13 Journal of Theater Studies 2014 1 145-174 DOI: 10.6257/JOTS.2014.13145 臺 灣 現 代 劇 場 的 產 業 想 像 : 一 個 參 與 觀 察 者 的 劇 場 民 族 誌 初 步 書 寫 * 前 言 : 一 個 政 策, 各 自 表 述 creative cultural industry (2010) 1 * Art as Industry?: a participant-observer s account of the changing courses of modern theatre in Taiwan 2011 5 Staging the Modern: Theatre, Intermediality, and Chinese Drama 2012 10 2012NTU 1 2010 2 3-145-
participant-observer quantitative study qualitative research (thick description) participant observation 1989-2009) 2 2-146-
ethnography 2004a 2002-2004 2007-2009 2005-2007 2012-147-
2011 3 3 2011 2013 1943 APP @Theatre -148-
一 表 演 之 為 藝 術 的 政 策 語 境 與 歷 史 脈 絡 ( 一 ) 以 藝 文 補 助 取 代 政 黨 監 管 的 歷 史 脈 絡 -149-
NEA, National Endowments for the Arts 1897-1968 1973 1980 1985-150-
4 1979 1980 5 4 1987 1966 National Endowment for the Arts 5 2008 23-29 -151-
1982 vs. 6 ( 二 ) 表 演 之 為 藝 術 的 文 化 語 境 National Endowment for the Arts not-for-profit theatre National Endowment for the Arts) 6 2012 10 12 11-152-
7 7 David M. Conte and Stephen Langley, Not-for-Profit Professional Theatre, Theatre Management (Hollywood, Cal.: EntertainmentPro, 2007), pp. 115-140. -153-
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8 9 1992 2011 8 2011 5 21 19 30-21 31 9-155-
10 11 12 FRANZ 10 2011 4 11 vs. 11 1987 1999 2003 2005 2007 2011 12 98 38 2009-156-
2010 13 14 13 1995-2003 14 2007 266 2005 11 2445 2007-157-
二 現 代 劇 場 工 作 者 的 產 業 想 像 ( 一 ) 不 可 數 的 文 化 產 值 Cultural Outcome 15 16 17 18 15 2009 11 16 2-5 16 Fa 2009 11 16 5:30-8 17 2009 11 20 2-5 18-158-
19 20 19 2009 11 11 19-21 20 2009 12 2 7-10 -159-
21 qualitative studies ( 二 ) 專 業 化 的 挫 折 與 產 業 化 的 想 像 CD 22 21 2009 11 11 19-21 22 2009 11 16 2-5 -160-
23 24 23 24 2009 11 11 19-21 -161-
1995 2003 1995-2003 2004 2004 2008 2007-162-
25 Fa 26 27 25 2009 11 20 2-5 26 Fa 2009 11 16 5:30-8 27 2009 12 2 7-10 -163-
28 29 30 28 29 2009 11 12 10-1 30 2009 12 2 7-10 -164-
小 結 : 產 業 想 像 實 驗 中 31 32 31 2010 2 3 32 2012 6 22 2012-165-
Artaud Stanislavski 33 case 34 35 NEA 33 2009 12 2 7-10 34 2011 3 21 19-21 25 35-166-
36 1890s-1910s APP@Theatre 36-167-
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臺 灣 現 代 劇 場 的 產 業 想 像 : 一 個 參 與 觀 察 者 的 劇 場 民 族 誌 初 步 書 寫 participant-observer participant observation 1989-2009 -170-
thick description 關 鍵 字 : 文 化 創 意 產 業 表 演 藝 術 現 代 劇 場 文 化 政 策 民 族 誌 -171-
Art as Industry? A Participant-observer s Account of the Changing Course of Modern Theatre in Taiwan Katherine Hui-ling CHOU Professor, Department of English, National Central University To chart the changing ideas of theatre, whether as art or industry, this paper borrows the method of participant observation from cultural anthropology, investigating Taiwan s cultural policies in the past three decades. I begin by overviewing the changing policies on culture and arts since 1980s. I then conduct thick-description of oral histories of some twenty or more theatre workers actors, designers, administers, director, with whom I have closely collaborated with for over 15 years. I argue that whereas the discourse of creative and cultural industries in the 2000s coincides with the emergence of Taiwan s theatre professions, the governmental subsidies for performing arts have actually long prepared for the modern theatre to thrive. It has long been overlooked that the ideology generated by art subsidy impedes the recent cultural policy of creative industry. My discussion also integrates information drawn from a recent experiment, which I conducted, on creating a performing arts cluster practiced on the NCU campus. My ultimate goal is to map out the route of Taiwan modern theatre s striving for its first professionalism and hopefully to begin exchange of ideas between the art community and the governmental Act for Development of Cultural Creative Industries issued in 2010. Keywords: creative and cultural industries performing arts modern theatre cultural policy ethnography -172-
徵 引 書 目 98 38 2009 2010 2 3 93 2004 http://www.moeasmea.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=353&ctnode=307&mp=2 2012 9 5 2004~2010 1992-2003 1995-2008 1992-2003 2002 7 18 NSC-92-2411-H- 008-014 2002 8 1 2004 7 31 2004 7 15 16 1965-2000 NSC93-2411-H-008-008 2004 8 1 2005 7 31 1986~2005 I&II 95-2422-H-008-001 2005 4 1 2007 6 31 96-2422-H-008-001 2007 8 1 2009 7 31 2006 After the Heteroglosia: 2006 Conference on Modern Theater in Taiwan 2008 2012-2013 2013 2003 6 3 2009 11 11 19-21 2009 11 12 10-1 2009 11 12 19-21 2009 11 16 2-5 Fa 2009 11 16 5:30-8 -173-
2009 11 20 2-5 2009 11 23 4-8 2009 12 2 7-10 2010 6 10 19 10-21 36 2011 3 21 19-21 25 2011 5 21 19 30-21 31 2012 10 18 2007 2009 9 2008 2010 2012 2008 Banks, M., Calvey, D., Owen, J. and Russell, D. Where the Art is: Defining and Managing Creativity in New Media SMEs. Creativity and Innovation Management 11 (2002): 255-264. doi: 10.1111/1467-8691.00257 Conte, David M. & Stephen Langley. Theatre Management. Hollywood, Cal.: EntertainmentPro, 2007. Cunningham, Stuart D. From cultural to creative industries: Theory, industry, and policy implications. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy: Quarterly Journal of Media Research and Resources 102 (2002): 54-65. Li-Min Hsueh, An-Loh Lin, Christopher Taylor, eds. The Creative and Cultural Industries in Taiwan, White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan, 2004. (Taipei: Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2004): 161-188. http://www.moeasmea.gov.tw/ct.asp? xitem=353&ctnode=307&mp=2 [accessed September 10, 2012]. -174-