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18 Modern Chine se History Studie s No. 2, 2007 The Trans2locality of Local Cultures in Modern China : Cantonese Opera, Music, and Songs in Shanghai, 1920s 1930s Cheng Meibao (1) After Shanghai became a treaty port in 1843, a considerable number of Guangdong merchants and compradors came to the city. They successively established native2place associations, trade associations and other kinds of social organiza2 tions, and sponsored various Cantonese musical activities. During the 1920s and 1930s, on the one hand, many aspects from Cantonese opera, music, and song underwent important changes after absorbing some elements of other regional op2 eras and music. On the other hand, some previously obscure regional markers were enhanced in this special environment. The writing and realization of Cantonese music was undertaken in the context of the search for a national music. Fur2 thermore, the popular music flourishing in Shanghai also injected new tunes into Cantonese song. In the 1930s and 1940s, newly appearing Mandarin songs were incorporated into Cantonese song on a massive scale, while at the same time the Cantonese dialect characteristic of Cantonese song was given play as never before. From looking at the process of develop2 ment of Cantonese opera, music, and song in Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s, we can see that the features of local cul2 ture in modern China were always shaped and expressed in a trans2regional environment. The Establishment of Political Parties and the Political System s Trend in Early Republican China : Beginning with the Appearance of the Slogan As the Revolutionary Armies Rises, the Revolu2 tionary Party Disappears Yang Tianhong (18) The slogan As the revolutionary armies rises, the revolutionary party disappears was a political slogan put forward by Zhang Taiyan to meet the needs of the transformation in the Chinese political system after the Wuchang Uprising. The revolutionary party was a secret association, fundamentally different from the political parties undertaking legal politi2 cal activities based on the parliamentary system. The aim of eliminating the revolutionary party was to build political parties and promote China s democratic system. However, though the Guomindang reorganized as a political party for a time to adapt to the new situation, the Party s revolutionary feelings were never extinguished, and to a great extent the thoughts and actions of its members remained stuck in the revolutionary stage. After the assassination of Song Jiaoren, the Guomindang returned to a evolutionary stance, and set out on the revolutionary road once more. In the course of the Guomindang s ongoing revolution, not only Yuan Shikai and the Beiyang warlords became objects of attack, in actuali2 ty the Western parliamentary democratic system chosen by Sun Yat2sen and his comrades in the early revolutionary period was rejected as well. This double political assault exerted a complicated political influence on modern China s political sys2 tem by destroying the old while failing to establishing the new. The Experiment with a University District System in the Early Nanjing Government Period and It s Diff iculties Xu Xiaoqi ng (40) In 1927, the Nationalist Government chose Nanjing as its capital. In order to build a new academic center, the Gov2 ernment combined Southeastern University with other colleges to make the capital s highest educational institution. At the same time, the Government tried to implement a university district system. Over the course of this two and a half year experiment, the capital university clashed both openly and behind the scenes with the central government and the Jiangsu provincial government over such issues as choosing the university s name, allocating funds, and personnel arrangements. Amidst a changing political situation and opposed by more and more people, the central university district system was dis2 mantled in late Its designers had proposed the university district system out of concern for academic independence, but in practice it was embroiled in political disputes. This indicates that the transplant of a foreign educational system was constrained by national conditions. At the same time, the central university district system gradually became in the course of the experiment an instrument through which national universities could get hold of local educational resources. This is a

number of Guangdong merchants and compradors came to the city.

2005 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2001 ) ;() ( 1997 ) ; ( 1997 ) ; () (1996 ) ;,: ( 1995 ) ; (1995 ),,,, (J13) (J9) (J10), (J19) (J17) 58

,,,, 44 %,,,,,,,,,,,, 57 2005 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2001 ) ;() ( 1997 ) ; ( 1997 ) ; () (1996 ) ;,: ( 1995 ) ; (1995 ),,,, (J13) (J9) (J10), (J19) (J17) 58 ,,,,,,,,,,, 1945 11 5,, ( ) : ; 1945 11,,,,,:, 1987,802,