May 2011 2011 五月 China 中国 一 简介 : 国际推动力和葡萄牙的策略 随着国际社会对气候变化的关注持续增加, 以及共同努力寻求可持续发随着国际社会对气候变化的关注持续增加, 以及共同努力寻求可持续发展并尽力避免自然资源的过度消耗 以京都议定书为主要推动力 不断取得成效, 再生能源得以在全球范围内广泛应用 各国政府在充分考虑各自地理和自然优势的基础上, 制定各种经济和法律优惠政策吸引投资建设再生能源设施 巴西依靠水利发电满足国内的基本负载需求, 而葡萄牙的能源主要依靠进口电力以及火力发电厂, 这对环境影响非常大 两国都在可持续的再生能源方面展开努力 去年, 葡萄牙政府通过了新的国家能源战略 ( 葡语为 Estratégia Nacional para a Energia 或简称为 ENE 2020 ) 该战略的目标是在 2020 年时, 葡萄牙将大幅度的提升再生能源的生产和占国内能源消费的比例 下面我们将着重分析葡萄牙的太阳能能源市场, 文章最后会对巴西太阳能市场的发展进行介绍 二 葡萄牙 1 可再生能源情况概要 葡萄牙能源战略 (ENE2020) 的主要是实现欧盟关于能源 气候变化和能效的方面的指导方针的目标 现在, 葡萄牙对水电 热能 风能 固体和生物能的利用非常好, 其再生能源的发展在欧洲各国中是佼佼者 根据 2009 年 8 月的数据显示, 再生能源中有 47% 来自水力发电,39.3% 来自风力 生物能以及城市固体垃圾,13% 来自沼气发电, 而太阳能发电仅占 0.8% 葡萄牙对再生能源发电采取优惠政策 再生能源发电优惠税公式按再生能源的不同来源, 适用特别税率 该再生能源税在计算三种额外成本的基础上得出 :(1) 固定成本 包括首次投资运营再生能源发电机组节省下的成本 ;(2) 变动成本 包括与传统发电方式对比而节省的化石燃料的买卖和运输成本, 以及运营再生能源发电机组节省的运营成本 ;(3) 环境成本 ( 二氧化碳排放 ) 因使用再生能源发电而节省下 2 葡萄牙太阳能的发展 根据能源与地质总理事会 ( 葡语为或简称 DGEG ) 能源业监管单位 2010 年的最新数据显示, 太阳能发电占再生能源发电总量的 0.8%, 远低于风力发电 ( 占总量 32%) 和水力发电 ( 占总量 57.6%) 的比例 而葡萄牙在太阳能资源方面, 是国际社会公认的最具潜力的欧洲国家之一 在拥有充足的自然资源的基础上, 葡萄牙能源战略规划 (ENE2020) 设立的目标是在 2020 年将太阳能装机容量达到 1500 百万瓦 该目标将是现在装机容量的十倍 而 150 百万瓦的太阳能发电项目以两百万瓦为单位通过公开招标, 仍在不断建设中 在第一波投资水力发电和第二波投资风力发电后, 葡萄牙政策开始转向第三波太阳能发电投资, 目标是在 2020 年, 再生能源占全国能源消耗的 60% 与该能源战略规划目的配套的是 E4 支持规划 ( 葡语是 ), 该支持规划目标是在 2010 年时拥有 100 万平方米的太阳能集热器 此外, 从 2002 年至 2010 年间最高增长率达到 74.6% 这一数据 ( 来自 DGGE 官方网站 http://www.dgge.pt/) 表明, 太阳能投资在持续增加, 必将成为再生能源的未来 能源得以在全球范围内广泛应用 各国政府在充分考虑各自地理和自然优势的基础上, 制定各种经济和法律优惠政策吸引投资建设再生能源设施 3 许可证制度概述 依据现行法律规定, 供电厂有两种方式获取公共电网连接点 ( 以向公共电网销售电能 ) 公开招标或直接申请 ( 葡语为或简称 PIP ) 后者需要在每季度的第一至十五天内向 DGEG 递交申请 递交申请一般是根据 DGEG 总理事长在一个月前发出的批示, 批示内容包括申请人将获准接入公共电网的电量以及其他必要指数 ( 大部分是技术指数 ) 而通过公开招标获取公共电网连接点的, 招标书中需向投标人披露单位面积内或单位变电站内公共电网的可用性 1
SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKETS: PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL 通过申请获得公共电网连接点的, 当申请获批后, 太阳能发电厂 ( 简称 PV Plant) 的项目发起人将在 12 个月内获准修建太阳能发电厂设施的许可 如果有关法律要求进行环境影响评估, 那么该获准期限将在评估期间内保留, 自评估结束后, 再延长 120 天 项目发起人将规划项目和其他项目文件按照太阳能发电厂审批程序递交 DGEG 处理, 最后由国家经济部部长和创新发展部部长批准 建设工程要在获准修建太阳能发电厂的许可后的 18 个月内开始 工程结束后,DGEG 或该区域的经济理事会将检测建成电厂的装机容量是否达到 10 百万瓦, 当发电厂达标后, 才发放入网许可证, 并在 6 个月内开始发电 4 太阳能项目和主要参与方 现在, 葡萄牙拥有全世界规模第三大的太阳能发电厂 该电厂于 2008 年十二月开始运营, 总装机容量达 46.41 百万瓦, 占地 250 公顷, 位于葡萄牙南部阿伦特茹 (Alentejo) 地区的 Amareleja 市 该地区因降雨稀少而阳光充足最适宜收集太阳能 该项目为来自西班牙的 Acciona Energía 集团拥有并运营, 发电量 93 千兆瓦时 葡萄牙境内另外还有其他 9 个太阳能设施, 其中阿伦特茹 (Alentejo) 地区占据了绝大部分 太阳能发电厂太阳能发电厂 发电厂 装机容量 ( 百万瓦 ) 所有人 地点 (GENERG) 12 FRENCH GDF DE SUEZ 持股的 GENERG GROUP (ALENTEJO SOUTH OF FERREIRA DO ALENTEJO (TECNEIRA) 1.8 NET PLAN (ALENTEJO) 10 TECNEIRA (PROCME GROUP) (ALENTEJO) BEJA (GE ) 11 GE, GENERAL ELECTRICS GROUP 和 POWERLIGHT CORTE PÃO E ÁGUA (CAVALUM) 0.76 CAVALUM RENEWABLE OLVA (CAVALUM) 2.4 CAVALUM RENEWABLE BEJA (ALENTEJO) SANCTUARY OF FATIMA 0.10 SANCTUARY OF FATIMA FATIMA (OURÉM - CENTRAL-NORTH REGION OF ALMODÔVAR (WPD) 2.15 WPD (GERMAN GROUP) ALMODÔVAR (ALENTEJO) LAMELAS 0.10 CAVALUM RENEWABLE 总装机容量 : 其他 9 个发电厂总装机容量 (40.31 MW) LAMELAS (FREIXO DE ESPADA À CINTA, BRAGANÇA, NORTH WEST OF MAINLAND PORTUGAL) 葡萄牙 Cavalum 集团正计划在 Bragança 市开发另一个太阳能发电厂, 装机容量达两百万瓦 另外还有两个太阳能项目已经规划完毕, 等待实行, 其中一个位于里斯本地区市场内, 装机容量达六百万瓦, 由 Forminvest 集团和 Efacec and Caixa Capital 开发 另一个就是位于阿伦特茹 (Alentejo) 地区的 Luz On Project( 项目 ), 这将是首个特级太阳能发电厂, 总装机容量达 2000 百万瓦 ( 是 Moura 太阳能发电厂的 45 倍, 中国和 Intersolar 也声称将建造同样装机容量的太阳能发电厂 ) 该项目发起者是 Efacec 集团,EIP (Eléctrico Industrial Português),Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian 和 Mário Baptista Coelho 先生 (Amareleja 太阳能发电厂项目发起人,A mper 股东之一 ) 其他一些中小项目已通过许可或正在申请许可过程中 三 巴西 太阳能发电和市场概述 2 巴西日照辐射量为 22 MJ/m2( 兆焦每平米 ), 其东北部也是国际公认的太阳能资源最丰富的地区之一 但巴西的太阳能发电利用率却很低, 先仅有 5 个项目在运作, 总装机容量为 0.087 百万瓦, 大部分都是科研项目 这比葡萄牙的太阳能发电装机容量要低太多, 虽然两国在面积上不具备可比性 巴西能源市场分为三类 :(1) 管制市场 (ACR), 通过管制价格将电力拍卖给电力分销公司, 太阳能发电厂参与电力拍卖需经过政府同意 ;(2) 当地电网, 如果太阳能电厂运营者就是电网运营者, 则在参考法定电价的情况下, 太阳能发电厂可以该价格直接将电力卖于当地电网公司 ;(3) 自由交易市场, 与其他市场参与者交易 ( 例如其他发电厂, 贸易商, 消费者等等 ) 巴西通过实行各种能源政策和优惠, 力图使其能源供给多样化, 也表明该国巨大的潜能足以保持其在能源市场上的竞争力 Think Global, Act Local 立足本土, 放眼全球
