137 2008 12 Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies No. 72, December 2008 * ** *** Plains Indigenous Ancestors and Taiwan Blood Nationalism by Shu-juo CHEN Hong-kuan DUAN Keywords: plains indigenes, blood, Taiwan nationalism, genetics, Taiwan indigenous peoples * 2008 3 18 2008 10 15 Received: March 18, 2008; in revised form: October 15, 2008. ** 970 701 E-mail: shujuo@hotmail.com *** 733 133 E-mail: siraya001@yahoo.com.tw
138 Abstract The history of admixture among Taiwanese Han and Taiwan plains indigenes holds a great deal of interest for people in Taiwan. In accordance with the old folk saying, there were mainland grandfathers but no mainland grandmothers, many Taiwanese Han believe the early Han male settlers mated exclusively with early plains indigenous females, and that today's Taiwanese Han is a hybrid population genetically different from Chinese Han. While genetic studies reveal genetic dissimilarity between mountain indigenous peoples and general Taiwanese Han, some scholars and journalists perverted the genetic studies and misled people in Taiwan into believing the opposite. The myth of indigenous genes that the majority of people in Taiwan have indigenous genes is widely accepted, and some Taiwan nationalists have called for independence from China based on this idea. However, the facts are that the genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han. Moreover, the descendants of plains indigenes are extremely opposed to the attempts in using their ancestors to call for Taiwan independence. In the end
139 we prove that the genetic ancestors of individuals cannot be traced with certainty, therefore the attempt to construct the identity through genetic ancestors is theoretically meaningless.
140 Lynch 2004 e.g. Keyes 1976 e.g., Barth 1969 Anderson 1983 Ebrey 1996 Brown 2004:40 Ruhlen 1994:177-80 1992
141 1994 1954 2003 2007 1645 45,000 1943 62,119 1% 1995 Brown 2004:134-65 Shepherd 1993:97 Brown 2004:66-133 Shepherd 1993:28-46 1989 1990 25% Wang 1997 DIY 2001a N 2001b 85% 2003 95%
142 Wolf & Huang 1980:16-33 Hung 2008 1905 1.5% 95% Shepherd 2000 1.5% 2-3 2001a,b 2-3 2001a,b 2006/7/1 2-3 DNA Rabinow 1999 Santos 2004 DNA TallBear 2004;2007 Montoya 2007
143 DNA 2005 ABO Rh Human Leukocyte Antigen HLA Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994:234-8 Lee et al. 1990 Lin et al. 2000, 2001 Shaw et al. 1999 Lin et al. 2000, 2001 13% Lin et al. 2000; 2001a, 2001b Y Y Y Y Y Capelli et al. 2001 Karafet et al. 2001 Su et al. 1999 Su et al.
144 2000a, 2000b Wells et al. 2001 Wen et al. 2004a,b Admix 2.0 Dupanloup and Bertorelle 2001 Y 93% 7% DNA mitochondria DNA; mtdna DNA DNA DNA DNA Horai et al. 1996; Kivisid et al. 2002; Melton et al. 1995,1998; Metspalu et al. 2004; Tajima et al. 2003; Trejaut et al. 2005; Wen et al. 2004a,b,2005; Yao et al. 2002a, 2002b Admix 2.0 79% 21% 20% Zhao & Lee 1989, Chu et al. 1998 2004 Y DNA - 100% Y 34.1% DNA 67.7% Y 14.9% DNA
