ) 5 2 = ) ; 5 2 ( % ) C 50 C 40 C 30 C 35 C T T ( < 0.08 ) T ( ) T mm T , 8 T SO 3 1 T ;,, 95 % T : C60,,,, 1.5, 80 MPa; 60M Pa; 30M Pa; C 10, 40 % ; - 5 ; C 40, 8 % ;,, (2 )

155 5 3 ( mm ), ( % ) ( mm) (1 ) , % C 30 < C T ,, 8, 12 J ( ),,, 95 % J T T SO 3 1 T :, 3 %, 1.0 % ; C 10,, ;, 1 % ;,, ; - 5,, ; ;, 8 % 154

156 (2 ) I II I II I II I II (mm) (% ) (mm ) (% ) :, 5.00mm 0.63mm 0.16 mm,, 5 % ;,, ;, mm 15 %, mm 85 % 92 % (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) () (), I, P.I 5%, P.II ( GB ) 5 6 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 425R R R R

157 ( min) ( m 2 / kg) ( M Pa) ( % ) I II MgO SO 3 ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) I II Na 2 O K 2 O ( % ) > GB8074 GB1346 GB750 GB177 GB176 :, MgO 5 % Na 2 O K 2 O,,, 0.60 % ( ) 1.,6 % 15 %,,, P.O, m ( % ) ( GB ) ( ) ( min) ( h ) ( MPa) MgO ( % ) 5 8 SO 3 Na 2 O K 2 O ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) < GB1345 GB1346 GB1346 GB750 GB177 GB ( GB ) 5 9 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d R R R () 1. (1 ) 156

158 ,, P.S 20 % 70 % (2 ),, P.P 20% 50% (3 ),, P.F 20% 40 % ( GB ) m ( % ) ( min) ( h) ( M Pa) MgO ( % ) SO 3 ( % ) Na 2 O K 2 O GB1345 GB1346 GB1346 GB750 GB177 GB ( GB ) 5 11 ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 7d 28d 3d 7d 28d R R R ( ) 1., 010%, ( ) 157

159 ( GB ) 5 12 ( % ) MgO SO 3 ( % ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) C 3 A C 4 AF ( 80m ) ( h) ( 28d ) ( ) ( % ) ( kg/ m 2 ) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) 3d 28d 3d 28d () (GB ) ( GB ),,, () 1.,, 500t 3,, 12kg 2.,, 200t 20,, 12kg 3.,,,, 4., 158

160 3,, 5., 0.9mm,, ( ), ( 282 ) mm,, () 1. ( GB ) 5 1,, 075mm,, 40mm, 50mm 60mm, 70mm, ( GB ), 90r/ min, 130mm, 95mm, 0.25mm, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ( : mm ) 1 ; ( : mm ) () 1.,, 2., ;, 3., 500g 159

161 ,,,,, 120s, 15s, 120s,,, ;, 142.5mL( 0.5mL) 4.,,,,,,,,,, 1.5min ( ) 1., ( 282 ) mm ( ),,,, ( 282) mm 2., S, ( 5 1 ) P : P = S (5 1) : P, % ; S, mm 13mm, 3., 3 4,, (282 ) mm P (),,,, 23mm ;, mm () 1.,,, , 90 % () (1 ),, (2 ),,, ( : mm) 1; 2

162 (3 ) 30min,,,,, 12s,,,,,, ;, 10mm, 5min ;, 15min,, ( ) 1. 23mm, ; 1 0.5mm,, ( h) ( min) 2., () (GB ),, ; () 1. : 410mm240mm310mm,, 50mm,, ( 305 ) min 3h, mm100mm 3. :, ( : mm ) 1; 2 161

163 ,, 300g,, ( ) mm, 2 x = mm, g 4. : 0.1mL, 1 % 5. : 1g 6. : ( 203), 90% 7. : 5 7, 1mm ( ) 1. ( 1), 5 6 (2 ),,, 10mm 15,,, (242 ) h (3 ),,, ( 305) min (4 ),, ( A ), 0. 5mm,,,, ( 30 5 ) min, 3h 5min (5 ),,,,,,, 5mm, 4mm, 2. (1), (2 ) ( 75g ),,, 5 7 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 7; 8,, 7080mm 10mm, (242 ) h 162

164 (3 ),, (,,, ),,, ( 305) min, 3h5min (4 ),,,,,,,, ( ), 12.5,, 40mm40mm160mm,, (GB ) ( GB ) ( JTJ ) () 1. :, r/ min, 137r/ min 2. :, mm360mm,, / min, ( ) mm, 5s 5 8 ( : mm ) 3. :, 5 10, 5 9 1; 2 ; 3 ; ; 2 ; 3 163

165 4. : mm 45mm 25mm, 5. :, (100.1 ) mm, (100.2 ) mm 6. : kN, 2.0%, ( ) mm, 40mm, 7. :, 26mm 8. : ( ) 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) 12.5, 0.44;, 0.46 (3 ) ; 2 ( : mm) 5 14 ( ml ) ( g) ( g) (4 ),, 5s,30s, ( 1805 ) s,, (5 ),,, 2040s ( ), (1205) s (6 ),,, (7 ), 2. (1 ),, (243 ) h,,, (2 ) ( 202 ),, 2cm, (1 ), 164

166 ,,,, (505 ) N/ s (5 2) : Rf = 3 P L ( 5 2) 2 bh 2 : Rf, M Pa; 150, 50, 0. 01M Pa; 10 %,, (2 ), 40mm62.5mm,, (50.5) kn/ s, (5 3) : Rc = P S ( 5 3) : Rc, MPa, 0.1M Pa; P, N; S, S = 40mm62.5mm 6, 4 6, () 1.,, 2. ( ), () 1.,, 165

167 ,,, ; 2.,, ( ) 3.,,, 4., ( ), ( ),, ( ) 1. : 1m 3 ( = 330kg150kg706kg1 356kg) 2., 1, ( ) () 1.,,, = m com w om som G o 2.,, ( ),,, m cam w am sam G a 3.,, (),,,,, m cbm w bms bm G b m G 4.,,, m cm wm s 1( m w/ mc )( ms/ m c ) ( m G/ mc ) () 1. f cu, o ( ) fc u, o:, (5 4) : : f cu, o, M Pa ; 166 f cu, o = f cu, k - t (5 4) f cu, k (), M Pa ;

168 : t, P ( 5 12 ) P > 50 %, t GBJ ( P = 95% ), t = (5 4) (5 5) : f cu, o = f cu, k (5 5) (5 6) :, MPa = n f2 c u,i - n 2 fc u i = 1 n - 1 (5 6) f cu, i i, MPa; fc un, MPa; n, n ( f cu, k ) ( f cu, o ) ( ), 25 C20C25, 2.5MPa, 2.5MPa ; C30, 3.0MPa, 3.0MPa, 5 15 ( M Pa) C20 C20 C35 C35 ( M Pa) ( w/ c) 5 15 (1 ) f c u,o, (5 7): : f cu, o, M Pa ; : f cu, o = A f ce c w - B (5 7) A, B,,, 5 16 ; c/ w; f ce, M Pa, ( 5 8 ) : f ce, k, MPa; fce = c f ce, k (5 8) c c = (5 7) (5 8) : 167

169 w c = A f ce f cu,o + AB f ce (5 9) w : c ; A, B, ( JGJ ), AB 5 16 (2 ) ( 5 9),,, 5 17, A ( GB ) B 5 17 ( kg/ m 3 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( m wo ) ( ),, 5 18 ( kg/ m 3 ) 5 18 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) / / / / / / / / / / / / 200 ( s ) / / / / / / / / / 170 :,, 5 10kg;, 510kg;, ; 168

