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Microhard L A TEX 2ε October 20, 2005

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Contents 1 7 1.1................................. 7 1.2................................. 9 1.3................................. 12 1.4................................. 15 1.5................................. 18 2 23 2.1................................. 23 2.2................................. 27 2.3................................. 29 2.4................................. 32 2.5................................. 36 3 41 3.1................................. 41 3.2................................. 43 3.3................................. 47 3.4................................. 50 3.5................................. 53 4 59 4.1................................. 59 4.2................................. 63 4.3................................. 65 4.4................................. 69 5 75 5.1................................. 75 5.2................................. 78 5.3................................. 83 5.4................................. 87 5.5................................. 91 3

4 CONTENTS 6 95 6.1................................. 95 6.2................................. 98 6.3................................. 101 6.4................................. 105 6.5................................. 109 7 115 7.1................................. 115 7.2................................. 119 7.3................................. 123 7.4................................. 126 7.5................................. 131 7.6................................. 135 7.7................................. 138 7.8................................. 143 7.9................................. 147 7.10................................. 152 8 157 8.1................................. 157 8.2................................. 161 8.3................................. 165 8.4................................. 170 8.5................................. 174 9 179 9.1................................. 179 9.2................................. 183 9.3................................. 187 9.4................................. 191 9.5................................. 196 10 203 10.1................................. 203 10.2................................. 207 10.3................................. 210 10.4................................. 215 10.5................................. 218 11 223 11.1................................. 223 11.2................................. 227 11.3................................. 232 11.4................................. 237 11.5................................. 242

CONTENTS 5 12 249

6 CONTENTS

Chapter 1 1.1 1887 18?? (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz) 30 (Hermann von Helmholtz)? (Carl Benz) (LC ) 7

8 CHAPTER 1. (Maxwell) 8 (Michael Faraday) 30 / ( )

1.2. 9 37 20 1901 7? (Guglielmo Marconi) (Aleksandr Popov) 1.2 1887 ( ) (Empedocles) (Aphrodite) ( )

10 CHAPTER 1. (Lucretius) 1000? (al-haytham) (Euclid) (Catoptrica) (Ptolemy) (Johannes Kepler) (W.Snell) 1621 (Pierre de Fermat) (Des Cartes) (Francesco Maria Grimaldi)

1.2. 11 ( ) (Aether) 17 ******** (Aether) ( ) (Ether) (Ethernet)

12 CHAPTER 1. 1.3 (Robert Boyle ) 1663 (Robert Hooke) 1665 (Micrographia) 1672? 30 impressive

1.3. 13 ( ) 1665 1665 ( ) (Christiaan Huygens) 1665 ( ) 1669 (E.Bartholinus) ( ) 1690 (Traite de la Lumiere)? ( ) 1704 (Opticks)

14 CHAPTER 1. ( 1695 ) ********* 1964 1674 1679 ( my supposition is that the Attraction always is in a. duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocal) ( ) 30 ( ) ( )

1.4. 15 1.4 1773 6 13 (Milverton)? (Thomas Young) 6 14 16 10 19 ( )? ( ) ( ) 1801 1803 1/36000 1/60000

16 CHAPTER 1. 1807 ( ) 20 (Etienne Louis Malus) 1809 1819 1818 (J.B.Biot) (Pierre Simon de Laplace) (S.D.Poission)

1.4. 17 (Augustin Fresnel 31 ) ( ) ( ) (Fran?ois Arago) (Grand Prix) ( ) 19 1819 1850 5 6 (Foucault ) 100 30 / (? ) ( )

18 CHAPTER 1. 1856 1861 1865 1861 1887 ********* (Dominique Fran?ois Jean Arago)? 1.5

1.5. 19 X (Ludwig Boltzmann)? (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) Superb 19 1846 ( ) (Rudolph Clausius) (J.D. Van der Waals) (Josiah Willard Gibbs) ( ) ( )

20 CHAPTER 1. 19 1887 ( 1887-1888 ) 19 1895 (Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen) X 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) 1897 (Marie Curie)? 1897 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) 1899 (Ernest Rutherford)

1.5. 21

22 CHAPTER 1.

Chapter 2 2.1 1900 4 27 (Royal Institution, Albemarle Street)? (Sir Humphry Davy) (Lord Kelvin) 19 76 ( The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two clouds. ) 23

24 CHAPTER 2. - - - 1881 1886 - (George FitzGerald) (Hendrik Antoon Lorentz) ( 6 )

2.1. 25 ( ) ********* - (AL Laroisier) 1774

26 CHAPTER 2. 1882 (J.W.S Rayleigh) (William Ramsay) (Ar) 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) X X X

2.2. 27 2.2-19 ( ) ( ) (Samuel Pierpont Langley) (Gustav Robert Kirchhoff) (Josef Stefan) 19 80? (Wilhelm Wien) 1887 (Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt PTR)

28 CHAPTER 2. 1883 u = b(λ 5 )(e a /λt ) ( λ 5 e a /λt λ -5 e a/λt u λ T a,b ) (F.Paschen) (PTR) (Otto Richard Lummer) (Ernst Pringsheim) 1899 1000 K PTR (Heinrich Rubens) (Ferdinand Kurlbaum) 19 PTR ( ) u T (J.H.Jeans) u = 8Π(Ψ 2 )kt/c 3 - (Rayleigh-Jeans) k c

2.3. 29 u T - λ 0 ( ) - -? 2.3 Dilemma? 20 (Max Carl Ernst Ludwig Planck) 1858 (Kiel) 1867

30 CHAPTER 2. (Philipp von Jolly) 1879 1896 u T (Heinrich Rubens ) 1900 10 7 6 (1894 ) 10

2.3. 31 Bingo Moment 10 19 (Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft) 6

32 CHAPTER 2. (Letter to R. W. Wood, 1931) 1900 ********* 17 18 ( ) (Daniel Bernoulli) (J.R.d Alembert) (Andre Marie Ampere) (Nicolas Carnot) 19 (Friedrich Wohler) 20 2.4