May 2011 2011 五月 下图是太阳能产业的参与方 太阳能发电厂 发电厂 装机容量 (KW) 所有人 地点 ARARAS - RO 20.48 FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA UFV IEE 12.26 INSTITUTO DE ELETROTÉCNICA E UFV IEE 3 INSTITUTO DE ELETROTÉCNICA E NOVA MAMORÉ RO ITALIAN EMBASSY 50 ITALIAN EMBASSY IN BRASÍLIA BRASÍLIA - DF PV BETA TEST SITE 1.7 DUPONT DO BRASIL S.A BARUERI - SP 总量 : 5 个发电厂 (87.44 KW = 0.874 MW) 信息来源 : NATIONAL ELECTRICITY AGENCY (ANEEL)/2011 总功率 (2011): 113 671 600 KW Hydro 太阳能平均总体辐射量 5.5 太阳能平均总体辐射量 5.9 70.98% 80,678.939 Hydro 水力发电 Thermal 火力发电 Biomass 生物能发电 Nuclear 核能发 Wind 风力发电 该图展示的是 10 年内, 年均可利用的太阳能 太阳能平均总体辐射量 5.7 太阳能平均总体辐射量 5.6 Wind 0.82% 928,986 Thermal 19.43% 22,081.507 Nuclear 1.77% 2,007.000 信息来源 : Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy - 2006 Biomass 7.00% 7,970.081 其中, 北部可利用太阳能最多, 其次是中部和东南部 但北部受气候影响, 其数 太阳能平均总体辐射量 信息来源 : Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy - 2006 与世界其他国家的政策一样, 巴西也鼓励发展太阳能发电, 优惠政策有 (1) 将发电厂连入电网的税费降低 50%;(2) 税收优惠, 例如 REIDI(5 年内停止收缴适用于该项目所需的商品和服务购买和进口方面的税收 ), 和免除与太阳能项目相关的设备部件的 ICMS( 商品和服务流转税 ) 本通讯旨在向客户及同事介绍一些普遍和抽象的概述 它不应该被用来作为作出决策和专业法律意见的基础 本通讯的内容未经作者明确统一不得复制部分或全部内容 如果需要有关此主题的详细信息, 请联系 :Luís Sáragga Leal (luis.saraggaleal@plmj.pt) or Manuel Santos Vítor (manuel.santosvitor@plmj.pt). 12/15F, Guohua Plaza, No.3 Dongzhimennan Avenue, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100007, PRPRC (headquarters) T. (+86) 10 5813 7799. F. (+86) 10 5813 7788 (12/F). www.dachenglaw.com 3
SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKETS: PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKETS: PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL 2011 I INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL DRIVERS AND PORTUGAL S STRATEGY With the increase in international awareness of climate change and the regional application of worldwide policies - for which the Kyoto Protocol was the basic driver - striving for the same goals in the search for sustainability and an attempt to avoid depletion of natural resources, renewable energy policies are evolving and being implemented across the globe. Everywhere governments are providing legal and financial incentives for the installation of renewable energies 1, always taking into account the territorial and natural advantages of each country. While Brazil has a history of relying on hydropower generation for baseload demand, Portugal has been relying on imported electricity and coal-fired power plants which are environmentally unfriendly. Sustainable power generation has been evolving in both these countries. Within the last year, the Portuguese government approved a new National Energy Strategy (Estratégia Nacional para a Energia or ENE 2020 ), establishing more ambitious goals for renewable energy production and its representation in domestic consumption, with targets to be achieved by 2020. Below we will set out a specific analysis of the Portuguese solar market and finally provide an insight into the developing Brazilian solar market. II. PORTUGAL A Outline of Renewables ENE 2020 generally implements EU energy, climate change and efficiency policies with ambitious targets to comply with these EU guidelines. Hydro, thermal, wind, solids and biomass are already well established sources of energy in Portugal. Portugal is now the leading country