170 ( mc o) (1 ) ( mw o ), ( w/ c) : m co = m w o c w ( 5 10) (2 ), , ( s ), 5 19 ( % ) 5 19 w/ c ( mm ) ( mm ) :,, ; 1060 mm, 60mm 10mm, ;, ;, ; 6. ( mg omso), (1 ),, ( 5 11) : : (5 11 ): m co + m w o + mso + m G o = cp m so mso + m G o 100 = s mso = ( c p - mc o - m w o) s mg o = cp - mc o - m wo - mso mc o, m w o, mso, m Go, kg; s, % ; ( 5 11) cp, kg/ m 3 ;, 169

171 5 20, kg/ m C7.5 C15 C20 C30 > C40 ( kg/ m 3 ) (2 ), (5 12 ): m co + m w o c + m G o w + m s o + 10 a = G s mso m G o + mso 100 = s : smco m w om G o, mso ; ( 5 12) c w, g/ cm 3 ; c = kg/ L, w = 1.0kg/ L ; G s ( JTJ ); G s, g/ cm 3 ; a, % ;, a 1,,,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, 5 21,, 1/ 4 ( mm ) ( L ) ( mm ) ( L ) , 5 21, (),,,, 170

172 , mcam wamsam Ga ( ) 1.,,,, 0.05 ( 0.10 ),, 1%, ( ),, ( ), 28d, ( 3d, 7d ), 28d 2.,, (1 ) ( m w b ) : ( m wa ), () ( mc b ) : ( f cu, o ) ( m sb m G b ) :, (2 ), ( c p ), : : c p = m cb + m sb + m G b + m w b ( cp ), = cp m cb + msb + m Gb + m w b = cp cp ( 5 13), () m m c b = m cb m sb = msb m G b = m G b m w b = m w b c b sb G b w b = 1 m sb m m G b cb m m w b cb m cb, 171

173 ,,, a% b% : : : : m c = m c b m s = m sb (1 + a% ) m G = m Gb ( 1 + b% ) m w = m w b - ( m sba% + m G bb% ) 1XY = 1 m s m G mc w c = m w mc,, (5 15 ) : m ii, kg m 3 ; mii, kg/ m 3 m 3 / m 3 ; V, m 3 ( ) T () m c ( 5 14) m i = V mi ( 5 15) () 1. C30,, 3050mm 2. : 525 ; c = kg/ m 3 ; c = 1.13,, s = kg/ m 3 dm ax kg/ m 3 () () 1. 1) ( f cu, o ) = 31.5mm, G = 2. : fc u, k = 30MPa,, 5 15 : = 5.0MPa 172 (5 5), : 2) ( w/ c) f cu, o = f cu, k = = 38.2 ( MPa)

174 (1 ) 525 f cu, k c = 1.13: f ce = c f ce, k = = 59.3( MPa) = 52.5MPa, f cu, o = 38.2MPa, fce = 59.3M Pa, 5 16 : A = 0.48, B = 0.52, (5 9) : w c = (2 ) A fce f cu, o + AB f ce = = 0.54, 5 17, , ) ( m w o), 3050mm, 31.5mm 5 18 : m w o = 185kg/ m 3 4) ( mc o) ( 1) m w o = 185kg/ m 3, w/ c = 0.54, ( 5 10) : mco = m w o w c (2 ) = = 343 ( kg/ m3 ), kg/ m 3 343kg/ m 3, 343 kg/ m 3 5) ( s ), 31.5mm, w/ c = , s = 33 % 6) (1 ) : mco = 343kg/ m 3, m w o = 185kg/ m 3, s = 0.33 (5 11 ): mso + m G o = cp - mco - m wo m so mso + m G o = s cp = 2 400kg/ m 3, mso + m G o = mso m so + m Go = 0.33 : mso = 618kg/ m 3, m G o = 1 254kg/ m 3 : 173

175 mco m w om som G o = , w/ c = 0.54 (2 ) : c = kg/ m 3, s = kg/ m 3, G = kg/ m : mso + m G o s = G mc o - c m w o w - 10 a a = 1, : m so mso + m G o 100 = s mso m G o 2.70 = m so 100 = 33% mso + m G o : mso = 613kg/ m 3 ; m G o = 1 251kg/ m 3 : m com w om som G o = , w/ c = 0.54, No 1 f cu, o f cu, k f cu, k = 30M Pa = 5.0 MPa 38.2M Pa 2 w/ c A f ce f cu, o + AB f ce f cu, o = 38.2M Pa f ce = 59.3 MPa A = 0.48 B = m wo kg/ m 3 H = mm d max = 31.5 mm 185kg/ m 3 4 m co m wo w/ c 5 s % m wo = 185kg/ m 3 w/ c = 0.52 w/ c = 0.54 d max = 31.5 mm 343kg/ m 3 33 % 6 m so ( m cp - m co - m wo ) s cp = 2400kg/ m 3 m co = 343kg/ m 3 m wo = 185kg/ m 3 s = 33 % 618kg/ m 3 7 m Go m cp - m co - m wo - f so m so = XY w/ c ) m co m co m so m co m Go m co m wo m co cp, m wo, m co m co, m wo, m so, m Go 1 254kg/ m ( ) 15L,

176 : : = 5.14( kg) : : : 2) = 2.78( kg) = 9.20( kg) = 18.77( kg), 10mm,,, 5%, 40mm,, : : 5.14( % ) = 5.40( kg) : : : 3) 2.78( % ) = 2.92( kg) 9.20( kg) ( kg), : 3. 1) m comsam G o = = ( w/ c)a = 2.92/ 5.40 = 0.54 ( w/ c) A = 0.49 ( w/ c) B = 0.54 ( w/ c) c = 0.59,, A 5.96kg; B kg; C 4.95kg,, 28d, 5 23 ( w/ c) ( c/ w ) 28d f cu, 28 ( MPa) A B C , 28d ( f cu,28 ) ( c/ w ) , fc u, o = 38.2MPa c/ w = 1.82, = 2), : : m w b = 185( ) = 194( kg) : mc b = 194/ 0.55 = 353( kg) 175

177 d : m sb m G b = = 682( kg) : m sb m sb + m G b : msb = 603 ( kg) : mgb = 1230 ( kg) = 0.33 mc bmsbm G b = = , m w bm cb = 194/ 353 = 0.55 : c p = = 2 380( kg/ m 3 ) : c p = ( kg/ m 3 ) : = 2400/ 2380 = 1.01 : : m c b = = 357 ( kg/ m 3 ) : : : m w b = = 196 ( kg/ m 3 ) m sb = = 609( kg/ m 3 ) m G b = = 1242 ( kg/ m 3 ), m c bm sbm G b = ; w/ c = , ws = 5% ; wa = 1 % : : mc = 357( kg/ m 3 ) : ms = 609( 1 + 5% ) = 639 ( kg/ m 3 ) : m G = 1242 (1 + 1% ) = 1252 ( kg/ m 3 ) : m w = ( 6095 % % ) = 153( kg/ m 3 ), mcmsm Gm w =

178 ( ), ( GBJ 97-94) ( ), ( GBJ ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) () 1. (1 ) ( f cf, o ) ( 5 16) : : f cf, o, MPa ; f cf, k, MPa ; fcf, o = K f cf, k ( 5 16) K,, K = 1.10, K = 1.15 (2 ) ( w/ c) f cf,o f cef, ( 5 17) (5 18 ), : () : : f cf, o, MPa ; c/ w = ( f cf, o f cef )/ ( 5 17) c/ w = ( f cf, o f cef )/ ( 5 18) f cef, MPa ; c/ w 0.40, 0.50 (3 ) ( m w o ) 1m 3 ( 5 19)(5 20 ) : : : : H, cm; m w o = H c/ w s ( 5 19) m w o = H c/ w s ( 5 20) s, % ; ( mm ) ( mm ) (5 19 ) ( 5 20) 177