2.4. 33-20 1920 ( until after some weeks of the most intense work of my life clearness began to dawn upon me, and an unexpected view revealed itself in the distance) 200? ( ) A B C

34 CHAPTER 2. 20 30 25 28 29 1/2 29 3/4 29 9/10 20 30 100 50 32.233 3.14159 1 penny 1.00001 0.01 1 1.01 1 1.01 1900 12 14 N Un Un (die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu finden, dass die NResonatoren ingesamt Schwingungsenergie Un besitzen, Un nicht als eine unbeschr?nkt teilbare, sondern al seine ganzen Zahl von endlichen gleichen Teilen aufzufassen )

2.4. 35 (Energieelement) (Elementarquantum) quantum quantus 1 1/2 1 1/2 6.55@10 27 * 6.626@10 34 * h 1900 12 14? ********* (Parmenides)

36 CHAPTER 2. (Zeno) 10 100 10 100 10 1 1 1/10 ( ) 2.5

2.5. 37 1900 h 1915 (Hercules) 1900 6

38 CHAPTER 2. 20 1900 12 14 42? (Albert Einstein) (ETH) (Minkowski) 15? (Niels Bohr) (conclusion) In conclusion, Iwould like to mention uranium( )

2.5. 39? (Erwin Schrodinger) Akademisches Gymnasium (Arthur Schnitzler) (Stefanie Zweig) 8 3? (Max Born) ( )? (Louis de Broglie) 8?? (Wolfgang Ernst Pauli) 8 middle name Ernst? (Ernst Mach) 12 (Wurzberg) (Werner Karl Heisenberg)? (Enrico Fermi) 20? (Paul Dirac)

40 CHAPTER 2.

Chapter 3 3.1 (The Photoelectric Effect) 41

42 CHAPTER 3. ( ) ( )

3.2. 43 20 10 1905 26? 3.2

44 CHAPTER 3. 100? 1905? (Mileva Marec) (1903) 8 1905 1905 3 18 (Annalen der Physik) (A Heuristic Interpretation of the Radiation and Transformation of Light) 1905 ( 1901 ) h : E =h E h 10 15 10 15 h6.6@10 34 6.6@10 19

3.2. 45 E =h (energy quanta) (light quanta) 1926 (G.N.Lewis) (photon) (E =h ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

46 CHAPTER 3. ( ) ( ) 500 500 ( ) 1/2mv 2 = hθ P 1/2mv 2 h P *********

3.3. 47 1666 1905 1666 23 ( ) annus mirabilis ( 1667 ) 1905 6 3 18 4 30 5 11 12 19 6 30 9 27 E=mc2 3 100 3.3

48 CHAPTER 3. (C.Habicht)? 100 1915 (R.A.Millikan) 1923 (A.H.Compton) X X X X h

3.3. 49 E =h E over ( X )? 30 20

50 CHAPTER 3. 3.4 1911 9 26? 32 1911 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) J.J. J.J. J.J. project? (Ernest Rutherford) J.J. 1912 1897 J.J. 1910 ( )

3.4. 51 90 (1911) ( )? 1912 7

52 CHAPTER 3. 7 24 20 1922 (Paul Dirac) 1933 ( J.J. ) 31? (James Chadwick) 1935 (Patrick M. S. Blackett) 1948 1932 (E.T.S Walton) (John Cockcroft) 1951

3.5. 53 (Frederick Soddy) 1921 (Georg von Hevesy) 1943 (Otto Habn) 1944 (Cecil Frank Powell) 1950 (Hans Bethe) 1967 (P.L.Kapitsa) 1978 case 10 ( )? (Hans Geiger )? (Henry Mosely )? (Ernest Marsden ) 100 3.5 1912 8 1 1 h

54 CHAPTER 3. 1913 (Hans Marius Hansen) (Ion) 1954 656 484 434 410 397 388 383 380 1885 (Johann Balmer) ΘR(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Rydberg) n 2 (3 4 5 )

3.5. 55 n 2 n 3 4 3.5 E =h ( ) (J.Stark) (J.W.Nicholson) 100 1 / 1000 100 1000 1 1 0.5 3 1/3 1/39 0.6 0.6 ( 1000 ) 1.2 1 1/2

56 CHAPTER 3. ( ) E =h? Acknowledgements E =mc2 E =h E =mc2 E h ( ) W3 ( W1) W3-W1 W3-W1 =h ( ) (On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules) (Systems Containing Only a. Single Nucleus) (Systems Containing Several Nuclei) 1913 3 9 (Philosophical Magazine) 1900 1913

3.5. 57

58 CHAPTER 3.

Chapter 4 4.1 ( - ) J.J. W2-W1 =h Θr(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Pickering line series)? ( ) X 59

60 CHAPTER 4. ( ) ( ) (A.Sommerfeld) E1 E2 E1 E2 E2 E1 E2-E1 E2-E1 =h E2 E1 E2 E1 500 800

4.1. 61 1925 1001 1002 8 2001 2002 2101 2102 2111 2112 2121 3001 (3122) (wing) 1922

62 CHAPTER 4. h 1918 ********* ( ) 99%? (William Blake) To see a. world in a. grain of sand. * And a. heaven in a. wild flower * Hold infinity in the palm of your hand * And eternity in an hour * ( ) 10 17 10 30

4.2. 63 10 30 ( ) (Fractal Universe) 4.2 ( )

64 CHAPTER 4. 1/2 (Lande) (Kramers) 1923 1925-1926 (Werner Heisenberg) (Erwin Schrodinger) 13

4.3. 65 80 90 1919? 1921 9 36 (Georg von Hevesy) (Otto Frisch) (Nevill Mott) (Lev D.Landau) (George Gamov) 4.3????? (Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie) (Prince ) (Viscount) (Baron)

66 CHAPTER 4. (1733-1735) (1740-1748) (1756-1763) (1775-1782) (1789) (1848) (Francis II )? (Louis Philippe ) ( Duc Duke)?? (Maurice de Broglie) 1960 duc de Broglie Jacques Victor Albert, duc de Broglie 1873-1874 (Histoire de l glise et de l empire romain) 18 (1910)? ( ) 1911?? (Paul Langevin) ( )

