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136 20 1 23 24 25 1630 26 23 33 15-16 40 16 2 26-27 24 3 28 25 1987 4 56-62 26 3 32-33 30 404 1976 25 427 1985 1630 11
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158 20 1 109 110 1631 109 259 6720 1976 234 9416-9418 271 6969 110 91 5537-5538
159 111 111 53 2-5
160 20 1 Liu Xingzhi Brothers and the Collapse of the Naval Defense Line in the Yellow Sea during the Late Ming Period Yi-Long Huang Abstract The Chinese government formed a line of defense along the coastal islands near the Liaodong Peninsula during the late Ming period. It even appointed a commander-in-chief stationed at Pi Island, an island to the east of the outlet of Yalu River, hoping to achieve a role of both attacking and defending the Manchu army from its back. But unfortunately, most of the military leaders at Pi Island from its first appointment of Mao Wenlong (1576-1629) did not regard the national affairs as their highest responsibility. Instead of defending the Ming frontiers, they traded with Koreans and Manchus for personal profit, and even coveted money from soldiers pay. This article focuses on the family of Liu Xingzuo (?-1630) and Liu Xingzhi (?-1631) who rose abruptly after the death of Mao Wenlong. The seven Liu brothers all served as high-ranking military officers. They wavered between supporting the Ming and Manchu, and once attempted to establish a sovereignty of their own. But they finally started to fight each other because of their different political standpoints. After the Liu brothers fought with each other, the survivors were killed by Ming or Manchu government because they * Yi-Long Huang is a national chair professor in the Department of History at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan.
161 were of little use anymore. A series of mutinies took place at Pi Island after this, and finally led this important line of defense in the sea to collapse as a result. The chaos at Pi Island also became one of the several important incidents that triggered the fall of the Ming dynasty. Keywords: Ming and Qing history, military history, Liaodong, Liu Xingzuo, Liu Xingzhi