A t 1 2 L A t 2 1.44 1 2

(2) N n + + n N q 1.2 n N - +

= - 100% = 100% = 100

=

PER =

1 mg = mg + mg 60

% = ( kg) 100 % = ( kg) 100

24 ( mg) (%) = (mg) 100 24

α β

= LC 50 = 2 20 2 LC 50

1 H 2O Hg NO 3 2 2

I L1 = 10 log 10 ( db) I 0

( / ) (db(a)) (db(a)) 8 85 90 4 82 93 2 91 96 1 94 99 1/2 97 102 1/4 100 105 115dB(A)

V 0 273 P = Vt ( 273 + t) 760

(V2 - V 1)M / = 64.06 10

SO mg / m = 10 C 3 2 V0 C = N 1000 LT

= EDTA - Na 2 ( ml ) 0. 00421 1000 4.762 20

2-2+ SO Cd 4

1

4 mg = C T C T N V

/ = NC 3 bv 0

(1) / = m - m 3 2 1 1000 v t (2) % = a - b 100 a + b 2

10 10 = 2.2 45

C mg / L V

C = = 2C 0. 5

c

n X X X X X i 1 + 2Λ + n i = = = 1 ( 7 1) n n X = 1 n X 17. 3 + 18. 0+ Λ 255. 213. 5 X = = = 214. ( kg) 10 10

X f x f X f X 1 1 + 2 2+ Λ + k = f + f + Λ + f 1 2 k k fx = n ( 7 2) 623. 20 X = = 4. 794( 10 12 / H) 130 G = n X1X2Λ X n ( 7 3 )

lg X + lgx + + lg X f X n lg G = lg 1 1 2 Λ = 1 lg n n 7 4 5 G = 10 100 1000 10000 100000 = 1000 1 + + + + G = lg10 lg100 lg1000 lg10000 lg100000 lg 5 1 = lg 3 = 1000 f lg X + f lgx + + f Xk f X k lg G = = lg lg 1 1 1 2 2 Λ 1 lg f + f + + f k n 7 5 1 2 Λ 1 251073. 1 G = lg = lg 1. 0916 = 12. 35 23

n M = X n+1 7 6 2 n M = 1 2 (X + X ) 7 7 n 2 n +1 2 M = X = X 3 = 6 5+1 2 M = 1 ( X + X = 1 2 2 (X + X ) = 1 8 ) 4 5 (9 +11)10 + 2 8 2 2 1 P = L + i x nx% - f L 7 8 f x

M = 1.l + 0.4 (238 50% -86 = 1.32 g / g 60 P = 0.7 + 0.4 25 238 25% - 20 = 0.94 g / g 66 P = 1.5 + 0.4 75 238 75% -146 = 1.77 g / g 48

2 ( X µ ) σ = 7 9 N ( X X) s = 7 10 n 1 2 2 X ( X) / n s = 7 11 n 1 2 4619. 43 2135. / 10 s = = 2. 6( kg) 10 1

s = 2 2 fx ( fx) / n n 1 7 12 2 3009. 12 623. 20 / 130 12 s = = 0. 409( 10 / L) 130 1-1 -1 Y n Y Y s M = lg Y lg ( Y s ) lg 1 ( Y + s ) ο Y Y Y CV = s 100% 7 13 X CV = 4.95 100% = 2.98% 166.06 CV = 4.96 100% = 9.23% 53.72

b f(x)dx a

7-7 130 10 /L % % X 4.385-5.203 88 67.69 68.27 X 3.992-5.596 120 92.31 95.00 X 3.739-5.849 129 99.23 99.00

X µ u = 7 14 σ 1 X - u s Xu s 1 X - u s X + u s

X - u s X + u s = 4.794-1.96 0.409 4.794 + 1.96 0.409 0.05 0.05 12 = 3.992 5.596 10 / L P = 2.3 + 0.4 95 238 95% - 212 = 2.65 g / g 16

n X X X σ σ = (7 15) X n X X X = 0 X X n n X X X s s = X n 7 16

2. 6 s X = = 10 kg = N( µ σ / n) X X µ X u = = 7 17 σ σ / n X X µ X µ t = = 7 18 s s / n X N n X s 7 18 1 X

