* tribute system * Paul Evans Brantly Womack Chris R. Hughes / Quarterly Journal of Intenational Politics 33

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1 * tribute system * Paul Evans Brantly Womack Chris R. Hughes / Quarterly Journal of Intenational Politics 33

2 J. K. Fairbank J. K. Fairbank and S. Y. Teng On the Ch'ing Tributary System Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 6 No. 2 June 1941 pp J. K. Fairbank Tributary Trade and China's Relations with the West The Far Eastern Quarterly Vol. 1 No. 2 February 1942 pp John King Fairbank Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast The Opening of the Treaty Ports Cambridge Mass. Harvard University Press 1953 esp. chap. 2 and John K. Fairbank ed. The Chinese World Order Traditional China's Foreign Relations Cambridge Mass. Harvard University Press 1968 esp. chap John E. Wills Jr. Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency Uses and Limits of Some Basic Ideas About Mid-Qing Dynasty Foreign Relations American Neptune Vol pp at p. 229 Michael H. Hunt Chinese Foreign Relations in Historical Perspective in Harry Harding ed. China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s New Haven Yale University Press 1984 pp at p. 37 fn

3 1 Alastair Iain Johnston Victoria Tin-bor Hui Michael D. Swaine and Ashley J. Tellis Interpreting China's Grand Strategy Past Present and Future Santa Monica Calif. RAND Alastair Iain Johnston Cultural Realism Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press 1995 Victoria Tin-bor Hui War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe Cambridge Cambridge University Press Brantly Womack China and Vietnam the Politics of Asymmetry New York Cambridge University Press

4 Joseph F. Fletcher China and Central Asia in Fairbank ed. The Chinese World Order pp Morris Rossabi ed. China among Equals The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors 10th-14th Centuries Berkeley Calif. University of California Press 1983 John E. Wills Jr. Pepper Guns and Parleys The Dutch East India Company and China Cambridge Mass John E. Wills Jr. Embassies and Illusions Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K'ang-hsi Cambridge Mass. Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University 1984 John E Wills Jr. Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency Uses and Limits of Some Basic Ideas About Mid-Qing Dynasty Foreign Relations American Neptune Vol pp Arthur Waldron The Great Wall of China From History to Myth Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1990 p. 31 James L. Hevia Cherishing Men from Afar Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793 Durham and London Duke University Press 1995 James A. Millward Qing Silk-Horse Trade with the Qazaqs in Yili and Tarbaghatai Central and Inner Asian Studies pp James A. Millward Beyond the Pass Economy Ethnicity and Empire in Qing Central Asia Stanford Stanford University Press 1998 Peter C. Perdue A Frontier View of Chineseness in Giovanni Arrighi Takeshi Hamashita and Mark Selden ed. The Resurgence of East Asia and 50 Year Perspective London Routledge 2003 pp Peter C. Perdue China Marches West The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia Cambridge Mass. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2005 Nicola Di Cosmo Kirghiz Nomads on the Qing Frontier Tribute Trade or Gift-Exchange in Nicola Di Cosmo and Don J. Wyatt eds. Political Frontiers Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History London Curzon Press 2003 pp Paul M. Evans John Fairbank and the American Understanding of Modern China New York Basil Blackwell Paul Evans 36

5 Mark Mancall The Ch'ing Tribute System An Interpretive Essay in Fairbank ed. The Chinese World Order pp at p

6 1 Sinocentrism Fairbank and Teng On the Ch'ing Tributary System pp Fairbank A preliminary Framework pp C. P. Fitzgerald The Chinese View of Their Place in the World London Oxford University Press 1964 and John Cranmer-Byng The Chinese View of Their Place in the World An Historical Perspective The China Quarterly No. 53 Jan. -Mar pp at p Fairbank A preliminary Framework p. 2. Ibid. p. 9. Ibid. p. 4. Fairbank and Teng On the Ch'ing Tributary System pp

7 Fairbank Tributary Trade p Ibid. p Fairbank A preliminary Framework p Evans John Fairbank p

8 p Hedley Bull The Anarchical Society A Study of order in World Politics London Macmillan

9 1 2 1 Yongjin Zhang System Empire and State in Chinese International Relations in Michael Cox Tim Dunne and Ken Booth eds. Empires Systems and States Great Transformation in International Politics Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2001 pp at p Christian Reus-Smit The Moral Purpose of the State Culture Social Identity and Institutional Rationality in International Relations Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press