179 , 5kg (4 ) ( m w o ) 1m 3 ( 5 21) : m co = m w o/ ( w/ c) ( 5 21) 300kg/ m 3, 360 kg/ m 3 (5 ) ( m som G o ) (5 22 ) mc o + m w o + m so + m Go = 100 c w s G mso mso + m G o 100 = s ( 5 22) : mc om w o mso m Go, kg; c w, kg/ m 3 ; s G, kg/ m 3 ; s, % 2., (1 ) :, 0.03m 3 (2 ) : (), (3 ) :,, ;, (4 ) :, 3., (1 ) :, 0.03, 2, 3 ( 2) :3 28d, (3 ) :,, () 4.,, () () 178

180 1. (1 ) :1m2m ; : ; : ; :1 000mL; ; : 50kg, 0.5kg (2 ),,, ; : 1%, 0.5 %,,,,,,,,,, ( 6 ), () ( L ) < ( min) (1 ) : 75100L ; 1822r/ min (2 ),,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 2min, 2min, 12min,, ( ) 1.,,,,

181 ,, ( ),, 20L 5L,, ( ), :,, 40mm, 10mm ; 40mm, 530s () 1. (1 ) : 5 14, 1.5mm,,, 2/ 3,, ( 2) : 16mm, 650mm, (3 ) : 2. (1 ), ( ), (2 ) 3, 1/ 3, 25,, 2030mm, ( ), 5 14 ( : mm ),,,,,,,,, 510s,, 2.5min (3 ),,,, mm, 5mm (4 ),,, 180

182 , 20mm, ; 20mm, (5 ),, : : ; : ; : ;,, :, ; : ; :,, :,, ;,, :,,, :, ; :, ; :, ( ) 1. (1 ) : ( ) 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 :, (2403) mm, 200mm, 3mm, 7.5mm,, :, ( 2002 ) mm, ( 1002 ) mm, ( 300 2) mm, 1.5mm,,, 181

183 :,,,,,,,, (2302) mm, (102 ) mm, ( ) g : 50Hz, 0.5mm, (2 ) 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ),, 25,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,, (5 ) : ( ), () 1. : 4, 40mm, V = 5L, 186mm186mm, 2mm( ),,, 2. : 3. : 100kg, 50g 4. : () 1., m1, 50g 2., 70mm,, 1/ 3,,,,, 2030mm, 1015, (70mm),,,, 182

184 4.,,, m2, 50g (1 ) h, 10kg/ m 3 : h, kg/ L ; m1, kg; h = m 2 - m1 V m2, kg; V, L (2 ), ( 5 23) :,,,,,,, ( ) (), 40mm, 10%, () 1. :,, ;2; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12; 13; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ( 2 ) ; 17 ( 1 ) ; : ( 1 2),100mL,,, 3. : ( 50kg, 50g)( 250mm250mm) ()

185 (1 ),,,, V (2 ) 0,,,,,,,,, 0.1MPa, 0.1MPa 12,,, 0 (3 ) 1% 10% 0,,,, 1%,,,, 0.1MPa 12, 1 %, 2% 3%,, 2. (1 ),,, 1530s,, 25, 1020mm (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, 0.1MPa, 0.1MPa (6 ) 12,,, A1 (7 ) C ( JTJ ) () ( ) : : A, % ; A1, % ; C, % A = A1 - C ( 5 24) 0.2%, 184

186 ( ) () 1. : 5 17, 5N 2. : 130mm, 100mm 2 50mm 2 20mm 2,, 3. : 150mm150mm, 150mm 4. : 160mm, 650mm, 5. : 5mm 6. : () 1., 5mm,,,,,,, 2., ( 150mm ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 150mm 35 ),, 10mm 3., 1h, 20mm, 2min, 5min,, (, ),, () 1., 2.,, 5 26 ( MPa) ( mm 2 ) , 25mm, 12, 4. 6, 28M Pa, 3h, 1h ;, 2h, 0.5h,, 5h, 2h 185

187 ( ) 1. P P = F A ( 5 25) : P, MPa; F 25mm, N; A, mm min, 30min, ; 30min, 3.,, MPa 28M Pa, (),,, 0.05, 5MPa,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),, mm 3., 0.16mm 186

188 4.,,, 5. 6., 7. ( CRAM - 1 ), ( ), 1. FCT101 : 2min 2. RAM300 : 10min () ( ),, 70mm,,, () 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ) :,,, 1.5min : ( ) / min, 0.36mm, 0.5mm,, 1.1kW, 16mm 5 27, ;, 2030mm,,,,,,, 187

189 5 27 ( mm ) ( mm ) (4 ),, 24h 0.5mm 2. (1 ), ( ),, (205 )50% 12d,, (2 ), : ( 203 ), : 90%,, 3050mm, ;, ( 203),, (3 ),,, ( ),, 150mm 28d,, ( mm ) ( mm) () 1. :,,, () 2%,,,, 20%, 80 % 2. : 1mm 3. : 100kg, 1kg () 188

190 1. 2.,,, 0.5mm,, 1mm,,,,,, 3.,, ( 5mm, ) C MPa/ s; C M Pa/ s ;,,, 4. (1 ) R (5 26 ) : R = P A ( 5 26) : R, MPa; P, N ; A, mm 2 (2 ) 3 15%, ;, (3 ) 0.1MPa (4 ), ( ),,, 40mm () 150mm150mm300mm, () mm150mm300mm 3,, 2.,,,, ( 1mm),, 3.,, 4.,,, 5. (1 ) Ra (5 27 ) : Ra = P A ( 5 27) 189

191 : Ra, MPa P, N ; A, mm 2 (2 ), (3 ) 0.1MPa (4 ), 200mm200mm 1.05; 100mm100mm 0.95 ( ) () (),,, 150mm150mm550mm, 450mm,, () 1. :50300 kn ; 2.,, 5 18 () 1., 1/ 3 ( 7mm2mm ),, 1mm 2., 3., 225mm,,,,, 1kN, MPa/ s, ( ),,,, : ( : mm ) 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 (1 ), Rb : Rb, MPa; P, N; L, L = 450mm; Rb = PL bh 2 ( 5 28)

192 b, mm; h, mm (2 ), ;, (3 ), (4 ) 0.01MPa (5 ) 100mm100mm400mm,, 0.85,,,,, () ( f cu ) 150mm,, 28d,,,,, fc u, ( 5 29), M Pa f cu = F A ( 5 29) : F, N ; A, mm 2, 15%,,, () ( f cu, k ), ( GBJ ) ( GBJ10-89 )150mm, 28d,, 5% (95 % ), MPa f c n, k, ( f cu ), ( f cu,k ), 95% (), C C 30 f cu, k = 30MPa 191

193 ( GBJ10-89 ), : C7.5 C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 11 ( ) 1. 28d 150mm 3 1, : (1 ) (2 ) ( ), 2 (3 ), 80200m 3 2 ( 4), 16m 1,1630m 2, 3150m 3, 50m 5 2 (5 ) 2 ; 20m 3 ;,, 4, 2 (6 ) ( ) 2,,, 2 (7 ),, 2. (1 ) 10, : Rn - K1 S n0.9 R ( 5 30) R min K2 R ( 5 31) : n ; Rn, MPa; Sn, MPa, S n < 0.06 R, Sn = 0.06 R ; R ( ), MPa; R min n, MPa; K1 K2, 5 29 K 1 K n K K (2 ) 10, :, ( ),,, 80100,,,, : Rn 1.15 R ( 5 32) 192