X s ( 7 18) X / s X µ P( t α, v < < t α, v ) = 1 s X X P( X t s < µ < X + t s ) = 1 α α α, v X α, v X X ± t s = X t s X + t s 7 19 α, v X α, v X α, v X 7 2 X = 21.4kg 7 17 s = 0.8kg 7 18 X - t X + t s 0.05,9 0.05,9 X s t X α, ν α ν X X

2 1 X1 X2 X 0 X1 X2 2 significance test X 0 X1 X2 ( H ) H X X X 0 0 0 1 2 H0 H1 X 0 X1 X2 0 H 0 X 0 ( X1 X2) 0

0 72 / n = 25 X = 74.2 / s = 6.5 / ( 7 18) 74. 2 72 t = = 1692. 65. / 25 v = 25 1= 24 2 2 2 + = / d 1 2 d d n sd = s / n 0 d 1 2 d d 0 t 7 18 t d 0 d t = = v = n 1 7 20 s s / n d d

68 d = = 68. ( g / L) 10 2 2900 68. / 10 sd = = 165. ( g / L) 10 1 68. t = = 1303. 165. / 10 v = 10 1 = 9

d = 68.1 = 8.51 mol / L 8 2 808. 67 681. / 8 s d = = 572. mol / L 8 1 851. t = = 4. 208 572. / 8 X1 X2 N( 1-2 σ σ ) X X X X2 σ X 2 1 1 = σ + X n n 1 2 1 2 1 2 7 21 s 2 1 1 = s + n n X1 X2 c 1 2 7 22

S S c 2 2 2 2 ( 1) 1 2 ( 2 ) 2 2 X X / n + X X / n = n + n 2 1 c 1 2 2 2 7 23 s 2 c s 2 2 ( n 1) s + ( n 2 1) s2 = n1 + n2 2 2 1 1 c X t = s X 1 2 = X1 X2 c X 1 X 2 s ( 1 / n + 1 / n ) 2 1 2 v = n + n 2 1 2 7 24 7 25 2 2 v s1 s2 v = n1 1+ n2 1 = n1 + n2 2 1 2 X1 X2 t 7 25 t 2 n = 11 X = 16.73 X = 27.2239 n = 13 X = 14.10 1 1 1 2 X = 17.4316 2 1521. 1085. t = = 2. 522 0. 1781( 14 / 11+ 1/ 13) 2 2 v = 11+ 13 2 = 22

X 1 2 X 2 2 n = 156, X = 4. 651, s = 0548. ; n = 4. 222, X = 4. 222, s = 0442.. 1 1 1 2 2 2 ( ) 2 2 ( 156 1) 0. 548 + 74 1 0. 442 2 s c = = 0. 2667 156 + 74 2 4. 651 4. 222 t = = 5885. 0. 2667( 1/ 156 + 1/ 74) v = 156 + 74 2 = 228 X Y = lgx Y lgg = Y lgg = Y t 1 Y 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 Y 1 2 1 Y 2 ν t = (Y - Y ) / s = n + n - 2

= 100% 1000 8 1 = 100% 8 2

= 100% 8 3 519433369 = 1. 063 = 106. 3% 488741919 19. 39 9. 99 = 1. 94 100% = 5552%. 9. 99 19. 39

p' = ( N1p1 + N2p 2+ Λ + N kp k) / N = ( Nip i) / N 8 4 p = C p + C P + C p = C p 8 5 1 1 2 2 k k i i

= n a n / a 0 8 6 8 = 6.88 / 9.01 100% = 96.7%

π(1- π) p = 8 8 n p( 1 p) sp = 8 9 n 29 p = = 0. 0881 = 8. 81% 329 00881. ( 1 00881. ) s p = = 0. 0156 = 156%. 329

p p u = π π = 8 10 σp π( 1 π) / n p p u = π π = 8 11 s p( 1 p) / n p p ± u s = p u s p + u s 8 12 a p a p a p

p π0 u = 8 13 π ( 1 π ) / n 0 0 u = p = 48 = 0.316 = 31.6% 152 0. 316 020. = 358. 0. 20( 1 0. 20) / 152 1 1 σ p p π 1 π 1 = ( ) + 8 14 2 n n i 2 1 1 sp p pc 1 p 1 = ( 2 c) + 8 15 n n 1 2 p1 p 2 p1 p2 u = = 8 16 sp p pc ( 1 pc )( 1/ n1 + 1/ n 1 2 2)

