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1 20 1 : (010) [email protected]

2 ( ) 1938 (Simons 1938) : GDP ( ) (Khan et al The World Bank 1997 Bramall 2

3 2001) ( 1994) (imputed rent) 10% ( ) % ( ) 3

4 ( ) : ( 1999) ( ) 2 Gibson Huang Rozelle(2001) 23% 2 Hussain Lanjouw Stern (1994) 4

5 3 4 ( ) ( ) % 24% ( ) Mark selden(1985) ( ) Putterman(1993)

6 Adelman Sunding(1987) ( 1999) ( 2001) (Ahmad and Wang 1991: Table A1) ( ) 15 50% ( 1999) Zhu (1991) ( ) Griffin Saith (1982) 6 Mark selden (1985) ( Ahmad and Wang 1991 ) 7 (World Bank 1997) 6

7 ( 1999 ) ( 1999) Ravallion Chen (1999) % ( GDP ) %( 1999) (Theil index) % % 106%( 1999) Gustafsson Li (2001) % 57% % 106% Zhu(1991) Putterman (1993) Gustafsson Li (2001)

8 5 1 Ho(1994) Hare(1992) Cook(1996) Sato(2001) ( ) (. 1996) Ahmad Wang (1991) %(. 1996) ; ( ) 0.23( 1994) Adelman Sunding (1987) ( 1999) 80% ( ) ( 1985) 8

9 % (Li 2000 Meng 2001) % 78.9% 64.7% 10.6% 84.1% 79.1% 55.7% 3.9% % ( ) (Knight and Song 1999: p.338) % ( ( ) 35 ) 9

10 % 20% 47% 29%( ) %( ( ) 35 ) 6.2 ( ( ) 371 ) 10

11 ( 1) % %( 1999) ( 1999) % % % %( ) 11

12 ( ) Adelman Sunding (1987) 1978 : 0.317; % 16 Adelman Sunding (1987) (World Bank 1997) ( %( World Bank 1997) 16 Adelman Sunding (1987) Ma Hong New Strategy for China s Economy. Beijing: New World Press

13 1993) ( ) (Khan et al. 1992) (Khan et al 1998) ( ) 1995 ( 1) 90 ( 2) (Khan and Riskin 1998) (World Bank 1997) % (Gustafsson and Li 1998) 17 40% % ( 1999) %( 1999) % 74% (World Bank 1997) 13

14 ( 1999) ( ) (Zhu Hare 1994 Cook 1996 ) % % ( 1999) 0.4% 64.6% 0.8% 37.6% ( 1999) ( ) 1988 (concentration ratio) ( 1999) % %( 1999) % ( 1997: ) 14

15 % %( 1999) ( 1999) ( ) Morduch Sicular(2002) ( 1999 ) %( 1999) % 18.5 ( 1999) 15

16 ( 1999 ) ( ) ( 1999 ) ( / ) ( 1999 ) ( ) 22 (1999) % 33.4% 6.3% 10.9% % ( 1999 ) 16

17 (1999 ) % %( 1999a) % 21.3% 60% (Meng 2001) % % % % (Meng 2001) % % % % ( 1999 ) 17

18 7 8 (Knight and Li 2001) % % % % ( 1999b) 27 ( 1999 b) % 18% 30% ( 1999 ) ( 1999) % %( 1999) 26 Dong Bowles Ho (2002) (1999) 90 18

19 7%( 1999) 1988 ( ) (J. Mincer) % % 5.2%( 1999) ( 1999a 1999) ( 1999a) %( 1999) ( 1999a) %(Meng 2001) 1995 ( 1999b) ( 1999) 28 (C) (P) P=exp ( C) 1 19

20 29 ( a) % 48% 4%( 1999) 171% 165% ( 1999b) 13 ( 2000) (Imputed rent) ( 1999a) % (1997) % 1.3% 20

21 % 32 ( ) ( ) %( ) 25 ( 1) %

22 % ( 1999 ) 34 3 ( 1999 ) 22

23 20 U WTO (Wei and Wu 2001) U ( 1999) ( 2001) ( 1999) ( 23

24 1997) 90 ( 1999 b) 90 Adelmen Irma and David Sunding Economic Policy and Income Distribution in China. Journal of Comparative Economics Ahmad Ehtisham and Yan Wang Inequality and Poverty in China Institutional Change and Public Policy 1978 to The World Bank Economic Review Anand S. and S. Kanbur The Kuznets Process and the Inequality-Development Relationship. Journal of Development Economics Bramall C. The Quality of China's Household Income Surveys. China Quarterly Carl Riskin Renwei Zhao and Shi Li China s Retreat from Equality: Income Distribution and Economic Transition. New York: M.E. Sharpe Cook Sarah Employment and Income Distribution in Rural China Household Responses to Market Transition. Ph.D. Dissertation Harvard University Dong X. P. Bowles and S. Ho The Determinants of Employee Ownership in China s Privatized Rural Industry: Evidence from Jiangsu and Shandong Journal of Comparative Economics Gibson J. Jikun Huang and S. Rozelle Why Is Income Inequality So Low in China Compared to Other Countries? ---The Effect of Household Survey Methods. Economics Letters Griffin K. and A. Saith The Pattern of Income Inequality in Rural China. Oxford Economic Papers Griffin K. and Renwei Zhao The Distribution of Income in China. London : The MaCmilland Press