194 Rmin 0.95 R ( 5 33) ( ) 1., 28d, 200m 3 2, 3 2. (1 ) 10, : R = R sz + K ( 5 24) : R, MPa; Rsz, MPa; K, 5 30; K K , 0.85 R sz, 0.75 R sz 0.85 Rsz (2 ) 10, 1.05 Rsz, 0.85 Rsz (3 ) 1.? 2.?? 3. 4.,? 5.,,? 6.?? 7.? 8.? ?? ,? 15.? 193

195 ,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3) () ; ( 4) ; ( 5),,,,, ;, (),, ( ), (),, ;,,,,,, 080cm 95 %, 80150cm 93%, 150cm 90 % ; 030cm 95 % 150mm ( 0.25 )2% 3%,,,, 2 000mm, > 2, 5 %,,,,,

196 mm 38 mm ( ) mm 15 % 60 mm,,,,, 4.5, ;,, :, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ ) ( ), ( JTJ ),, (50% ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 1, V1V2, 0 : 0 = V1 1 + V2 (6 1) w0 w1 w2, : w0 = w1 A + w2 B (6 2) 195

197 : A, B,,, 3%, 4% 2. 0 G, : 0 = G 1 - ( 1 + k) a 100 (6 3) : G, g/ cm 3 ; a, % ; k,, 10% 25%,, 105,,,, w 0 ( 0.5 ), : w 0 = ( k) a + w2 1 - a 100 (6 4) : a, % ; w2, %, ( 6 2 ); k,, ( 6 3 ) ( ),,, ( ),, ( ),, : (1 ) : I, (2 ) : I II, 2% (3 ) : 2% I II,, (4 ) : ( JTJ )

198 6 2 ( ),,, 2d,,,,, ( ),,, :,,, : (1 ) 15mm 150mm, 100mm (2 ) 15mm, 40mm, 150mm, 200mm, 150mm 1. (1 ) :, ,,,, (2 ) :, 6 3 ( mm ) (cm 3 ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) : 40mm, 60mm, 200 mm 197

199 6 1 ( : mm ) (3 ) :, (4 ) : mm (5 ) :, 300mm500mm 40mm (6 ) : 1015kg, 1g, 0.01g 0.1g 1.0g (7 ) : (8 ) : mm mm, 2 040kg,,, (9 ) : (10) : 2. (1 ), 15mm m1, 1g,, ( ),, m5, 1g,,,,,,, 1g m2 198

200 , (2 ) s V, 1mL m1,,,,,,,, m3, 1g (6 5) m a : : ma, g; m1, g; m2, g; m3,, g, (6 6) : : s, g/ cm 3 ; V, cm 3 (3 ) m a = m1 - m2 - m3 (6 5) s = m a V,,, (6 6), m5,,,, m6, 1g,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, m w, 1g,, ( w, % ) :,, 100g;, 500g,, 200g ;, 1 000g;,, 2 000g, md, 1g,, ( m1 ),,,,,, m4, 1g 199

201 ,,,,,,,, m 4, 1g,,,,, 3. (1 ) ( 6 7 )( 6 8 )mb :, :, : : mb, g; mb = m1 - m4 - ( m5 - m6 ) (6 7) mb = m1 m1, g; m2, g; m4 m 4,, g; m5 - m 4 - m2 (6 8) - m6, g (2 ) w : w = m w s mb : m w, g; : s, g/ cm 3 (3 ) d : w, % d = w w (4 ), d : (6 9) ( 6 10) : d = md mb md, g s ( 6 11),, 4.,, ;,,,, : 200 (1 ),,, (2 ),,

202 ,, (3 ), ( 1mm),,,, ( 6 7 ), (4 ),, (5 ), ( ) 200cm 3, 5cm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) : ( ) 68cm, 23cm, 1.52mm : DC24V( 36Ah) ; 5 070r/ min, ; 35kg (2 ) : 0.1g(70mm ), 1.0g ( 100mm ) (3 ) : 2. (1 ), m2, 0.1g., 30cm30cm,,,,,,,,,,, m1, 0.1g,, (2 ),, 201

203 , 2cm,,,,,,,,,, m1, 0.1g, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, m1, 3. w d : : w, g/ cm 3 ; d, g/ cm 3 ; w = d = 4( m1 - m2 ) d 2 h w w m1, g; m2, g; d, cm; h, cm; w, % ( ) ( 6 12) ( 6 13) ( ),,,,,,,,, (1 ) :,

204 g/ cm 3, 0.03g/ cm 3, 00.64g/ cm 3, 0.015g/ cm 3 : :, : ( 241) : : : : (2 ) : mm (3 ) (4 ) : 2.,,,, 20cm 1) (1 ) :,,,, 34,,,,, (2 ), ;, :,, ;,, ;, 15,, 0.9 (3 ), 30 cm 10m,,,,,, (4 ), 2) (1 ), 6 2 (2 ),

205 (3 ), 2m,,,,, (1 ), 2m (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, ( ),, 1. (1 ) (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) : ( ) 2. 1), 100mm, 2) (1 ), (2 ) 24h, ( JTJ ) 204

206 2%, ; 2%, ; 3. (1 ), : : K, % ; s, g/ cm 3 ; 0, g/ cm 3 K = s 100 ( 6 14) o (2 ), ( 6 15 ),, 6 14 : 0 = t V V 100 ( 6 15) : t, g/ cm 3, ( JTJ ) ; o, g/ cm 3 ; V V, % 4.,,,,,, ; ;,, ( ),, ;, 2 3min ( : 320mm140mm300mm, 460mm), (8.8kg), ;, A/ D 6 4,,,,,,,,,, 205

207 ,, 10 ( ) A/ D, CPU8098,, LED,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ) 1%,, d, t t = 1min, 1.50 d ; t = 3min,, 13km,, Ki : (1 ), ; ( 2), ; ( 3) K( ): : k; K = k - ts/ n K0 ( 6 16) t t ( ); : 99%, 95 % ; : 95%, 90% ; S ; n; K0 1. : KK0, Ki 2, ; KK0,, 2, K < K0 K i,,,, 6 2. : KK0 1, ; KK0, 1, 206

208 K < K0,,,,,, ( ) ; () ;,, () 1., ( ) ( ), 0.01mm 2. 3., ;,,, (),,,,,, ( FWD),,, ,,,,,,,,,,,

209 (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 20, ( 202), 5cm, 2. (1 ) : 4, 6 5, 100kN BZZ100; 60kN BZZ BZZ100 BZZ60 P ( kn ) ( kn) ( M Pa) (cm ) (2 ) :,,, ( ) ( ) 21 : 3.6m, 2.4m 1.2m; 5.4m, 3.6m 1.8m, 5.4m, BZZ100, (3 ) :, 1 (4 ) : 3. 1) (1 ), (2 ) ( ),,,, (3 ) ;,,,,, 0.1cm 2 (4 ) (5 ), (, ), 5d ( ) (6 ) 2) (1 ),, (2 ) 35cm 208