4.3. 67 m E = mc 2 E =h mc 2 =E =h Θ = mc 2 /h v0 c 2 /v 0 c 2 /v 0 (phase wave) λ = (c 2 /v 0 )/(mc 2 /h) = h/mv 0 1923

68 CHAPTER 4. 1925 4 (C.J.Davisson) (L. H. Germer) (nickel) X X X 1927 G.P. J.J 1937 8 GP JJ

4.4. 69 ********* JJ GP? 1903 ( 1911 )? (Irene Joliot-Curie) 1935 Henry R. Labouisse 1965 (UNICEF) 1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X? 1922? (Aage Bohr) 1975? (Karl Siegbahn)? (Kai Siegbahn) 1924 1981 4.4

70 CHAPTER 4. (C.T.R.Wilson) 1911 1927 1937 10 Hey 1924 (Kramers) (Slater) ( BSK )

4.4. 71 1924 1925? (Werner Heisenberg) 1901 (W rzburg) 9 ( Maximilians Gymnasium ) 1919 (Ferdinand von Lindemann) 1922 1925 ( )?

72 CHAPTER 4. ********* (If Ihave seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants) 12 (Bernard of Chartres ) Nos esse quasi nanos gigantium humeris insidientes 1676 ( ) ( )? Joseph Spence? ( )

4.4. 73

74 CHAPTER 4.

Chapter 5 5.1 1924 7 (Rockefeller) (IEB) 1000 5 1924 10 6 IEB 1924 9 17 (King) 1924 1925 (Kramers) (Slater) BKS 75

76 CHAPTER 5. BKS (virtual oscillator) ( ) BKS BKS 1925 4 BKS (torture) BKS? ( ) 1925 4 27 BKS

5.1. 77 ( fans ) Matrix Matrix Enigma ( ) Matrix MatLab MM? Matrix 2*2 2*2 1 2 3 4 2*3 1 23 4 56

78 CHAPTER 5. 5.2 E1-E2 =h

5.2. 79 3 5 7 1 A BCD E 2 A B 1 B C 0.5 C D 1 D E 2 B E 0.5 12=3.5 D A 1 0.5 1=2.5 A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5 ( ) A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5

80 CHAPTER 5. C D C 1.5 D 2.5 C D 1 A BC DE A 01 1.5 2.5 4.5 B 10 0.5 1.5 3.5 C 1.5 0.5 01 3 D 2.5 1.5 10 2 E 4.5 3.5 32 0 1.5 A A C C A C 1.5 A B B A A B 1 B A 1.5 B A

5.2. 81 CD p q p q p q I II I II A B I ( I) A B A 12 B 31 II ( II) A B A 13

82 CHAPTER 5. B 41 I 1 I A A 1 ( 1 1 ) I 2 I A B 2 B A B A 3 II I II I II boys and girls 1 2 1 3 3 1 4 1 ********* 1925 24 1905 26 1913 28 1923 31 1925 25 23 25 23 23 36 43

5.3. 83 5.3 1 2 1 3 3 1 4 1 I I II II I 2 2 II 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 a b 3 1 4 1 c d abcd I II I II I II a a A A a I A II A I II a

84 CHAPTER 5. a I A II A I A B B II B A A I A II a I A B I A B 2 2 B II A II 4 2 4 8 A I II A A 1 1 1 a a 2 4 1 1 9 b b I II A B A I A II B 1 ( I ) 3 ( II ) 1 3 3 I A B 2 ( I ) B II 1 ( II ) 2 1 1 b 1 3 2 1 5 c d c 3 1 1 4 7 d 3 3 1 2 1 3 9 5 3 1 4 1 7 10 II I

5.3. 85 1 3 1 2 a b 4 1 3 1 c d a II I A II I 1 1 II B B I A 3 3 9 a 1 1 3 3 10 a 10 a 9 a 2 4 1 1 9 a A A II A A ( II ) 1 I A A ( I ) 1 1 1 1 II A B ( II ) 3 B I B A ( II ) 3 3 3 9 a 1 9 10 a 1 8 9 I II II I 9 5 I II 7 10 10 5 II I 7 9

86 CHAPTER 5. I II II I I II II I I II II I F ma F am 1925 (Helgoland) 3 3 3 20

5.4. 87 this is the moment ********* I II II I 1858 Arthur Cayley (determinant ) ( ) Cayley? (One, Two, Three Infinity) ( ) 5.4 (Zeitschrift fur Physik), 7 29

88 CHAPTER 5. 7 15 (Pascual Jordan, 101 ) (Zur Quantenmechanik) p q p q q p p q q p pq -qp =(h/2 i) I h i -1 I 1 11 26 II II (Dreimannerarbeit) (Ralph Laer Kronig)

5.4. 89 p q q p 1925???? (Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac) 1902 8 8 ( ) geeky 1921 2

90 CHAPTER 5. 1925 7 28 (P.L.Kapitsa) (William Alfred Fowler) p q q p *********?? (Ernst Pascual Jordan) I II 1925 22 1964

5.5. 91 5.5 p q q p q (q ) q c (c ) xy-yx [x,y] c q q 3

92 CHAPTER 5. 1/2 1925 4 4 3 (Ralph Kronig) 1925 (George Eugene Uhlenbeck) (Somul Abraham Goudsmit) (Paul Ehrenfest) 10 Nature 1926 2 1/2 1928

5.5. 93 1926 250 3 20 (Leiden) (Stern)

94 CHAPTER 5.

Chapter 6 6.1? (Erwin Schrodinger) 1921 1924 1923 1925 11 3 8 1925 1700 95

96 CHAPTER 6. (Arosa)? (Annemarie Bertel) 1920 1925 12 - Ψ[8(Π 2 )m/h 2 ](E V )Ψ = 0 20 h E V e 2 /r E sin(x) 0 x 0 Π 2Π, nπ sin(x) n E n

6.1. 97 20 20 40 60 50 20 20 (Eigenfunction) (Eigenvalue) 1926 1 6 Mist Mist bullshit crap

98 CHAPTER 6. 6.2? ( ) 1926 4 1930

6.2. 99 ( psai) 1926 7 (Utrecht) 9

100 CHAPTER 6. 300 ********* 2001 11 Matthew Wells (Schrodinger s Girfriend) Fort Mason Center 1926 (2003 ) Michael Frayn 1912 ( ) 4 Walter Moore

6.3. 101? (Hermann Weyl) ( ) - - (Hilde March) ( ) OL to have and to hold, in sickness and in health, till death parts us 41 Alpbach? 6.3 1926?