23 13 p1 = = 0. 2875 p2 = = 0. 1529 80 85 23 + 13 p c = = 0. 2182 80 + 85 0. 2875 01529. u = = 2. 092 0. 2182( 1 0. 2182)( 1/ 80 + 1/ 85)

nr nc TRC = 8 17 n 2 2 A T X = ( ) 8 18 T 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 x x x P x x P α,v α,v α

2 2 ( ab bc) n x = 8 20 ( a + b)( c + d)( a + c)( b + d) 2 A T 0 5 2 x = (. ) 8 21 T 2 2 ( ad bc n / 2) n x = 8 22 ( a + b)( c + d)( a + c)( b + d) 2 2 ( 23 17. 45) ( 57 62. 55) x 2 = + + 175. 6255. 2 2 ( 13 18. 55) ( 72 66. 45) + = 4. 38 1855. 6645. 2 2 ( 23 72 57 13) 165 x = = 4. 37 80 85 36 129 v = ( 2 1)( 2 1) = 1

( 26 2 7 36 71 / 2) 2 x = 33 38 62 9 v = ( 2 1)( 2 1) = 1 2 = 2. 75 2 2 ( b c) x = v = 1 8 23 b + c

x 2 ( b c 1) = b + c 2 v = 1 8 24 2 ( 9 1 1) x 2 = = 4. 90 9 + 1 2 2 A x = n 1 8 25 n R n C

2 2 2 114 3278 444 x 2 = 52281( + + 3392 625 3392 51656 40547 625 2 2 2 10103 37 8275 + + + 1 = 148. 98 40547 51656 8342 625 8342 51656 ν = ( 3 1)( 2 1) = 2

71 6 16 18 111 160 111 24 111 38 111 69 2 2 2 2 89 18 22 51 + + + + 1) 180 160 180 24 180 38 180 69 = 889. 2 2 2 2 x 2 = 291( + + + ν = ( 2 1)( 4 1) = 3 2 2 2 340 11 19 x 2 = 588( + + Λ + 357 513 357 44 139 31 1 ) = 5813. ν = ( 3 1)( 3 1) = 4

u = T n( n + 1) / 4 05. n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) / 24 9 1 T n( n + 1) / 4 05. u = 9 2 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 1 3 ( t i t i) 24 48 3 3 3 ( t t ) = ( 2 2) + ( 3 3) = 30 i i

N( N + 1) N = n 1 + n2 2 T n1( N + 1) / 2 05. u = 9 3 n n ( n + 1) / 12 1 2 T n1( N + 1) / 2 0. 5 u = 9 4 n1n 2 N N t i t i N( N ) [ 3 ( 3 12 1 )]

10 9.5 9 + 10 2 12 + 13 12 12.5 15 2

N( N+ ) 3. Ri Ri = Ri 2 12 Ri H = N N ( + 1) n i 2 3( N + 1) 9 5 R i n N = n i i i

12 H = 15( 15+ 1) 34 5 60 + + 5 26 5 2 2 2 3( 15 + 1) 2 3 12 R ( t t i j j) HC = 3( N + 1) 1 9 6 3 N( N + 1) n i N N

t 3 3 - t = 2-2 + 2 3 3 j j - 2 + 3-3 = 36 j 2 2 2 12 34 60 26 36 H C = + + 3( 15 + 1) 15 15 + 1 5 5 5 1 3 ( ) 15 15 1+ 2+ Λ + 172 1 + 172 = 86.5 = 86.5 172 2 173 + 514 = 343.5 2

2 12 423876 H = + + 993( 993 + 1) = 38335 97 838 2 2 31310 58-3(993+ 1) = 14.3 j 3 3 3 3 (t - t ) = (172-172) + (342-342) + (479-479) j H = C j = 154991382 H (t = t ) 17.0 3 j 1 3 N N 14.3 = 1-154991382 3 993 993 = 17. 0 j j

) Y = a + bx 10 1 b = ( X X)( Y Y) XY ( Y) / n = 10 2 2 2 2 ( X X) X ( X) / n ( ) a = Y bx Y / n b( X) / n 10 3