210 (3 ),,, ( 3 5cm ),,,,, (4 ),, L1,, (3m ), L2 5km/ h 4. (1 ) 3.6m,,,,,,, 5,,, 6 5 (2 ) 5.4m, ) : LT = ( L1 - L 2 )2 ( 6 17) : LT T, 0.01mm; L1,0.01mm; L2,0.01mm 2), : LT = ( L1 - L2 )2 + ( L3 - L4 ) 6 ( 6 18) : L1, 0.01mm; L2, 0.01mm; L3, 0.01mm; L4, 0.01mm, 3) 5cm ( 202 ),, 209

211 (1 ) : T = ( T25 + T m + T e )/ 3 ( 6 19) : T, ; T 25 T mm, ; Tm T0 6 6, ; T et0 6 6, 6 6 T0 5d, K, T, : ( mm) 6 7 ( ) : L20 = LT K (6 20) 210

212 : K; L20 20,0.01mm; LT T, 0.01mm : (2 ) 6 8 ( ) T : T, ; a, a = h; b, b = h; T 0, ; h, cm K : T 20 : T < 20 : T = a + bt 0 ( 6 21) K = e 1 T (6 20 ) : 6. (1 ) : Lr, 0.01mm; h ( 6 22) K = e 0.002h ( 20 - T ) (6 23) Lr = L + ZS ( 6 24) L, 0.01mm ; S, 0.01mm; Z, ( JTJ 01497),

213 (2 ), L ( 23 ) S,,,, Z 6 6 Z (3 ) ;,,, ( J TJ ) E,,,, : ( CBR ) 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) 2. (1 ) : 60kN 80cm, 0.50MPa (2 ), 6 9, ( ) (3 ), 20mm, 30cm,, (4 ), (5),80100kN,,, 1/ 100 (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) : 3. (1 ),,, ; (2 ),, (3 ),, 212

214 (4 ),,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),, 4. (1 ),, 0.05MPa, 1min,,,, 1min, (2 ),,, 0.1M Pa, 0.02M Pa, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; MPa,, 1min,, 0, 1min,, 30%, 30%, 1mm, (3 ), : L = ( - ) L= ( - ) (4 ) a,,, 10m,, a (5 ), : 5mm, 120g; 25mm, 250g; 40mm, 500g (6 ), 5. (1 ), kN, ai : ai = ( T 1 + T2 )D 2 Pi a ( 6 25) 4 T 1 Q 213

215 : T 1, m; T 2, m; D, m; Q, N; pi, Pa; a,0.01mm; ai,0.01mm ( 60kN ) 6 7 ( MPa) a 0.12 a 0.18 a 0.24 a 0.36 a 0.48 a 0.60 a (2 ), P - L,, 6 10 O, O (3 ) : Ei = D 4 P i (1-2 0 ) (6 26 ) Li : Ei, MPa ; : 214 0, ; D 30cm; Pi, MPa ; Li, cm 6 10 (4 ) E0 : E0, MPa; 0, ; Li ; E0 Pi Li 6. 1) 6 8 2) : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; (6 ) = D 4 P i (1-2 0 ) ( 6 27) Li

216 6 8 : : ( cm ) : : : : ( 0.01mm ) Ei P ( kn) ( MPa) ( 0.01mm ) ( 0.01mm ) ( 0.01 mm ) ( 0.01mm ) ( MPa) a E 0 ( MPa) 1. 1m,, ; 2. 1) (1 ), (2 ) ( ):,,, 3m2m, 1m, 3m2m1m( ),,,,, m1m, 23 2), 6 11 ( : cm ) Li,,, (1 ) : L = L i n ( 6 28) 215

217 S = : L, 0.01mm; S, 0.01mm; ( Li - L ) 2 n - 1 r0, 0.01mm; Li, 0.01mm; n ( 2) di = Li - L, di/ r0 di/ r0 6 9 d/ r, ( L ) ( S ) (3 ) : : Lr; ( 6 29) r0 = 0.675S ( 6 30) d/ r 6 9 n d/ r Lr = L + S ( 6 31) L; S (4 ) ( E1 ) : E1 = 2 Pr Lr (1-2 ) K ( 6 32) : E1, MPa ; P, MPa; r, cm;, ; K, E1, CBR, 10cm, 80cm 5cm 15cm 25cm 35cm 45cm 55cm 65cm 75cm N80 : N80 = ( 20 N N2 + 7 N3 + 4 N N5 + 2 N N7 + N8 )/ 50 ) ( 6 33) E0 : E0 = K N80 ( 6 34) 216

218 : K, 1220; N80 CBR CBR E : E = ncbr ( 6 35) : n, 80100,,,,,, 1.,, 2. (1 ) (2 ), ) (1 ) :, : :, :, (2 ) d m : 1/ 4 dm, 1.0mm Lm :, 1.0mm (3 ) :, 2) 6 12 ( : mm ) a) ; b) 1, 7;2,6 ;3;4;5 (1 ) :, 1, 100mm 0.05mm, 0.25mm (2 ) : (202 ) 40h,, 217

219 (3 ) 6 12,,, 5kN,, ( 604 ) N/ s,,, 0.01kN 4. Ra : Ra = 2 P A = 2 P d m Lm : Ra, MPa, 0.1M Pa ; P, N ; A, mm; dm, mm; Lm, mm ( 6 36),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3m, ;,,,, 6 10IRI, IRI VBI m,,,, h( mm ),,, ( mm ),,, VBI (cm/ km ) 218

220 ( ) 3 m 3m (1.5m), ;,, 1., 2. (1 ),, ;, 10, ( 80100cm),, (2 ),, 3m 3m,,, 0.2mm, ( JT J ), 1 10, 10 3., 3m 10,,, 10 = ( / ) 100% 4. 10, () 1.,, 2. (1 ) : 6 13, 3m, 3m,, 4, 3m,,, 10cm, 100m, 100m, 219

221 ,, (2 ) : (3 ) 3. (1 ), 3m (2) (3 ),,,,,,,,, 5km/ h, 12 km/ h ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9; 10;,, 4. (1 ), 10cm 100m, ( 3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm ) ( )3m,,, ( 1.5m ) di (2 ), (6 37 ) : i = : i, mm; ( d - di ) 2 n - 1 ( 6 37) di 100m, ( 10cm, 1.5m), mm; n (3 ) ( ) 1. (1 )

222 VBI, cm/ km (2 ), 2. : (1 ) :,, 6 14 : : 3050km/ h ; :1cm; : 30cm; :9 999cm; :5 khz; (2 ) : 3.,,, ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 VBI, cm/ km VBI,, 4. (1 ) (2 ) 32km/ h, 40km/ h 5. (1 ), VBI ;, VBI (2 ) VBI,,,, VBI, (3 ) := 0.6IRI (4 ) IRI, VBI IR I, VBI IRI ( J TJ ) 6. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) 221

223 1.,, ( ),,,, ;, 1982, ( IRI) ( IRI), 1/ 4 (, ), 80km/ h, m/ km, ARS, ( RARS80 ), ( RS) IRI RS,, IRI: n 1 IRI = n - 1 RS i ( 6 38) i = 2,, IRI IRI, IRI 6 15 IRI 2. VBI VBI [ ( IRI ) ],,, 0.90, : (1 ) IRI

224 , (2 ) m (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),,, 1) (1 ) (2 ) 35, ( ) (3 ), 35,, 3050km/ h,, (4 ) VBIv, : = a + bvbiv ( 6 39) :, mm; VBIv v VBI, cm/ km; ab 2) (1 ) 0.25m (2 ) 0.25m, IRI (3 ) (4 ) IRI VBIv, : IRI = a + bvbi v ( 6 40) : IRI, m/ km; VBIv v, cm/ km; ab,, 223