102 CHAPTER 6. ( psai) F a m F=ma F F ma F

6.3. 103 300

104 CHAPTER 6.

6.4. 105 6.4 1926 7 20 28, 1 6 1 6

106 CHAPTER 6. 9 1 90% 10% 19 (Pierre Simon de Laplace)

6.4. 107 air ball (determinism) 19 90% 10% t (Hier erhebt sich der ganze Problematik des Determinismus.)

108 CHAPTER 6. 20 ********* 20 20 20% 1986? (Sir James Lighthill 1969 ) 300 1960 1960

6.5. 109 (We are all deeply conscious today that the enthusiasm of our forebears for the marvelous achievements of Newtonian mechanics led them to make generalizations in this area of predictability which, indeed, we may have generally tended to believe before 1960, but which we now recognize were false. We collectively wish to apologize for having misled the general educated public by spreading ideas about the determinism of systems satisfying Newton s laws of motion that, after 1960,were to be proved incorrect.) (metaphysics) (metaquantum) Ian Stewart 6.5 300 10 23 10 30

110 CHAPTER 6.? ( ) 90% 10%

6.5. 111

112 CHAPTER 6. 1927 2 5 (Hevesy) 1926? (Oskar Klein)

6.5. 113 BKS ( )

114 CHAPTER 6.

Chapter 7 7.1 300 20 1927 2 115

116 CHAPTER 7. forget him

7.1. 117 Faelled p q q p p q q p I II I II p q p q p q q p p q q p p q q p p q p q q p p q p q p q q p t 10 5 / t 10 5 /

118 CHAPTER 7. p q p q h p q p p q q q p p 100% p=0 q p q p q q p p q p q 1927 3 23 Uncertainty Principle

7.2. 119 7.2 p q p q (Gedanken-experiment) X E =h

120 CHAPTER 7. 300 p q h 2Π h 6.626@10 34 p q 10 17 10 17

7.2. 121 10 23 10 17 100 100 1 75 175 1750 p q E t E t t E t E t t E

122 CHAPTER 7. ( ) ********* 60 ( 0 ) 0 MIT? (Alan Guth) (Inflation) 1998

7.3. 123 7.3 λ = h/mv mv p p = h/λ p E-t E= h

124 CHAPTER 7. 300? (? ) ( )

7.3. 125 - - shining

126 CHAPTER 7. (Complementary Principle) 7.4

7.4. 127 400-760 400-760

128 CHAPTER 7. H H

7.4. 129? (Karl Sagan) p q p q

130 CHAPTER 7. p q p q p q ********* p q - p q 150 150 150 (Occam s Razor) 14

7.5. 131 p q 1 p q - 150 (150 ) 1? 7.5 80 - Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber (Spontaneous Localization) Griffiths-Omn s-gellmann-hartle (Decoherent Histories, or Consistent Histories) ( )

132 CHAPTER 7. (being) x λ = h/p λp = h h h

7.5. 133 100% 0 1 0 (collapse) ( )

134 CHAPTER 7. ( ) -

7.6. 135 7.6 (Como) (2002-2003) 1745? (Alessandro Volta) (volt) 1827 9 1839 1927 100 ( ) case S.N. - - 2001 3 1927 D.M. Nature 8 -

136 CHAPTER 7. (Rosenfeld)? (Eugene Wigner) ( ) A B B C C D 1924

7.6. 137 ********* ( ) - 2600 40% 27 1939 ( )? (Otto Hahn)? (Fritz Strassmann) (1914 ) (Bothe 1954 ) ( ) (Karl von Weizsacker) (Erich Bagge) (Kurt Diebner) (Walther Gerlach) (Karl Wirtz) 20 1942 1942 6 (Albert Speer)

138 CHAPTER 7. 35 2 1944 1942 7.7 Ernest Solvay 1911 1921 3 1927 10 24 29 6 ( -photon 1926 )? X (pivot wave)

7.7. 139 ( ) and so on and so on - II I I II 1949 70 / ( ) 1967

140 CHAPTER 7. (ob der liebe Gott w rfelt) 1926 1927 1927 1905 ( )

7.7. 141 ********* ( ) 1944 1945 4 ( ) (Urfeld) 5 3 5 7 10 (Farm Hall) 8 6 1. 1938 2. 235 235 (* 235 235 238 235 238 238 99% 235 ) 235

142 CHAPTER 7. 238 235 1942 ( ) ( ) 1942 1942 ALSOS Nature Kaempffert ALSOS (Schuman)

7.8. 143 7.8 (Hydra) t m m E = mc 2 E ( ) ( )

144 CHAPTER 7. m T m E T

7.8. 145? (Pandemonium)? (Abraham Pais) 1925 ********* ( )

146 CHAPTER 7. 1940 1942 235 235 235 (critical mass) 1942 235 235 15000 20 100 10-100 235 235

7.9. 147 Robert Jungk (Brighter Than a. Thousand Sunds 1956) 1967 David Irving (The German Atomic Bomb) Irving Margaret Gowing ( ) (Physics and Beyond) 1989 ( ) 7.9 1933 1933

148 CHAPTER 7. 1933 9 25 (Boris Podolsky) (Nathan Rosen) 1935 3 (Physics Review) A B / 50%

7.9. 149 A B A B A B A A A B A B t A B A B EPR EPR

150 CHAPTER 7. A B EPR 1962 EPR EPR ********* ( ) 1976 Jones (Most Secret War:British Scientific Intelligentce) Mark Walker