in Europe in terms of renewable energy generation development. With reference to data available from August 2009, the share of total renewable energy generated, per source, is as follows: 47% from hydro, 39.3% from wind, biomass jointly with urban solid waste and biogas representing 13% of the overall production and, finally, photovoltaic generation representing 0.8%. Renewable energy generation in Portugal is being incentivised and the formula for the regulated tariff for repayment of generation to renewable energy generators contains a specific coefficient evaluated per source of generation of renewable energy. This tariff for sale of renewable energy is based on the addition of the following 3 layers: (I) fixed costs - including costs saved with the first investment in the operation of the electrical unit; (Ii) variable costs - including costs of acquisition and transportation of fuel, as well as operation and handling cost saved by the operation of the electrical unit, and (Iii) environmental costs (CO2 emissions) saved by the use of renewable endogenous sources used by the electrical unit. B Development of Solar Energy in Portugal Accordant to the latest 2010 data released by the General Directorate for Energy and Geology (Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia or DGEG ), the supervisory body for the energy sector, the contribution of solar energy generation to the renewable energy sector was only 0.8% which is far below that of wind energy or of hydropower generation each with respectively 32% and 57.6% representative contribution. Portugal is internationally recognised as one of the European Countries with the greatest solar energy potential. In light of the favourable natural conditions, ENE 2020 sets a goal to reach 1500 MW of installed solar capacity by the end of 2020. This goal represents ten times the current installed capacity the projects for which are still in the implementation phase as this 150 MW capacity was granted by public tender to several bidding entities in 2 MW packages. After the first wave of investment in hydropower energy and the second wave in wind energy generation, Portuguese policies now plan to dramatically increase the production of renewable energy turning to solar energy in a third wave. The implementation of this third wave policy will greatly assist in achieving the goal of 60% of all national energy consumption from renewable energies in 2020. The aims set forth also lead to the introduction of an efficiency support programme named E4 - Água Quente Solar para Portugal or Support Programme E4, which was intended to achieve the installation of 1 000 000 m 2 of solar collectors in 2010. Moreover, the growth in investment in solar energy, showing the clear focus on this source as the future energy among all other sources of renewable energy, is also confirmed by the highest Average Annual Growth Rate of 74.6% in solar installed capacity 2 between 2002 and 2010. 1 Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention, adopted at the third Conference of the Convention of Parties, in Kyoto, on 11 December 1997. 2 Data from DGEG, in http://www.dgge.pt/ 4 Think Global, Act Local 立足本土, 放眼全球