225 ,, ( PSV) ( 3050km/ h ),,, : () ( ) 6 11,,, 6 12,,,, 42, (501 ) km/ h ( SFC) ;, 6 12 :, TD 0.8mm, : TD 0.6mm,, f, 4,,,,, BPN,,,,,, ( ) TD ( mm ),,,,,,, TD ( mm ),, 200,,,, SFC,,,,, 224

226 6 12 S FC F B (BPN ) T D( mm) ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : : 6 16a),, ( ) ml, V,, : 6 16b),, 50mm, 1.5mm, : 30cm (2 ) :, mm (3 ) :, ( 6 41 ) (4 ) : ( ) 6 16 ( : mm ) a) ; b) 3. 1) (1 ) :, mm, (2 ),, 1m 2) 225

227 , 30cm30cm,, 3,,,,,,,,,,, 5mm, 3, 3, 35m 4. (1 ) ( 6 41) : : TD, mm; V,25cm 3 ; TD = V D 2 / 4 D, mm = D 2 ( 6 41) (2 ) 3, 0.1mm (3 ) 5. (1 ) 3, 0.2mm, < 0.2mm (2 ) ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : 5cm, 6 17 (2 ) :, mm (3 ) : 50mL (4 ) :, 5mm (5 ) : 3. 1) (1 ) :,,, mm (2 ),, 1m 226 2)

228 6 17 ( 1), ( 2),, 50mL (3),,, ( 4),, cm, (5 ) 6 18, ( 6 42)L1 L2 L0, 1mm: L 0 = ( L1 + L2 )/ 2 ( 6 42) : L0, mm; L 1, L2 6 18, mm (6 ) 3, L0, 1mm,, 3) (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ), 50mL, 6 18 L1 L2, ( 6 43) L, 1mm L = ( L1 + L2 )/ 2 ( 6 43) 6 18 L 0 L (4 ), 3, 3, 3 5m 4. (1 ) t0 : t0 = V = BL0 L0 ( 6 44) : t0, mm; V, V = 50mL ; B, B = 50mm; L0 50mL, mm (2 ) TD: 227

229 TD = L 0 - L L t0 = L 0 - L ( 6 45) LL0 : TD, mm; L 50mL, mm (3 ) 3, 0.1mm (4 ) 5. (1 ) 3, 0.2mm, < 0.2mm (2 ) 1. ( ), 2. (1 ) : 6 19, ( ) g, (4105) mm, ( 1261 ) mm, 508mm, ( ) N (2 ) : 6.35 mm25.4mm76.2mm, 6 13, 1.6mm 3.2mm,, ( ) ( % ) (3 ) : 126mm. (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) : 1 (7 ) ; 3. 1) (1 ),, (2 ),, 1m, 228

230 6 19 1,2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21, 2) (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1BPN (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 229

231 , 126mm(),,,,,,, (4 ), (5 ),,,,,,,, (6 ) ( 5) 5,, BPN, 5 3BPN 3BPN,,, 5 ( FB ),, BPN (7 ), 1 (8 ), 3, 3, 3 5m 3, 1BPN 4. T FB T, 20 FB20 : FB20 = FBT +F ( 6 46) : FB20 20, BPN ; FBT, BPN ; T, ; F, (1 ), ( 2) FBT FB20 3 (3 ) 6 14 T ( ) F , 5 3BPN 1. ( JTJ ) A, 2.,,,, 230

232 , 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ ),,,,,,,,, () (1 ),,, (2 ) 40cm40cm, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, cm, 0.1cm () (1 ),,, (2 ), 100mm,, 50mm,, 231

233 150mm, (3 ),, (4 ),,, 0.1cm ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, cm, 0.1cm,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 1.,,,, 2., (6 47 ) : : xl ; x ; S ; n; xl = x - t S n t t ( ), : : 99%, 95% : 95%, 90 % ( 6 47) 3., ;, 232

234 2 4., 23, 1.,? 2.? 3.,? 4.?? 5.?? 6., : 93%, 88%, ( % ), 233

235 ,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, ;,,, 21.3mm m, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, , 23, 0.5; 23.00, 0.005, ,,,,, :,,,, 0,,, 234

236 0,,, 0, ( ),, 0 0: (1 ) 0, 0 10,, 10 0 ; (2 ),, 0 ; (3 ) 0,,,,,, : 00713, ,7.03, , 3, 3,, A = m 2, lim = m 2 A = ( ) m 2 1, 5; 5, ; 2, , , , , 4 5,, : (1 ), ( ) ; (2 ), 1., 0.1, 0.1, 100, 100, 0.5 ( ) 0.5, , n ( n ), 2. (1 ) 5,, 1: , : , 13 (2 ) 5; 5, 0, 235

237 1, 1 1: 1 167, ( 1 200) 2: 1 167, ( 1 170) 3: , 11 (3 ) 5, 0, (1,3,5,7,9 ), (2,4,6,8,0 ) 1: 0.1 (10-1 ), : 1 000( 10 3 ), ( 4 000) ( 6 000) 3: ( ) (4 ),, 1: ( ) ( ) 2: ( ) (5) 0.5, 2,, 2 : 0.5 ( 0.5) 2 2 A A ( A ) (2 A ) (1 ) ( 0.5) (6 ) 0.2, 5,, 5 : 0.2 ( 20 ) 236

238 5 5 A A ( A ) (5 A ) ( 100) (20) ( ),,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, (1 ), : , 1, : ; : (2 ),,, 0 5, ( + ) ( - ), :15.50 ( + ) 15.50, ;15.50 ( - ) 15.50, , 5 0, ( + )1, ( - ), : ( ) ( - ) ( + ) ( - ) ( ), 237

239 : x 3.012x 0.322x x xxxx x,,,,, : ,,, , ( 3 ),, 4, 4, : = : = = , : ,, e 2,,,, 238

240 ,, ;,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),, 100, 200, 200,, 200,, n n = 200,,,,,,,, :, ;, 1.,, x n x1 x2 xn,, : x = 1 n ( x 1 + x2 + + x n ) = 1 n n x i i = 1 (7 1) 7 1, (10 ): ( ) : ( 7 1 ), : F B = 1 ( ) 10 = 55.2 ( ),

241 x1 x2 x n,,,,, x n, ; n,,, : x = x n , ( n ) 1 2 ( x n 2 + x n ) ( n ) : : ( ), : 3. FB = F B( 5 ) + FB( 6 ) 2 = ,, R : : = 55.5( ) (7 2) R = x m ax - xmin (7 3) R = FBm a x - FB min = = 13 ( ),, ( n < 10 ) 4., ( ), S : S = ( x1 - x) 2 + ( x2 - x) ( xn - x ) 2 n - 1 = n ( x i - x ) 2 i = 1 n - 1 n 1 = n - 1 ( x2 i - n x 2 ) i = , S : ( 7 4 ), : 1 S = { 10-1 [ ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 ]} 1/ 2 = 4.13( ) (7 4),, ;,,,, Cv, S x, : Cv = S x 100 % (7 5) ( ), 4.13 ( ) ; 60.8( ), 4.27 ( ) : 240

242 : Cv = = 7.48 % : Cv = = 7.02 %, S< S, Cv> Cv,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) 7 6, 7 1, , , : xm a x = 6.4 : xmin = 5.5 : R = xm ax - xmin = = , B, 50, B = 57 ; 50100, B = 610 ; , B = 712 ; 250, B = 1020 h, : h = R B - 1 (7 6) 241