7.9. 151 (German National Socialism and the Quest for Nubclear Power 1989 ) Walker 1942 1992 Hofstra? (David Cassidy) 1993 Thomas Powers (Heisenberg s War) Powers 607 Powers 1992 Farm Hall 1992 Farm Hall Transcript Powers Michael Frayn 1941 Michael Frayn Powers

152 CHAPTER 7. ( ) 17 Michael Frayn Powers Farm Hall Transcript ( ) 7.10

7.10. 153 EPR 1935 (Die gegenwartige Situation in der Quantenmechanik) 5 / / / / EPR

154 CHAPTER 7. (George Berkeley) ( Esse Est Percipi)? (diabolische diabolical Diablo ) /

7.10. 155 / Garfield Tom (Tears for Fears) 80 ********* ( ) 1998 5 21 (Evening Standard) 1941 PBS

156 CHAPTER 7. Thomas Powers Farm Hall Transcript Powers Cassidy Nature (Nature V363) Science (Science V259) Paul Forman ( ) 3/5 Powers 1/5 1/5 1998 Paul Rose Powers (entirely bogus) (fantasy) (scholarly disaster) (elephantine) OK 1942 1942 1942 12 1938 ( )

Chapter 8 8.1? (John Von Neumann) 20 6 8 8 12 10 5 7 1930 1926 1932 1955 157

158 CHAPTER 8. / B A A B (infinite regression) game over (Consciousness) / /

8.1. 159? (Eugene Wigner) 1902 11 17 20 1963 ( ) ( )AND( ) (Remarks on the mind-body question) 1967 (Peter Coveney) (Roger Highfield) (The arrow of time)

160 CHAPTER 8. ********* ( ) 235 2 80 ( 1 ) 80 ( ) 80 54 13 235 54 54 235 235 ( 1939 )

8.2. 161 1945 8 6 Farm Hall ( ) 10 10 235 235 ( ) ( 235 ) 9 BBC 54 ( ) ( ) 8.2 (John B.Watson) (B.F.Skinner)

162 CHAPTER 8. ( ) ( ) (Holism) 8 E-Mail 8 8 A B C

8.2. 163 YES (no cloning theorem 1982 Wootters Zurek Dieks ) cut paste copy paste VCD LD DVD VCD Matrix Matrix RGB CMY HSI YUV YIQ Huffman 0 1 VCD

164 CHAPTER 8.?? (Alan Turin) 1950 ( ) ( ) 10

8.3. 165 ( ) ( ) ( ) (Francis Crick) ( )? (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) ********* 8.3

166 CHAPTER 8. 1979 100? (John Wheeler) (delayed choice experiment) 45 90 45 ( )

8.3. 167 ( ) ( ) 5? (Carroll OAlley) ( ) 1 2 2 1 (The Prticipatory Universe) (anthropic principle) 10 55 ( 300 ) 10 30

168 CHAPTER 8. 1 / (selfexciting)? (John Bell )? (Henry Stapp) 1993 (Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics) ( http://wwwphysics.lbl.gov/ stapp/stappfiles.html ) 2003 ( Dick J. Bierman)

8.3. 169 ********* ( ) 200 ( ) 14 8 14 ( ) 6.2 16 1998 (Paul Rose) 2000 (Jeremy Bernstein) 1941 10 ( 50 ) 1941 ( ) 2002 2 6 (http://www.nbi.dk) 50 15000 Robert Jungk ( )

170 CHAPTER 8. Jungk http://www.nbi.dk/nba/papers/docs/cover.html Cassidy 2000 Physics Today ( ) Cassidy ( ) Klaus Gottstein Rice Duck Texas Sudarshan 10% ( ) 8.4

8.4. 171 (Kurt Gottfried) ( ) / nothing to lose /

172 CHAPTER 8. (Many Worlds Interpretation MWI) MWI (Hugh Everett III Hugh Everett ) 1930 11 9 12 50 Aage Peterson 1954 ( -Everettism ) (splitting)

8.4. 173 (Parallel Universes) MWI (Bryce S. DeWitt) MWI 100 MWI 1957 1959 50 (

174 CHAPTER 8. ) 2 2 5 ( ) Lambda 20 70 MWI 1982 8.5 MWI MWI ( Tegmark1998) x y (x, y) (1, 2) (4.3, 5.4) x y 2 3 (1, 2, 3) 3 3 4 (1, 2, 3, 4) 4 4 n 4 11 4 11 n

8.5. 175 n n n t (q1, q2, q3) p p 3 p1 p2 p3 3 t 6 6 6 6 1 t 12 12 n 6n 6n ( ) 6n MWI R U MWI n n

176 CHAPTER 8. MWI (1, 2) x 1 y 2 A B A x B y A x 1 B y 2 A B A B ( ) A B x y x y A B B A (coherent) B A ( ) 2 2 2 1000

8.5. 177 ( n ) (decoherence) (AND) ( )

178 CHAPTER 8.

Chapter 9 9.1 Jabberwocky MWI R ( ) MWI MWI t R 179

180 CHAPTER 9. U (* MWI (World) (Universe) (Multiverse) David Deutsch ) MWI ( ) MWI MWI ( ) MWI 1969 (Murray Gell-Mann) (consistent history) MWI MWI (Stein) (Kent)

9.1. 181 (Karl Popper) 1887 1919 ( ) 1956-1957 ( ) MWI 100 70 (Dieter Zeh) (Wojciech HZurek) (decoherence) MWI MWI (Desity Matrix)

182 CHAPTER 9. ( ) MWI MWI size ( 1994 ) ( ) alternatives MWI ********* F=ma ( )

9.2. 183 ( ) ( ) (Carl GHempel) ( ) 9.2 80 Hans Moravec Bruno Marchal 1998 Max Tegmark MWI

184 CHAPTER 9. MWI 50% 50% ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( n 1/2 n )

9.2. 185 n ( ) n 100% 100% MWI 100% Tegmark 0 MWI 99.99999 99% (quantum immortality) MWI ( ) Tegmark MWI

186 CHAPTER 9. MWI ( ) MWI 99.999999..99% Shikhovtsev ( ) (Liz) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1977 (David Deutsch)

