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13 Collectivism totalism totalitarianism

14 Modern Chinese History Studies No Zhang Yinhuan and Weng Tonghe s Relations with Kang Youwei s Promotion in 1898 Ma Zhongwen 4 Past studies have held that Grand Minister of State Weng Tonghe was the bridge linking the Reform Movement leader Kang Youwei and Emperor Guangxu Weng recommended Kang to Emperor Guangxu and played very important role in the 1898 Reform Movement. However there are no facts to support this viewpoint. The person who really recommended Kang to Guangxu was Zhang Yinhuan Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Finance and Director of the Zongli Yamen. Zhang Yinhuan was the sponsor of Kang Youwei s political activities in Beijing from 1895 to Zhang not only thoroughly supported Kang s movement to petition Emperor Guangxu after the Jiaozhou Bay Incident but also recommended Kang s reformist books when he was called in by Emperor Guangxu and positively promoted Kang s advancement in rank and position. As a sympathizer Weng Tonghe did give cautious support to Kang in his handling public affairs but he did not recommend Kang. The relationship between Weng and Kang was never very close. The view that Weng Tonghe recommended Kang Youwei first appeared after the Coup of 1898 and the initiator was Kang Youwei in exile abroad. The official view that Weng recommended Kang was product of factionalist struggles in the Qing court after the Coup. The Dilemma of Provincial Administration Systems during the 1911 Revolution Guan Xiaohong 29 The administration systems of most provinces taken over by revolutionaries in 1911 and even the provincial system established by the central government in the early Republican period were adaptations the provincial bureaucratic reform and provincial independence and self-government of the late Qing. How should the relationship between central government and local government be determined in a republican system The key was provincial administration. The public dispute over provincial administration programs in the early Republican period was the longest-lasting and most troublesome issue of the time. It is not suitable for us to look at it just as a contest between democracy and autocracy. We should consider the yearnings of people at the time for national unification and their secret anxieties over regional fragmentation. In Chinese historical culture division and unification were closely related to order chaos rise and decline. The balance and choice between centralization and decentralization of power between appointed bureaucracy and self-government related not only to democracy and autocracy but also to the choice between unification or division. Provinces were too large to be the basic units of self-government so there were no precedents to draw on in either the East or West and neither a unitary system nor a federal system were suitable for China. Therefore during the early Republican period the provincial administration system became the focal point for entanglements between native conditions and foreign systems. This chronic and stubborn disease might yet exert profound influence on reforms of China s political system. Looking at Sun Yat-sen s Judicial Thought and Practice in His Later Years from the Angle of Party Power Politics Li Zaiquan 50 Sun Yat-sen s revolutionary theories changed with the times and his judicial thought therefore changed frequently. After theories of party political power were introduced into China Sun Yat-sen in his late years completed the transformation from sovereign rights belong to the people to sovereign rights belong to party and from natural rights to revolutionary civil rights. Accordingly Sun Yat-sen thought that as one of the ruling powers judicial power should not transcend party politics during the revolutionary period. Instead it should be controlled by the Guomindang. In practice Sun Yat-sen did his best to seek out the path toward the judiciary s party-ization but because of the Guomindang had insufficient power and strength many of its measures for controlling the judiciary just stayed on paper. The Use of The Complete Book of Six Codes in Civil Trials in the Shaaxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region An Examination Based on Archives of the Border Region High Court Hu Yongheng

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~ ~ ~ 36 4 2015 385 ~ 397 The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology Vol. 36 No. 4 2015 1951 ~ 1956 100049 100190 1951 ~ 1966 1951 ~ 1956 N092 P62-092 A 1673-1441 2015 04-0385-13 1951 ~ 1966