243 B = 10, h = = , = x min - h 2 (7 7) = x min + h 2, h, : , ( ) 7 2 = , ( ), ,,,,, t,,,,, 7 1,, 242 :

244 : x; f ( x ) = ; 1 2 e - ( x - ) ( - < X < + ) (7 8) f( x ), f ( x ),,, ;,,,, 7 2 : (1 ) x =, ; (2 ) x =,, x,, ; (3 ) 1, : e - ( x - ) 2 2 d x = , x, xn (,), = 0 = 1,, N ( 0, 1 ) : f( x ) = 1 2 e - x 2 2 (7 9) N (, ), ( a, b)p( a < x < b) [ ( a, b) ], x1 = a, x2 = b, : : P( a < x < b) = b a ( t) = t - ( 7 10) 1 x 2 2 e- 2 d x (7 11) 243

245 : (7 10 ), ( 7 3) : : P{- < x < + } = 68.26% P{- 2< x < + 2} = 95.44% P{- 3< x < + 3} = 99.73% P{- 1.96< x < } = 95.00% ; - u1 - / 2 < x < + u1 - / 2 ( 7 12) 1 - ; u1 - / 2 ; - u1 - / 2 + u1 - / 2, : : P{ x < + } = P{ x > - } = 84.13% P{ x < + 2 } = P{ x > - 2} = % P{ x < + 3 } = P{ x > - 3} = % P{ x < } = P{ x > } = % x < + u 1 - x > - u 1 - ( 7 13) : - u1 - + u1 -, ( 7 12) ( 7 13) ( Z ),, x S t : ( n + 1 ) 2 t( x, n ) = ( n (1 + x 2 2 ) n n ) - ( n + 1 )/ 2 : x; (7 14 ) n, x n t, x t( n), 7 4 t 7 4 t : n, t,, n > 30, t, ( ),,, = 1-244

246 n, t, : P{ T t0 }P{ x t0 } ( 7 15) XN (0, 1 ), t,,,, S ( x1,, xn ), : T = x - t( n - 1 ) ( 7 16) S/ n, n - 1, t t1 - / 2 ( n - 1 ), : : ( x - t1 - / 2 ( n - 1 ) S n, x + t 1 - / 2 ( n - 1) S n ) ( 7 17) < x + t1 - ( n - 1 ) S n > x - t 1 - ( n - 1 ) S n ( 7 18),,,, ( PaTa) ( Chavenet) ( Grubbs), 3 ( 3 S ) ( xi) ( x) 3, : xi - x > 3 S ( 7 19), 3, 3, 3 S 3 S :,, x - 3 S x + 3 S 99.73%, 0.27%, 400,,,,,,, 2 ( xi - x > 2 S ),, ( ),, 7 7, ( n = 10 ) : MPa, 3 S : 10, xmin = 23.0M Pa xm a x = 31.0MPa x min x m ax 245

247 : x = 25.8MPa, S = 2.10MPa xm a x - x = = 5.2MPa < 3 S = 6.3( MPa) xmin - x = = 2.8MPa < 3 S = 6.3 ( MPa),,,, (n < 10), n,, 1/ ( 2 n ) ( - kn S, kn S ), (xi x ), xi, : 1 2 n = 1 k - n 1 - k n 2 e - t 2 2 d t ( 7 20) : kn, n,, 7 3 k n 7 3 n k n n k n n k n n k n n k n n k n , : xi - x S , : 7 3, n = 10, kn = , : xi - x S = kn ( 7 21) = 2.48 > kn = ,,, n, kn,,, n, x1 x2 xi xn, xi xi ( i = 1,2,, n ), xi, : x( 1 ) x ( 2 ) x( n), g: x ( 1 ), : g = x - x ( 1 ) S x ( n ), : g = x ( n ) - x S 246 ( 7 22)

248 g0 (, n), :, ( = 0.05), gg0 (, n) ( 7 23) x ( i), g0 (, n) 7 4 g 0 (, n) 7 4 n n n ,,,, n n - 1, = : ( 1) : (2 ) (3 ) x = 25.8MPa S = 2.1MPa g( 1 ) = x - x ( 1 ) S g( 10 ) = x ( 10 ) - x S g( 10 ) > g ( 1 ), x( 10 ) = 31.0 = = = 1.33 = 2.48 (4) = 0.05, = 0.05 n = 10, 7 4 g0 ( 0.05,10) (5 ) g( 10 ) = 2.48 > g0 (0.05, 10 ) = 2.18, x ( 10 ) 9, = 31.0,,, 247

249 ,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),, ;,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 248

250 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,, () (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, : 1 y = a + b 1 x, y= 1 y, x= 1 x, 1 y, 1 x,, y= a + bx (4 ) y = a + bx, a b, (5 ),,,,, x y, x y,,,,, x y,,,, y = f( x ), ( x1, y1 ) ( x2, y2 ) ( xn, yn ),, x y,, : 249

251 : a, b Y = a + bx ( 7 24), a, b Y = a + bx Yi yi,,,, :, : : n Q = ( y i i = 1 - Yi ) 2 n = ( y i - a - bxi) 2 = ( 7 25) i = 1, Q, a b,, :, : n Lxy = ( xi i = 1 n Q a = [ - 2( y i - a - bxi ) ] = 0 ( 7 26) i = 1 n Q b = [ - 2 x i ( yi - a - bxi ) ] = 0 ( 7 27) i = 1 b = L xy Lxx ( 7 28) a = y - b x ( 7 29) - x ) ( yi - y) = xi yi - 1 i = 1 n xi i = 1 n n L xx = ( x i - x ) 2 n = x2 i - 1 n i = 1 i = 1 n x i i = 1 n 2 n yi ( 7 30) i = 1 ( 7 31) , R N, 7 5, RN RN x( N) y ( R ) ( MPa) x( N) y ( R ) ( MPa) x( N) y ( R ) ( MPa) : : 250 x = y = n x2 i i = 1 n = y2 i = i = 1 n ( xi ) 2 n = ( yi )2 = i = 1 i = 1 n n n x i yi = ( x i) ( y i ) = i = 1 i = 1 i = 1 (7 30 ) (7 31 ):

252 : L xx = Lxy = (7 28 ) (7 29 ): : b = L xy/ L xx = a = y - b x = Y = x R = N, b N 1, 1.537M Pa xy,, x y,,,, r : r = Lxy L xx Lyy ( 7 32) : n Lyy = ( y i i = 1 - y) 2 n = i = 1 y2 i - 1 n n ( y i ) 2 ( 7 33) i = 1 r, - 1, 1, r 1, x y, r = 1, x y, x y, r 0, x y, x y,, r r, x y, x y, r n, , RN ( = 0.05 ) : ( 7 33), : : Lyy = r = L xy/ Lxx L yy = n = 30, = 0.05, 3, r0.05 = r > r0.05, R N, 7 10,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 251

253 ,,,,,, 7 5,, 3 : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ), 3,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 100, 20, 200 : (1 ), 200 ; (2 ), 10, 10, 20 ; (3 ), 2 ; (4 ), 10, 10, ; ; ;,, 3 1.,,,, 252

254 , 2.,,, 3 (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),, 3., :, 3, 3,,,,,,,, ( JTJ ), , 1. (1 ),,, 1km,, (2 ) ( 20m ), 1 2T, T (3 ),, 128 (4 ) ( n, n > 30 ), A n B, n AB (5 ) n B T,, n 7 12, K K km 20, : (1 ) 1 km T = 1000/ 20 = 50, 1,2,, 50 (2 ), 14, 14 ( 3) 14 A 20 B, B T, 20, 20,