9.3. 187 9.3 20 PC 1946 ENIAC Konrad Zuse 1941 Z3 ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) Collosus PC (Alan Turing) (The Turing Machine) 0 1 4 286 286 ( ) 286 2 0 1

188 CHAPTER 9. (bit binary digit ) 1010 4 bits 8 bits 1 byte 1024 bytes 1K 1024K=1M 1024M 1G 1 bit 0 1 10 bits 10 2 ( 1010101010) 0 1 bit ( ) 0 1( ) 0 1 bit 0 1 0 1 0 1 (qubit) 10bits 10 bit 0 1 2 10 10 10bits 1 10 2 10 70 80 Bennett Benioff 1982 (Richard Feynman)

9.3. 189 1985 (universal machine) ( ) (Boolean Logic Gate) AND OR NOT XOR (Deterministic Turing Machine, DTM) (NDTM) (complexity) 10bits 2 10 15 15=5 3 15 10949769651859 10949769651859 4220851 2594209( The Fabric of Reality) 3

190 CHAPTER 9. ( GNFS) ( n n k ) 18 RSA 1994 (Peter Shor) ( ) 250 250 10 500 1996 (Lov Grover) n n/2 n DES RSA DES 2001 IBM 7 15 3 5 2002 2003 0.7

9.4. 191 (quantum cryptography) 250 10 500 MWI 10 500 10 80 ( ) MWI 10 500 ( ) 10 500 10 500 9.4 n

192 CHAPTER 9. A B A B (path integral) 1927

9.4. 193 (Hidden Variable Theory) 1932 20 3 40 1969 1927 5 5 4 5 ( ) X X Y

194 CHAPTER 9. H H H H H H H H 1-6 3.5 3.5+3.5=7 ABC A B C A B C A B C A 12 B C 1 A B C (David Bohm) ( ) 1952 20 David Mermin *********

9.4. 195 2000 5 5 5 4 ( ) 2000 ( ) 4 ( 4 1 2 3 4 ) 180 (N. Lobatchevsky) 180 180 180 180

196 CHAPTER 9. n 20 9.5 (quantum potential) (Locality)

9.5. 197 1928 7 28 (John Stewart Bell) 11 16 20 (AERE) (CERN) 1952 1963

198 CHAPTER 9. EPR EPR 8-4 EPR EPR A B A B A B ( ) ( 767 8 12 9 ) A B A ( ) B (-) A B A B - 100% (A B-) (correlation) 100% 1 A B A B - 1 B A A B (A B- ) -1 (A B ) 1 B A A B A 0 EPR (A B-) (A- B ) 1 x A y B 3 3 3 x y z 3 8 ( 8 ) x yz + ++

9.5. 199 + +- + -+ + - ++ - +- - -+ - A 8 A B 8 A B A ( -) B (- - ) A B H 1-8 N1 N2 N8 Ax Ay Az Bx By Bz + ++ -N1 + +- +N2 + -+ -+ -N3 + -+ +N4 - ++ +- -N5 - +- +- +N6 - -+ ++ -N7 - ++ +N8

200 CHAPTER 9. A x y z B 3 - N1 8 N1 N2 N8 1 x (Ax Bx-) x A B - A B - (Ax Bx-) x A B A - B - (Ax Bx-) 4 Ax Bx - 4 Ax Bx - 8 N1 N2 N8 1 (Ax Bx-) 1 (Ax Bx ) 8 -N1-N2- -N8-1 A x B y Ax By Ax By Pxy Pxy -N1-N2 N3 N4 N5 N6-N7-N8 Pxz Ax Bz Pxz -N1 N2-N3 N4 N5-N6 N7-N8 Pzy Az By Pzy -N1 N2 N3-N4-N5 N6 N7-N8 Pxz Pzy Pxz-Pzy -2N3 2N4 2N5-2N6 2 N3 N4-N5-N6 x-y x y

9.5. 201 Pxz-Pzy 2 N3 N4-N5-N6 2( N3 N4 N5 N6 ) 2( N3 N4 N5 N6 ) 2(N3 N4 N5 N6) N1 N2...+N8 1 1 2(N3 N4 N5 N6) 1 (-N1-N2 N3 N4 N5 N6-N7-N8) Pxy Pxz-Pzy 1 Pxy ( λ )

202 CHAPTER 9.

Chapter 10 10.1 Pxz-Pzy 1 Pxy Pxy A x B y ( ) 1. 2. 3 A B EPR a b 203

204 CHAPTER 10. A B EPR A A B B A 1 A B B A A B 100% 100% A B ( ) A B B A B A A B A B Bonnie&Clyde ( ) (entanglement) (inseparability) EPR ( ) EPR 1964 (Physics) EPR (On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox) 20

10.1. 205 1973 (Brian D. Josephson) (Henry Stapp ) (the most profound discovery in science) (Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge 1987) (Reviews of Modern Physics) 1966 EPR

206 CHAPTER 10. ( 1-7) ********* 40 50 (McCarthyism) (Joseph McCarthy) (Un-American Activities Committee) Birkbeck 2000 (Edward Teller) (

10.2. 207 ) ( ) ( ) (SDI Defence) (2003 )9 95 10.2 1969 Clauser EPR EPR - EPR 80 (Institut d Optique Th orique et Appliqu e, Orsay C dex) EPR (Alain Aspect)

208 CHAPTER 10. 12 40 (ns) ( ) 10ns 1982 1 2 3 5

10.2. 209 12 (Physics Review Letters) EPR Malvern 4 ( ) 10ns 12 1998 (Innsbruck) 400 1.3 30 1990 Greenberger Horne Zeilinger ( ) GHZ ( ) 2000 Bouwmeester Daniell Nature 8 2001 Rowe Be+ 2003 Pittman Franson Hasegawa

210 CHAPTER 10. ( ) EPR 10.3 1982 ( ) 20 1886-1927 50 ( ) ( )

10.3. 211 ( ) ( ) (local realism) ( ) EPR ( ) ( ) MWI (local) Stapp ( Deutsch Tegmark Zeh) (Zeh Found. of Physics Letters 13 2000 p22) MWI MWI ( ) ( ) (

