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Modern Chinese History Studies No. 5 0 A Conversation in Writing on the Problem of Fragmentation in Modern Chinese Historical Studies Part Two Grand Narratives of Rebuilding Historiography Wang XuedianGuo Zhendan 4 Fragmented Historiography Understanding and Reflection Zhang Qing 7 The Fragmentation of Historical Studies and the Trends of Modern Historiography Wang Qingjia Is Fragmentation a Problem Wang YuguiWang Weiping 6 Fragmentation a New Historiographical and Methodological Dilemma Li Changli 0 Total History The Trinity of Historical Studies Li Jinzheng 4 Individual Life and the Macro History Zhang Taiyuan 8 The Abdication of the Qing Emperor and the Lack of Ruling Legitimacy in the Early Republican Period Also Discussing the Roles of Traditional Elements in Discourse on Changing Political Systems in the Late Qing and Early Republican Periods Yang Nianqun For a long time most researchers have suggested that the abdication of the Qing emperor was the epilogue and inevitable outcome of the 9 Revolutionwith little value as an independently research topic. After the establishment of the Republic of Chinamany factors that sustained the rule of the Qing court naturally collapsed and disappeared and on the ruins of the old system the democratic and constitutional systems transplanted from the West automatically assumed an unchallenged position. Unexpectedly though serious crisis of confidence appeared immediately after the establishment of the Republicand for a long time the authorities had not established the legitimacy of their rule in the true sense of the term. This paper takes a new perspective looking at how the orthodoxy of the Qing dynasty and the legitimacy of the Republic confronted and interacted with each other in order to study and analyze the successes failuresgains and losses in the establishment of Republican political powerand the important roles played by traditional elements in the process of establishing the Republican political system. It is Our Right to establish the Republicand other Countries' Right to Recognize Us or Not Re-examination of the Diplomatic Recognition of the Republic of China by Foreign Countries during the 9 Revolution Hou Zhongjun 5 The neutrality of the foreign powers and their tacit recognition of the revolutionary army as a belligerent party were precludes to the Republic of China's request for recognition by the foreign powers. According to international practiceat the time of the declaration of the Republic of Chinathe Qing government was still a legitimate regimeand represented China in the international community. The period from the establishment of the Republic to the abdication of the Qing emperor was a period of transitionand we should not simply regard the refusal of foreign powers to recognize the Republic as trouble making and coercion. Though Japan guided the foreign powers' delay in recognizing the Republicbefore the abdication of the Qing emperor it did not put forward a plan on the issue of recognition. It was only at the urging of England Russia and other powers that Japan began to seriously pay attention to the problem of recognition and put forward two sets of proposals. Faced with difficulties over recognition the Foreign Ministry's Treaty Research Committee did not advocate that China take the initiative in asking foreign powers to recognize the Republic. This coincided with Wu Tingfang's viewpoint 60