) Y X Y a Y.X 946. 55 405 2315. / 10 8. 975 b = = = 00911. 2 16501 405 / 10 985. a = 23.15/ 10-0.0911 405/ 10 = -1.3746 ) Y = -1.3746 + 0.0911X ) X = 35 Y = -1.3746 + 0.0911 35 = 1.81 1 1 ) X = 45 Y = -1.3746 + 0.0911 45 = 2.72 2 2

b 0 b t = = v = n 2 10 4 sb sb SY. X sb = 10 5 ( X X) 2

) 2 ( Y Y) sy. X = 10 6 n 2 ) 2 Y - Y Y ( Y Y) = ( Y Y) [ ( X X)( Y Y) ] ) 2 2 2 10 7 2 ( X X) 2 2 2 ( Y- Y ) = Y - ( Y) /n b 10 2 10 1 b = 0.0911 ( X - X)( Y - Y) = 8.975 ( X- X) 2 2 ( Y Y) = 55. 2875 2315. / 10 = 1. 6953 ) ( Y Y) 2 = 16953. 8. 975 2 / 985. = 08775. 08775. sy. X = = 0. 3312 10 2 03312. sb = = 0. 0334 985. 0. 0911 t = = 2. 728 0. 0334 ν = 10 2 8 2

( X X)( Y_ Y) r = ( X X) ( Y Y) = XY ( X)( Y) / n [ X ( X) / n][ Y ( Y) / n] 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 8 r = 946. 55 405 2315. / 10 0.6945 16501 405 / 10 ( 65. 2875 2315. 2 / 10) ( )

r 0 r t = = s 2 r 1 r ν = n 2 10 9 n 2 t = 0. 6945 = 2. 730 2 1 0. 6945 10 2 ν = 10 2 = 8

2 d r = 6 s 1 10 10 2 n( n 1)

6 42 r s = 1 = 0. 745 2 10( 10 1)

2 n = (u + u ) α β 12 1 δ 2 (1.645 +1.282) 89 n = = 53.5 54 35.6

2 n = n = 2 (u + u )s α β 1 2 12 2 δ 2 n = n = 2 (1.960 +1.282) 1 1 2 = 58.4 59 0. 6 n = (u + u ) 2 α β 2p( 1 p) 12 3 2 (p1 - p 2 ) 2 (1.645 +1.282) 2( 02. )( 1 0. 2) n = = 68.5 69 2 (0.3-0.1)