212 CHAPTER 10. ) EPR BBC (Julian Brown) (Paul Davies Macquarie ) 8 1986 (The Ghost in the Atom)

10.3. 213 (Rudolf Peierls) ( ) MWI (Basil Hiley) (John Taylor) (the ensemble interpretation) John Gribbin (In Search of Schrodinger s Cat) 10 (Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality) MWI Edward Nelson ( ) (

214 CHAPTER 10. ) ********* EPR ( ) 100% ( ) (teleportation) 2000 Kuzmich Nature (Nature V406) c 2 /v

10.4. 215 10.4 (individual) (ensemble) (the ensemble interpretation) John Taylor McGill B. C. Sanctuary ( ) ( Max Jammer )

216 CHAPTER 10. (1/SQRT(2) 2 1 1) ( ) 50% 50% 50% 50% John Taylor

10.4. 217 that s all 1 1 1 70 ( ) ( ) Taylor

218 CHAPTER 10. 10.5 ( ) Ghirardi Rimini Weber 1986 7 GRW 70 Philip Pearle

10.5. 219 1986 7 15 3 (Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems) GRW GRW (stochastic) ( ) 10 16 10 (spontaneous localization) GRW 10 27 Ghirardi 10 1 ( 10 23 ) 0.1 / GRW E.Joos GRW GRW GRW

220 CHAPTER 10. ( ) GRW ( ) ( ) ( ) GRW ( ) BKS ( ) GRW Roland Omnes Ghirardi ( )

10.5. 221 ( ) GRW ( ) GRW Zeilinger( GHZ ) 2000 Nature 100 OK GRW GRW GRW GRW GRW (Decoherent Histories)

222 CHAPTER 10.

Chapter 11 11.1 1953 (Murray Gell- Mann) 1938 16 16 1954 (James BHartle) 60 20 70 Zurek Zeh 80 223

224 CHAPTER 11. 1984 (Robert Griffiths) ( DH) MWI (History) t0 t1 t2 tn tk Ak n k ( k) Ak(Ak 1:0 2:1 3:3 ) 1:2 2:3 1:1 4:1 2:0 0:0 1:3 ( ) 1:0 10% 1:2 20%

11.1. 225 a b Pa Pb a b Pa Pb 2 P(2:0) P(3:1) P(4:2) D ( ) ( ) D( ) D( ) 0 1:0 2:0 1:0 10% 2:0 15% 1:0 2:0 25% 1:0 2:0 Ak 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:1

226 CHAPTER 11. (fine-grained history) (coarse-grained history) 3 30% 40% 30 40 70% ( ) 1:0 0:0 1:0 1:1 2:0 1:1 (path integral) 1942 1965 A B ( ) 1:0 2:0

11.2. 227 1 1 1 n m m 1984 1991 (Roland Omn s) 11.2 (DH) ( )

228 CHAPTER 11. ( ) 50% 50% (maximally fine-grained histories) 1:0 2:0 (a decoherent family of histories) (consistent histories) DH (many histories) ( ) (consistency condition) / / 10 27 n 1:0 2:0 2:1

11.2. 229 0 DH DH DH DH GRW GianCarlo Ghirardi DH 5 Ghirardi DH DH (family) 4

230 CHAPTER 11. 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:0 2:0 2:1 2:2 2:3 1:0 1:0 DH DH 1:0 DH (reasoning) 1:0 ( 1 2 2 ) (single family rule) DH 3 3 3 DH DH 1 1 2 1 1 2

11.2. 231 10 6 6 5 8 6 ( 4 ) DH DH 100 ********* 4 3 1 3 t0 tn -tn tn -tn

232 CHAPTER 11. DH t0 tn DH DH DH (quantum Zeno effect) snapshot ( ) 11.3

11.3. 233 GRW 6 ( ) (many-minds intepretation) ( ) 0 1 (John G Cramer) (The transactional model) (Theseus) (Ariadne) 1997 (UMBC) 13 8 4 4 ( GRW)1 18 1999 4 ( GRW)4 2 (MWI) (DH) ( ) 30 50 MWI 58% 18%

234 CHAPTER 11. 20 80 80 80 Zeilinger (quantum field theory) ( )

11.3. 235 20 Emc 2 (Carl Anderson) 1932 4 1947 (Julian S Schwiger) (Freeman Dyson) (renormalization) (QED) 11 QED - 10 14 QED( 1993 ) 1965

236 CHAPTER 11. ( DH ) DNA (CERN) CERN www

11.4. 237 20 20 Beatles 11.4

238 CHAPTER 11. 4 (meson) 1947 (Cecil Frank Powell) 1949 1950 1964 3 (QCD) (gluon) (Isaac Asimov) 60 (Sheldon Glashow) (Steven Weinberg) (Aldus Salam) 3 1979 3 (W W- Z0) 80 4

11.4. 239 We hold the truth to be self-evident, that all forces are created equal. 4 1954 (Grand Unified Theory GUT) 3 100% GUT

240 CHAPTER 11. 3 20 GUT (Theory of Everything TOE) ( ) 30 (Superstring) *********

11.4. 241 1999 1 1 20 33 1974 X-1 80 (Kip Thorne) 1 (Penthouse) 4 (Private Eye) (Penthouse Playboy ) X-1 1990 both 1 (John Preskill) 4 1997 T T

242 CHAPTER 11. (Zel dovich) (2004 ) 2000 (Gordon Kane) 100 ( 1964 ) 2002 2002 Nature (Nature 420, p354) 80 11.5 (graviton) 2

11.5. 243 1968 CERN (Gabriel Veneziano) (Regge trajectory) 1771 (Edward Witten) 21 20 3 (Yeshiva Univ) (Leonard Susskind) (Holger Nielsen) (John Schwarz) (Joel Scherk) 2 ( ) (tachyon) 26 3 1 22 (Oskar Klein)

244 CHAPTER 11. (Theodor Kaluza) - (Kaluza-Klein Theory KK ) 4 (QCD) QCD 1971 (Pierre Ramond) 26 10 ( ) ( ) 1980 (Michael Green) 2 0 1982 1984