25 ( ) Gustafsson B and Shi Li Income inequality within and across counties in rural China 1988 and Journal of Development Economics Gustafsson B. and Shi Li Inequality in China at the End of the 1980s: Locational Aspects and Household Characteristics. Asian Economic Journal March Hare Denise Rural Non-agricultural Employment Earnings and Income Evidence from Farm Households in southern China. Ph.D. Dissertation Stanford University Ho Samuel Rural China in Transition. Oxford:Clarendon Press Hussain A. P. Lanjouw and N. Stern Income Inequalities in China: Evidence from Household Survey Data. World Development Khan Azizur and Carl Riskin Income and Inequality in China: Composition Distribution and Growth of Household Income 1988 to China Quarterly Khan Azizur Keith Griffin Carl Riskin and Renwei Zhao Household Income and its Distribution in China. China Quarterly Knight John and Lina Song The Spatial Contribution to Income Inequality in Rural China. Cambridge Journal of Economics Knight John and Lina Song The Rural-Urban Divide Economic Disparities and Interactions in China Oxford: Oxford University Press Knight John and Shi Li Three Poverties in Urban China. unpublished report Li Shi Economic Insecurity of Urban Households in China in 1990s. Prepared for Workshop on Development Toward Human Economic Social and Environmental Security October 30-November Beijing (b) 1999(a) 1997 Meng Xin Economic Restructuring and Income Inequality in Urban China. Project paper

26 1999 Putterman Louis Continuity & Change in China s Rural Development. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press Ravallion M. and Shaohua Chen When Economic Reform Is Faster Than Statistical Reform: Measuring and Explaining Income Inequality in Rural China. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics Sato Hiroshi Growth of Market Relations in Post-reform Rural China: A Micro-analysis of Peasants Migrants and Peasant Entrepreneurs. London and New York: Routledge Selden Mark Income Inequality and the State. in William Parish ed. Chinese Rural Development New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc Sen A On Economic Inequality. Oxford: Clarendon Press ( ) Tsui Kai-yuen Trends and Inequalities of Rural Welfare in China: Evidence from Rural Households in Guangdong and Sichuan. Journal of Comparative Economics Wei Shang-jin and Yi Wu Globalization and Inequality Evidence from within China. Working Paper 8611 National Bureau of Economic Research The World Bank Sharing Rising Incomes: Disparities in China. Washington D.C.: The World Bank ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1999 Zhu Ling Rural Reform and Peasant Income in China. London: MaCmillan A Review of Income Inequality in China SHI LI (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Abstract The paper summarizes the studies on income inequality in China in the last two decades. Several research issues are investigated and some important empirical findings are discussed as well. A fundamental issue the concept of personal income lacking an unambiguous and consistent understanding among researchers is particularly discussed in detail. The paper reviews the empirical results of the level and changes in rural inequality urban inequality and rural-urban income gap in the period of economic reform. The underlying causes leading to the increased inequalities are also surveyed. Finally the paper 26

27 proposes several research issues for further study. JEL Classification D31 D63 O53 27

28 a Adelman and Sunding (1987) The World Bank b Selden(1985) Ahmad and Wang (1991) Khan and Riskin(1997) Gustafsson and Li (1999) c a Adelman and Sunding (1987) The World Bank b Ahmad and Wang (1991) Khan and Riskin(1997) Gustafsson and Li (1999) c Adelman and Sunding (1987) d 0.32 (0.44) 0.28 (0.41) The World Bank e Khan and Riskin(1997) Gustafsson and Li (1999) c

29 a. ( ) 1995 (1996) 1995 b. Ahmad and Wang(1991) c. Gustafsson Li (1999) Khan and Riskin(1997) (equivalent income) d. Adelman Sunding (1987) e. World Bank (1997) 29

第五章.doc

第五章.doc 1 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1998 11 22 28 2 ( ) 1996 1 ( ) 2000 10 23 1 45 39 6 39 16 33 50% 39 77% 17.9% 2.9% 1.7% ( 5-1 ) 2 5-1 % 39 11 10 18 6 52.6 54.3 39.6 60.1 0.0 24.9 18.6 17.6 34.7 0.0 17.9 23.5 32.4 3.6 0.0