145 Wen et al. 2004a 1996 4 6 Lee et al. 1990 20-60% 1996: 8 Lee et al. 1990 Cytotoxicity HLA-A9 HLA-A23 HLA-A24 HLA-A9 23,24 Tsuji et al. 1992 HLA A24 44.0% A9 0%
146 A24=11.2% A9=15.2% HLA HLA 20-60 1996 11 16-17 20-60 HLA 20-60 1997 1997 20-60 20% 2003 1996/4/7 2001 12 17 Tai 2001 60% Stainton 1999
147 HLA 13% Lin et al. 2000 13% 2001a DNA 13% 2001b HLA Lin et al. 2000 2001a 2001/4/29 HLA DNA
148 Krings et al. 1997 Ruhlen 1994:177-80 Daic, or Tai-Kadai e.g. Shaffer 1996 Benedict 1984; Ni 1994 Lin et al. 2008 Lin et al. 2008
149 HLA 2004/07/17 2003 DNA ( 2001b) purest Lin et al. 2000 pure
150 Lin et al. 2001 2001/11/4 2003 2003/3/27 2004 2004/8/29 2007 DNA 2007/4/2 2007/8/23 2006 2006 7 2006 26% 2300 600 74 33% 67% 2006/6/30 26% 26% 21% 26% 13% 30% 2001
151 13% 2006 26% 2007 2007/6/2 20-60% 13% 26% 2006 DNA 2006 2007 2007 8 11 100 52% HLA 48% HLA DNA 47% DNA 48% DNA 5% DNA Y 41% Y 59% Y 1 85% 2007 11 17-18 2007 Lin 2007 2008 4 2-5 Human Genome Organization Lin et al. 2008 Genetic profile of non aboriginal Taiwanese 85% 2007 11 18 85% 85% 2007 11 21
152 100% 0% 5% 0% 80% 60% 40% 48% 48% 59% 20% 0% 52% 47% 41% 1 85 90 1 85 90 15 100%-85% 10 (100%-90%) 2 1 2001 13% 2007 52% DNA 2006 26%
153 2007 47% 2 85% 2007 2007 2007 Genetic profile of non aboriginal Taiwanese Genetic Lin 2007 2008 85% 2008 85% 2007 2007 2007 Chu et al. 1998 Jin & Su 2000 2001b Lin et al. 2000
154 5 3 1/3 1/10 15-50 Genetic Shi et al. 2005 Wen et al. 2004a,b DNA DNA DNA 1990 HLA 1990 13% DNA HLA
155 2007 2006 100 48% 48% 52% 10 10 20 30 10 2 10 13% 52% 13% 40% 85% Genetic 100 67 33 33 18 67 +18 =85 85% at least
156 at most Genetic 90% 1 2 87% 85 85% 85% 99.99% 99.99% 100% Genetic 85% 90% 87%
157 5% 267% 85% 90% 95% 5% 100% Genetic 1.5% 1.5% 3.5% 3.5% specificity sensitivity 2002 Jobling et al. 2004 DNA
158 2006 9 2006 10 c.c. 10 DNA 2007 1 2007 11 18 DNA 2005 85%
159 2007/11/23 2007 12 1 Métis Chartier 1994 Radcliffe & Westwood
160 1996:69-70 2007 2008 2002 2002:5 2002 ethnic cleansing Hsieh 2006:78 2006 2006 2002
161 2007 2007 95% 3.5% 3.5% 95% 85% 10% 95% 3.5% 91.5% 85% 3.5%
162 2007b 2008 2007a
163! 2008 1 22 1998 2003 2006 2002,2003
164 TallBear 2004,2007 * 2007 10 26-7 2008 5 9 2007
165 1989 73-106 2003 2003 165-90 2001a http://www.wufi.org.tw/linmali.htm 2001b DNA 2.1:241-246 2006 4 122-127 2007 2007 8 11 2007 2007 1-22 2007/11/24 http://siraya. tnc.gov.tw/upload/doc/12.zip 2008 85% http:// www.hi-on.org.tw/ad/20080827.html 2006 DNA 298 2007a 2007 8 24 2007b 2007 45-63 2007/11/24
166 2008 1:169-188 1990 69:67-92 1998 2002 179-217 2003 2006 1997 303-20 2002 59:90-115 2003 325-56 2007 25:145-166 1996 1997 265-301 2005 2005 5 11 1992 2001a DIY 2001b N
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