May 2011 2011 五月 C BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE LICENSING PROCESS Under the applicable legislation there are two ways to obtain the necessary connection point to inject capacity to the public distribution grid through a public tender or through an application for a connection point (Pedido de Informação Prévia or PIP ). The latter application needs to be submitted to the DGEG between day 1 and 15 of each quarter. Submissions must be preceded by an order issued by the General Director of the DGEG, in the previous month, with definition of the potential capacity to be granted to applicants jointly with all other inherent and related specifications (mostly of a technical nature). If a public tender is launched for the purposes of granting capacity injection rights, this information - grid availabilities per area/connection substation - will be provided to bidders in the tender documents. As to the attribution of the PIP, if the request is approved, the promoter of the Photovoltaic Power Plant ( PV Plant ) will then be granted Authorisation for PV Plant Installation (Autorização de Instalação) within a 12 month period. This period will be extended if an Environmental Impact Assessment is necessary, as defined under several pieces of legislation. The attribution of the said point is deemed to be a reservation of the same and will expire after 120 days. The PV Plant installation authorisation procedure will be handled by the DGEG, upon submission of the planned project and other project documents by the Promoter, with final approval required from the Minister of Economy, Innovation and Development. Construction must then start within 18 months from the PV Plant Installation Authorisation. Following the end of the construction works, the DGEG or the Regional Directorate of the Economy, depending on whether the capacity is above or below 10 MW, will supervise the construction works and when they are in compliance, an Exploration Licence will be issued and energy generation started within a maximum of 6 months 3. D SOLAR PROJECTS AND MAJOR PLAYERS For the moment Portugal has the third largest PV Plant in the world in terms of size. This plant, which became operational in December 2008 has a total installed capacity of 46.41 MW and occupies a total of 250 hectares. It is located in the city of Amareleja in the region of the Alentejo in Nine other photovoltaic installations are presently located in Portugal, the Alentejo region having most of the installed capacity when compared to the rest of Portugal: SOLAR PLANTS PLANT CAPACITY (MW) OWNER LOCATION (GENERG) 12 GENERG GROUP HELD BY THE FRENCH GDF DE SUEZ (ALENTEJO SOUTH OF 1.8 NET PLAN (ALENTEJO) (TECNEIRA) 10 TECNEIRA (PROCME GROUP) (ALENTEJO) BEJA (GE ) 11 GE, GENERAL ELECTRICS GROUP POWERLIGHT CORTE PÃO E ÁGUA (CAVALUM) 0.76 CAVALUM RENEWABLE OLVA (CAVALUM) 2.4 CAVALUM RENEWABLE BEJA (ALENTEJO) SANCTUARY OF FATIMA 0.10 SANCTUARY OF FATIMA FATIMA (OURÉM - CENTRAL-NORTH REGION OF ALMODÔVAR (WPD) 2.15 WPD (GERMAN GROUP) ALMODÔVAR (ALENTEJO) LAMELAS 0.10 CAVALUM RENEWABLE TOTAL: 9 OTHER PLANTS (40.31 MW) LAMELAS (FREIXO DE ESPADA À CINTA, BRAGANÇA, NORTH WEST OF MAINLAND PORTUGAL) 3 Please note that some other municipal licences may be required for full compliance with the applicable Portuguese Legal Framework. 5
SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKETS: PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL III BRAZIL SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION AND MARKET OUTLINE Brazil has a solar radiation of 22 MJ/m2 during the day and its north east region is also internationally recognised as having one of the world s best solar radiation levels. Despite this potential, the contribution of solar generated power still has a very small ratio. Brazil currently has 5 solar projects in operation, with a total installed capacity of 0.087 MW, mostly related to research institutes. This is much lower than the Portuguese installed capacity to date whereas