255 A B BT 14 A B BT K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (1 ), 128 (2 ) ( n ), ABC n (n > 30 ), A, n (3 ), A B,,, (4 ), A C,,, ( + ), ; ( - ), 7 13, K K km 6, : (1 ) 3 (2 ) 3 6 : (3 ) 3 B (4) 1 000m, 6 ( ) 175m 310m 494m 699m 838m 977m ( 5) 3 C A (6 ) 10m, m 0.63m 9.29m 0.73m 1.66m 4.94m, m4.37m4.29m4.27m3.34m 0.06m

256 m 10m 6 A B ( m ) C ( m ) ( m ) NO K NO K NO K NO K NO K NO K ,, 7 6, N (), n ; d ; c ( ) dc,, ;d > c,, ( JTJ ),,,,,,,, ( JTJ ) (Nn c) N n d dc, d> c, 7 14, 7 8, 40 ( 0.01mm),? Z= l i ( 0.01 mm ) : : l = 29.6( 0.01mm) S = 2.09( 0.01mm), : l = l + Z S = = 33.0( 0.01mm) l < ld = 40( 0.01mm), %, hd = 25cm, h = 5mm, 255

257 h i ( cm) h i ( cm) h i ( cm) : : h = 25.05cm, S = 0.24cm n = 30, = 95%, 2 : t / n = h, : h = h - t / ns = = (cm) h > hd - h = 24.5cm,,,, 7 16,, 7 10, K0 = 95% 95% ( % ) : : K = 95.97% S = 0.91% K, : K > K0 K = K - t / ns = = ( % ) = 95 %,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,

258 :, m 86 2 P10 5 d / :,,,,,, 1., : : L; L ; L 0 L = L - L0 ( 7 34),,,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) 2. ( ), : : = L L0 100% L 100% ( 7 35) L, : (1 ),,,, ; (2 ), ; (3 ),, mm, 0.5mm,?? : L = 50mm, L = 0.5mm : L0 = L L = (500.5 ) mm; := L/ L = 0.5/ 50 = 1 % 257

259 ,,,, 1.,, 2. 3.,,, 4.,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 258

260 ( x)( ),, ( ), ( xi ) ( x ),, , a),, ; b ) a), a), a) ; c), 7 8, ; m ; m 7 8a) m,, m, ; 7 8b) 7 8a), 7 8a) ; 7 8c),,, m, ( m ) 7 8,,, ;,, ( ) 1.? 2.? 3.?? 259

261 4.? 5.,?? 6., 62.5 (0.01mm), 29.0 (0.01mm ),?? 7., 10 ( : 0.01mm) , ; (Z = 2.0 ) 8.,, 96.57% 95.39% 93.85% 97.32% 96.28% 95.86% % 96.87% 95.34% %, 95%, ( K0 = 95% ) 9. 21cm 22cm 20cm 19cm 18cm 20cm 21cm 21cm 22cm 19cm, ( 99% ) 10. ( : MPa) : , 260

262 ,,, :, ;, ;, ; ; CBR,,,,,,, 1. :, 8 1, : : 6.75m : m : 100 kn : 0.7M Pa : 410m : 0.01mm : km/ h 2.,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ), 261

263 8 1,, (2 ), (3 ) A/ D, (4 ),, ; ;,,,,, ( JT J ),,, ( Falling Weight Deflectometer, FWD),,,, ( FWD),, 262

264 1., (1 ) : 300mm 4 (2 ) : 57 (3 ) (4 ) : FWD 2.,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ), BZZ - 100, 5t, 30cm, 0.7M Pa (2 ), 80km/ h,, 50km/ h 100km/ h, 65 (3 ) : 1,, 2.5m,, 35m, 34m, (4 ) 3,, 263

265 ,, ; () ;,,,,, ( JT J ),,, 15km/ h,, ( ), (),,,, 1. (1 ) : (2 ) : 2.,, VBI, cm/ km VBI,, 3. (1 ) (2 ),,, VBI,,, VBI, IRI, VBI IR I, VBI IRI 264 (3 ),,

266 (4 ), VBI ;, VBI 3080km/ h ( ) (5 ) VBI,, IRI, ( J TJ ),,,, 1.,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,, IRI 3. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) 20120km/ h 265

267 (4 ) 2.5m, 3.5m (5 ) 0.1m, 5mm (6 ),, IRI,,,, ( JTJ ) : SFC54, FB ( BPN )45, TC0.55mm SFC,,,,,,,,,, 30cm,,,, 1. SCRIM, 2. 20,,,, ( 8 4 ),, (1 ), (2 ) 2kN (3 ) 50km/ h (4 ) m 266

268 (5 ) (6 ) ( JTJ ),,,,, 1. 2.,,, 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 35km/ h, (4) 100m, 10m 50m,,,, ( JTJ ),,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; 267

269 ; ; 1. : : 3. Windows : 4. 5.,,,,,,, km/ h 2. : 80km/ h 4h( 320km) 3. 60cm 4. 2% 5% 5., 6., 268

270 , , CBR CBR, California Bearing Ration,, CBR,, CBR,,, CBR ( JTJ ) ( JTJ ), ( cm ) CB R( % ) ( mm ) : CB R,, 269

271 1. CBR (1 ) : 38mm 25mm 20mm5mm 1 (2 ) : ( 8 7 ) (3 ) : 50mm100mm (4 ) ( 8 8 ) : 50kN (5 ) 8 7 CBR ( : mm ) 1; 2;3 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 2., ;, 4 ;, ;,, CBR, 2.5mm 5mm (7M Pa 10.5MPa), 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 4 (5 ) : 11.25mm/ min, 7mm (6 ) P l, (7 ) P - l 2.5mm 5.0mm P2.5 ( MPa)P5 ( MPa), : 270

272 CBR2.5 = P % (8 1) CBR5 = P 5 100% (8 2) 10.5 CBR2.5, CBR5 > CBR2.5,, CBR5 CBR ( JTJ ) ( CBR ) ( T ) 1. CBR (1 ) :, 60kN (2 ) :, ,,,,, 2.5mm 5.0mm, CBR 3. (1 ) 30cm (2 ), (3 ), 1mm/ min, 7.5mm 12.5mm (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),, CBR,,, CBR,, CBR, 8 9 CBR 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7; 8 ; 9 CBR ( J TJ ) CBR CBR,,,, 1. (1 ) : 8 10, 100mm (2 ) 271

273 2.,,, D CBR 3. (1 ) (2 ),, D (3 ) CBR : CBR = C (8 3) : C,,, CBR D ;, 0.35, 0.45 ; ; = ( H + R - R 2 - D 2 / 4 ) m 1.01 D 1.39 ( R - R 2 - D 2 / 4 ) 1.62 (8 4) : D, cm; m, m = 4.5kg; H, H = 60cm; R, R = 4.7cm, CBR, CBR,, CBR CBR,, CBR CBR, CBR, )? ;2; 3; 4; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 CBR ( J TJ 1.? 2.? 3.??? ? 5. CBR??

274 1 K q 2 e- x 2 2 d x = 1 K q K q :

275 t 2 n 99 % 95 % 90 % 99 % 95 % 90 % t / n t / n t 0.95 / n t 0.99 / n t 0.95 / n t 0.90 / n

276 ( r ) 3 n n n

277 1... :, :, :, :, , ( JTJ ). :, ( JTJ ). :, ( JTJ ). :, ( JTJ ). :, ( J TJ ). :, (). :, ( JTJ ). :, ( JTJ ). :, (). :, ( JGJ/ T55-96 )., ( J TJ ). :, ( ) ( JTJ ). :, ( JTJ ). :, ( JTJ ). :, :, (). :, :,

278 24... :, :, :, :, :, :, ( JTJ ). :,