11 Wang Gungwu Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia A Background Essay in Fairbank ed. The Chinese World Order pp Wang Gungwu The Rhetoric of a Lesser Empire Early Sung relations with Its Neighbors in Rossabi ed. China among Equals pp at p Ibid. p Wang Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia p Wills Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency p Jing-shen Tao Two Sons of Heaven Studies in Sung-Liao Relations Tucson University of Arizona Press 1988 p. 8 cited in Q. Edward Wang History Space and Ethnicity The Chinese Worldview Journal of World History Vol. 10 No. 2 Fall 1999 pp at p

12 Michael H. Hunt Chinese Foreign Relations in Historical Perspective in Harry Harding ed. China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s New Haven Yale University Press 1984 pp at pp Wills Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency p Wills Embassies and Illusions Wills Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency. 6 Fairbank A preliminary Framework p John K. Fairbank China's Foreign Policy in Historical Perspective Foreign Affairs Vol. 47 No. 3 April 1969 pp at p

13 Wills Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency p Fairbank Tributary Trade p Paul A. Cohen Discovering History in China American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past New York Columbia University Press 1984 p

14 1 2 1 Fairbank Tributary Trade p David C. Kang Getting Asia Wrong The Need for New Analytical Frameworks International Security Vol. 27 No. 2 Spring 2003 pp David C. Kang China Rising Peace Power and Order in East Asia New York Columbia University Press

15 Wang Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia p Fairbank A preliminary Framework p

16 Wang Zhen-ping Sino-Japanese Relations before the Eleventh Century Modes of Diplomatic Communication Reexamined in Terms of the Concept of Reciprocity PhD Diss. Princeton University See also Perdue A Frontier View of Chineseness p Di Cosmo Kirghiz Nomads on the Qing Frontier. Millward Beyond the Pass p Fairbank and Teng On the Ch'ing Tributary System p. 137 Mancall China at the Center p. 13 Wills Embassies and Illusions p

17 Fletcher China and Central Asia p Wang Gungwu Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia p

18 Wang Yi-T'ung Official Relations Between China and Japan Cambridge Mass. Harvard University Press 1953 and Edward L. Dreyer Early Ming China A Political History Stanford Calif. Stanford University Press Ning Chia The Lifanyuan and the Inner Asian Rituals in the Early Qing Late Imperial China Vol. 14 No. 1 June 1993 pp at p Wang Yi-T'ung Official Relations Between China and Japan pp Dreyer Early Ming China 50

19 p. 13. Wills Embassies and Illusions p. 4. Mark Mancall China at the Center 300 Years of Foreign Policy New York The Free Press

20 Wang Gungwu China and the Chinese Overseas Singapore Times Academic Press 1991 p John D. Langlois Jr. The Hung-wu Reign in Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett eds. The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty Part I Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1988 p Donald Neil Clark Autonomy Legitimacy and Tributary Politics Sino-Korean Relations in the Fall of Koryǒ and the Founding of the Yi Ph. D. diss. Harvard University 1978 p Dreyer Early Ming China. 52

21 L. Carrington Goodrich and Chaoying Fang eds. Dictionary of Ming Biography New York Columbia University Press pp Henry Serruys Sino-Jurchen Relations during the Yong-lo Period Wiesbaden

22 Millward Beyond the Pass p. 9 3 Fairbank A preliminary Framework p Mancall China at the Center p Wills Embassies and Illusions pp Perdue China Marches West Millward Qing Silk-Horse Trade Millward Beyond the Pass Di Cosmo Kirghiz Nomads on the Qing Frontier. 54

23 Perdue A Frontier View of Chineseness p Rossabi ed. China among Equals. 3 Wang The Rhetoric of a Lesser Empire p Hunt The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy New York Columbia University Press 1996 p

24 Hevia Cherishing Men from Afar. 2 Perdue A Frontier View of Chineseness p Ying-shih Yü Trade and Expansion in Han China A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press Wang Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia p

25 Craig Parsons How to Map Arguments in Political Science Oxford Oxford University Press 2007 chap

26 Wang Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia p

27 Prasenjit Duara The Global and Regional in China's Nation-Formation London and New York Routledge 2009 p

28 60

29 Wills Embassies and Illusions p Wills Tribute Defensiveness and Dependency p

30 Hevia Cherishing Men from Afar p. xi. 62

31 b. lse. ac. uk gmail. com 2006 hotmail. com gmail. com com qq. com mails. tsinghua. edu. cn liuruonan. gmail. com Ⅱ

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