the sizes two countries are very different in size. Brazil s power market is divided into (i) the Regulated Market (ACR), where the sale to distributors is made through auctions with regulated prices and the participation of PV Plants in such auction is subject to governmental approval, (ii) the Local Distributor s grid if the PV Plant is directly connected to the distributor, holder of the concession, where the sale of power generated is made directly to this local distributor with a legally limited price calculated having as reference the value of the sale to the power system (in general), and (iii) the Free Market (ACL), where the sale is made to other market agents (e.g., generators, traders, consumers, etc.). Brazil has invested a lot in the diversification of its energy system through the implementation of policies and incentives and these policies demonstrate that the country has enormous potential which is to be developed so as to compete with other energy sources. The chart below shows the players acting in solar energy generation: SOLAR PLANTS PLANT CAPACITY (KW) OWNER LOCATION ARARAS - RO 20.48 FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA UFV IEE 12.26 INSTITUTO DE ELETROTÉCNICA E UFV IEE 3 INSTITUTO DE ELETROTÉCNICA E Source: National Electricity Agency (ANEEL)/2011 NOVA MAMORÉ RO ITALIAN EMBASSY 50 ITALIAN EMBASSY IN BRASÍLIA BRASÍLIA - DF PV BETA TEST SITE 1.7 DUPONT DO BRASIL S.A BARUERI - SP TOTAL: 5 PLANTS (87.44 KW = 0.874 MW) GENERATION CAPACITY (2011): 113 671 600 KW Average global radiation 5.5 Average Global Radiation 5.9 Hydro 70.98% 80,678.939 This map shows the annual average potential of solar energy for 10 years. The Northeast region has the biggest potential followed by the Midwest and Southeast regions. The climate characteristics of the Northern region reduce its potential to values close to those observed for the Southern region. Average Global Radiation 5.7 Average Global Radiation 5.2 Average Global Radiation 5.6 Source: Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy - 2006 Wind 0.82% 928,986 Thermal 19.43% 22,081.507 Nuclear 1.77% 2,007.000 Source: Banco de Informações de Geração 2011 Biomass 7.00% 7,970.081 6 Think Global, Act Local TOTAL: 9 OTHER PLANTS (40.31 MW) 立足本土, 放眼全球
Solar energy in Brazil currently represents less than 0.01% of the national energy supply Brazilian policies, similarly to other renewables policies in the world, incentivise this type of power generation, by (i) offering a reduction of at least 50% in the tariffs paid by generators to have access and use the grid, (ii) tax incentives such as the REIDI (suspending taxes applicable to the acquisition and import of goods and services related to the respective project for 5 years) and an exemption from ICMS (Tax on the Circulation of Goods and Services) applicable to the equipment and components related to solar projects. This Newsletter is intended for general distribution to clients and colleagues and the information contained herein is provided as a general and abstract overview. It should not be used as a basis on which to make decisions and professional legal advice should be sought for specific cases. The contents of this Newsletter may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without the express consent of the author. If you should require further information on this topic, please contact Luís Sáragga Leal (luis.saraggaleal@plmj.pt) or Manuel Santos Vítor (manuel.santosvitor@plmj.pt). Avenida da Liberdade 224, 1250-148 Lisboa, Portugal (headquarters) T. (+351) 213 197 347. F. (+351) 213 197 400. www.plmj.com 7