1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 1 22 17 68 65 81 68 95 23 92 35 8702225751 6109439506 5824820347 2 19 36 27 59 46 13 79 93 37 55 3977327709 8552053062 4783516274 3 16 77 23 02 77 09 61 87 25 21 28 06 24 25 93 16 71 13 59 78 23 05 47 47 25 4 78 43 76 71 61 20 44 90 32 64 97 67 63 99 61 46 38 03 93 22 69 81 21 99 21 5 03 28 28 26 08 73 37 32 04 05 69 30 16 09 05 88 69 58 28 99 35 07 44 75 47 6 93 22 53 64 39 07 10 63 76 35 87 06 04 79 88 08 13 13 85 51 55 34 57 72 69 7 78 76 58 54 74 92 38 70 96 92 52 06 79 79 45 82 63 18 27 44 69 66 92 19 09 8 23 68 35 26 00 99 53 93 61 28 52 70 05 48 34 56 65 05 61 86 90 92 10 70 80 9 15 39 25 70 99 93 86 52 77 65 15 33 59 05 28 22 87 26 07 47 86 96 98 29 06 10 58 71 96 30 24 18 46 23 34 27 85 13 99 24 44 49 18 09 79 49 74 16 32 23 02 11 57 35 27 33 72 24 53 63 94 09 41 10 76 47 91 44 04 95 49 66 39 60 04 59 81 12 48 50 86 54 48 22 06 34 72 52 82 21 15 65 20 33 29 94 74 11 15 91 29 12 03 13 61 96 48 85 03 07 16 39 33 66 98 56 10 56 79 77 21 30 27 12 90 49 22 23 62 14 36 93 89 41 26 29 70 83 63 51 99 74 20 52 36 87 09 41 15 09 89 60 16 03 03 15 18 87 00 42 31 57 90 12 02 07 23 47 37 17 31 54 08 01 88 63 39 41 88 92 10 16 88 56 53 27 59 33 35 72 67 47 77 34 55 45 70 08 18 27 38 90 16 95 86 70 75 17 09 72 95 84 29 47 41 31 06 70 42 38 06 45 18 64 84 73 31 65 52 53 37 97 15 18 12 96 88 17 31 65 19 69 02 83 60 75 86 90 68 24 64 19 35 51 56 61 87 39 12 19 85 94 57 24 16 92 09 84 38 76 22 00 27 69 85 29 84 94 78 70 21 94 47 90 12 20 38 64 43 59 98 98 77 87 68 07 91 51 67 62 44 40 98 05 93 78 23 32 65 41 18 21 53 44 09 42 72 00 41 86 79 79 68 47 22 00 20 35 55 31 51 51 00 83 63 22 55 22 40 76 66 26 84 57 99 99 90 37 36 63 32 08 58 37 40 13 68 97 87 64 81 07 83 23 02 17 79 48 05 12 59 52 57 02 22 07 99 47 03 28 14 11 30 79 20 69 22 40 98 24 95 17 82 06 53 31 51 10 96 46 92 06 88 07 77 56 11 50 81 69 40 23 72 51 39 25 35 76 22 42 92 96 11 83 44 80 34 68 35 47 77 33 42 40 90 60 73 96 53 97 86 26 26 29 13 56 41 85 47 04 66 08 34 72 57 59 13 82 43 80 46 15 38 26 61 70 04 27 77 80 20 75 82 72 82 32 99 90 63 95 73 76 63 89 73 44 99 05 48 67 26 43 18 28 46 40 66 44 52 91 36 74 43 53 30 82 13 54 00 78 45 63 98 35 55 03 36 67 68 29 37 56 08 18 09 77 53 84 46 47 31 91 18 95 58 24 16 74 11 53 44 10 13 85 57 30 61 65 61 68 66 37 27 47 39 19 84 83 70 07 48 53 21 40 06 71 95 06 79 88 54 31 93 43 69 64 07 34 18 04 52 35 56 27 09 24 86 61 85 53 83 45 19 90 70 99 00 32 21 96 60 12 99 11 20 99 45 18 48 13 93 55 34 18 37 79 49 90 65 97 38 20 46 33 95 20 47 97 97 27 37 83 28 71 00 06 41 41 74 45 89 09 39 84 51 67 11 52 49 34 97 86 21 78 73 10 65 81 92 59 58 76 17 14 97 04 76 62 16 47 17 95 70 45 80 35 69 92 06 34 13 59 71 74 17 32 27 55 10 24 19 23 71 82 13 74 63 52 52 01 41 36 04 31 17 21 56 33 73 99 19 87 26 72 39 27 67 53 77 57 68 93 60 61 97 22 61 37 61 06 98 03 91 87 14 77 43 96 43 00 65 98 50 45 60 33 01 07 98 99 46 50 47 38 85 93 85 86 88 72 87 08 62 40 16 06 10 89 20 23 21 34 74 97 76 38 03 29 63 39 21 74 32 47 45 73 96 07 94 52 09 65 90 77 47 25 76 16 19 33 53 05 70 53 30 40 15 69 53 82 80 79 96 23 53 10 65 39 07 16 29 45 33 02 43 70 02 87 40 41 45 41 02 89 08 04 49 20 21 14 68 86 87 63 93 95 17 11 29 01 95 80 35 14 97 35 33 42 87 18 15 89 79 85 43 01 72 73 08 61 74 51 69 89 74 39 82 15 94 51 33 41 67 43 98 83 71 94 22 59 97 50 99 52 08 52 85 08 40 87 80 61 65 31 91 51 80 32 44 44 10 08 58 21 66 72 68 49 29 31 89 85 84 46 06 59 73 19 85 23 65 09 29 75 63 45 17 90 56 10 08 88 02 84 27 83 42 29 72 23 19 66 56 45 65 79 20 71 53 20 25 46 22 85 61 68 90 49 64 92 85 44 16 40 12 89 88 50 14 49 81 06 01 82 77 45 12 47 67 80 43 79 33 12 83 11 41 16 25 58 19 68 70 77 02 54 00 52 53 43 37 15 26 48 27 62 50 96 72 79 44 61 40 15 14 53 40 65 39 27 31 58 50 28 11 39 03 34 25 49 33 78 80 87 15 38 30 06 38 21 14 47 47 07 26 54 96 87 53 32 40 36 40 96 76 50 13 13 92 66 99 47 24 49 57 74 32 25 43 62 17 10 97 11 69 84 99 63 22 32 98

δ ( ) σ α α α α α α α α β δ ) σ ( ) δ σ α α α α α α α α β δ ) σ

δ ( ) σ α α α α α α α α β δ ) σ ( ) δ σ α α 12-4 t α α α α α α β δ ) σ

δ

δ

40