11.5. 245 (David Gross) 3 arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0311044 ( ) ( ) 10 6 1 2 6 4 (3 1 ) ( 10 33 ) 6 6 BBC 9 BBC 1988 ( ) 6 6 5 8 ( ) 5 10 5

246 CHAPTER 11. 90 1995 5 5 11 2 5 (Brian Greene) 1999 ( ) 5 M 007 Q ( 1999 ) M (Mother) 5 (Mystery) (Matrix) (Membrane) M 11 5 10 6 1 0 2 3 4 4 0 9 M M /M 1996 (Strominger) (Vafa)

11.5. 247 M PBS

248 CHAPTER 11.

Chapter 12 ( ) 4 5 WORD 200 25 ( bugs ( ) ( 6 ) 4 4 - - 249

250 CHAPTER 12. 7 80 ( - ) ( ) castor v pollux@yahoo.com I. ( ) The Historical Development of Quantum Theory I-VI, Jagdish Mehra&Helmut Rechenberg, Springer 1982-6 An Introduction to Quantum Theory, Keith Hannabuss, Oxford 1997 Quantum Theory, David Bohm, Constable 1951 The Strange Story of the Quantum, Banesh Hoffmann, Dover 1959

251 100 Years of Planck s Quantum, Ian Duck&E.C.G. Sundarshan, World Scientific 2000 Beyond the Quantum, Michael Talbot, Bantam Books 1988 The Construction of Modern Science, R.S. Westfall, Cambridge 1977 Never at Rest, R.S. Westfall, Cambridge 1980 The Newton Handbook, Gerek Gjertsen, Routledge&Kegan Paul 1986 The Man Who Knew Too Much, Stephen Inwood, MacMilan 2002 Thomas Young, Natural Philosopher, Alexander Wood, Cambridge 1954 Niels Bohr: Gentle Genius of Denmark, Spangenburg&Moser, Facts on File 1995 Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science & The World They Changed, Ruth Moore, Knopf 1966 Niels Bohr s Times: in Physics, Philosophy and Polity, Abraham Pais, Oxford 1991

252 CHAPTER 12. Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg, David Cassidy, Freeman 1992 Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume, French & Kennedy, Harvard 1985, Heisenber, Schrodinger: Life and Thought, Walter Moore, Cambridge 1989 Dirac: A Scientific Biography, Helge Kragh, Cambridge 1990 In Search of Schrodinger s Cat, John Gribbin, Wildwood House 1984 Gribbin Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality, John Gribbin, Weidenfeld&Nicolson 1995 Copenhagen, Michael Frayn, Methuen 1998

253 Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, Paul Rose, UC Berkeley 1998 Hitler s Uranium Club, Jeremy Bernstein, AIP 1996 The Emperor s New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford 1989 Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, J.S. Bell, Cambridge 1987 The Ghost in the Atom, P.Davis&J.Brown, Cambridge 1986 BBC The Metaphysics of Quantum Theory, Henry Krips, Oxford 1987 Stapp The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, Richard Healey, Cambridge 1989 The Intepretation of Quantum Mechanics, Roland Omn s, Princeton 1994 Omn s The Fabric of Reality, David Deutsch, Allen Lane 1997 The Quark and the Jaguar, Murray Gell-Mann, Freeman 1994

254 CHAPTER 12. (A Brief History of Time), S.Hawking Black Holes and Time Warps, Kip Thorne, W.W.Norton 1994 (The Arrow of Time), P.Coveney&R. Highfield Superstrings, A Theory of Everything? P.Davis&J.Brown, Cambridge 1988 BBC The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene, W.W. Norton 1999 20, &, 1994 20 & 1993 II. D. Cassidy, Phys. Today July 2000, p28 1941 Max Tegmark, Fortschr. Phys. 46 p855 Tegmark MWI

255 Aspect et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 p91 A. Aspect, Nature 398 p189 Anton Zeilinger, Nature 408 p639 Tegmark&Wheeler, Scientific American Feb 2001, p68 Yurke&Stoler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, p1251 Jennewein et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 017903 Aerts et al, Found. Phys. 30, p1387 Rowe et al, Nature 409, p791 Z.Zhao et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 207901 Hasegawa et al, oai:arxiv.org:quant-ph/0311121 Pittman&Franson, Physical Review 90 240401 J.W.Pan et al, Nature 403 p515 GHZ Ghirardi, Rimini&Weber, Phys. Rev. D34, 470 GRW Wojciech H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 p715 Wojciech H. Zurek, Phys. Today 44 p36

256 CHAPTER 12. Zurek R.B. Griffiths, Phys. Lett. A 265 p12 Ghirardi, Phys.Lett. A265 p153 Bassi&Ghirardi, J.Statist.Phys. 98 p457 Bassi&Ghirardi, Phys.Lett. A257 p247 Ghirardi DH Jim Giles, Nature 420, p354 III. www.nbi.dk en.wikipedia.org/wiki/main Page arxiv.org/ http://www.nature.com http://www.sciencemeg.org http://ww www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ history/index.html www.nobel.se/

257 www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/qphil.html www.quantumphil.org/ home.earthlink.net/ johnfblanton/physics/epr.htm EPR www-physics.lbl.gov/ stapp/stappfiles.html www.hep.upenn.edu/ max/everett/ www.hedweb.com/everett/everett.htm FAQ superstringtheory.com/ 1690 1704 1807 1819 1856-1865

258 CHAPTER 12. 1885 1887 1893 1896 1896 1897 J.J. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1913 1915 1918 1922-1923 X 1923 1924-1925 1925 1925 1925 q

259 1925 1926 1926 1926-1927 G.P. 1927 1927 1927 1928 1930 6 1932 1932 1935 EPR 1935 1935 1938 1942 1942 1945 1947 1948

260 CHAPTER 12. 1952 1954-1956 1957 1960 1963 1964 1964 CP 1968 1970 1973 1973 1974 1975 1979 1982 1983 Z0 1984 1984 1986 GRW 1993

261 1995 1995-1995