兵庫県立大学環境人間学部研究報告第 18 号 (2016 年 ) Why is Narrative so frequently used and so necessary now? -actualities, backgrounds and problems- Yasushi OKUDA Schoo

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1 Why is Narrative so frequently used and so necessary now? -actualities, backgrounds and problems- Yasushi OKUDA School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Japan Abstract: The aim of this paper is to point out some issues on the perspective of Narrative Studies, by giving an overview of its actualities and backgrounds from our field of study (French literature and narratology), which serves as general inspection to become the premise ahead of our main studies coming after this. We will review the current narrative studies from three following viewpoints : 1) to show the sketch of the way the term Narrative is used in the different categories of studies (medical, psychological,legal and social sciences;art,architecture, design, game creating and business management, etc., apart from linguistics, literature and narratology), 2) to show the outline of the historical and theoretical backgrounds of Narrative (Narrative Turn from 1990s, Linguistic Turn after 1950s, Pre-linguistic Turn in the 19 th -20 th centuries, etc.) and 3) to show some questionable points about the usage of the term Narrative at the level of the different three languages (Japanese, English and French). This study would clarify the location of the problem of Narrative and make some suggestions as to what we should do in our main studies, which we are preparing in the Research funds report. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research Number Keywords: narrative, perspective of Narrative Studies, narratology Ⅰ はじめに

2 NBM NBM (Rita Charon) 2 Ⅱ ナラティブはどのように使われているか? 2 Rita Charon, Narrative Medicine: Honoring the Stories of Illness, Oxford University Press, 2006 ;,,,, (Gordon Guyatt) EBM 1990 NBM NBM 1998 (Trisha Greenhalgh) (Brian Hurwitz) 2000 Narrative Medicine ( ) NBM

3 なぜ今ナラティブか? - その現状背景問題について - NBM 1960 (R.N. Butler) legal narrative template format 6 19 (Paul Ricœur) 7 Arthur C. Danto (1983) R. N. Butler (1963), The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged, Psychiatry, vol.26, pp.65 76, University of Chicago Press. 6, pp ,,,, Arthur Danto, Narration and Knowledge, Columbia Classics in Philosophy, Columbia University Press, (including Analytical Philosophy of History,1965). 8 Paul Ricœur, Temps et récit 1, Seuil, 1983 (pp , Points, 1991) Arthur Danto,The Artworld, Journal of Philosophy, Vol.61, No.19,1964,pp ( m/visualarts/danto-artworld.pdf) 10 HP Celebrating Narrative Art through the ages ( /narrative-art-1.html) 11, narrative architecture 12 Bernard Tschumi, Architecture and Disjunction, MIT Press, ;,,,, Concepts 4 (Six Concepts) a new architecture parlante (p.253 ;, p.244) 21 Bernard Tschumi Architects ( -69-

4 13 narrative 14 (Michael Polanyi) (tacit knowing) 15 Marchall Ganz Ⅲ ナラティブの歴史的背景とは何か? 13 Ken Levine talks storytelling and character authenticity ( racter-authenticity/) ; CEDEC 2013 ( /news/ / html) 14 ( Jesper Juul, Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds, The MIT Press, pp.15-17, pp , Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, University of Chicago Press, 1958 (Routledge & K. Paul, 1973) ;,,,, (1)1990 (2)1950 (3)19 20 (Arthur Kleinman) (1988) Disease illness explanatory model (empathic listening), (translation) (interpretation) 17 NBM (Arthur W. Frank) IT , 1.,,, 2007 (pp.7-9, 2012). 17 Arthur Kleinman, The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, And The Human Condition, p.229, Basic Books, 1988; Reprint,1989 ;, p.304,,,,

5 なぜ今ナラティブか? - その現状背景問題について - (1949) (1953) ( ) (1900) William James Henry James Albert Robida, Le vingtième siècle ou La vie électrique, 1890 (pp.1-6, Elibron Classics, 2006.)

6 (intrigue) 22 diegesis mimesis (Gérard Genette) 23 discours histoire 24 Ⅳ ナラティブとは何か? narrative 22 Paul Ricœur, op.cit., pp , pp , Gérard Genette, Frontières du récit, in Figures Ⅱ, Seuil, 1969(pp.50-56, Points, 2015) ;,,, pp.58-65,, 1989 ; Gérard Genette, Discours du récit, in Figures Ⅲ, pp , Seuil, 1972 ;,,, pp ,, Gérard Genette, Frontières du récit, op.cit., pp (,, pp ) narrative narrative narrative narrative narration narrating narrative 1991 Narrative ve -72-

7 なぜ今ナラティブか? - その現状背景問題について - 25 NBM (pp.4-5.) NBM NBM NBM (p.5) narrative story narrative N, p.5, 2,, NBM 1) Narrative Based Medicine NBM Evidence Based Medicine EBM EBM NBM Narrative Based Medicine NBM NBM (p.4) 26,, 1996 ;, pp.229; pp ,, narrative narrative Reading for the plot narrative story 28 (narrative) 27,, 1996 ;,, Peter Brooks, Reading for the plot, pp , Harvard University Press,1984 ; 12, pp ,,

8 narrative narratif récit Discours du Récit Narrative Discourse Temps et récit Time and Narrative A Dictionary of Narratology narrative narrative 29 Jean-François Lyotard, La Condition postmoderne, éd. de Minuit,1979(p.7, p.31, p.98, etc., Collection«Critique»,2013) ;,,,, récit forme narrative narrtifgrand(s) récit(s) métarécit(s) petit récit 14 histoire récit 30 narrative récit,, xi, pp ,,, 2004 ; Paul Ricœur, op.cit., pp Gerald Prince, A Dictionary of Narratology, p.58, University of Nebraska Press, 2003 ; ( ),,, narrative récit récit レシ (récit)= (narrative) イストワール (histoire) = (story) ナラシオン (narration) (narrating) 32 narrative narrator narratee content discourse ( 33 Gérard Genette, Discours du récit, op.cit., pp (,, pp.15-23); Gérard Genette, Narrative discourse, An essay in method, translated by Jane E. Lewin, pp.2-8, Cornelle University Press,

9 なぜ今ナラティブか? - その現状背景問題について - instance de discours (instance narrative) récit récit récit narrative narrative récit narrative histoire story narration narrating histoire story 34 pp , pp , Roland Barthes, Comment vivre ensemble : simulations romanesques de quelques espaces quotidiens: Notes de cours et de séminaires au Collège de France, , pp , Seuil, history story history histoire discours récit histoire discours récit histoire histoire récit discours histoire récit récit récit histoire récit 36 Gérard Genette, Frontières du récit, op.cit., pp.49-69(,, pp.57-81) 37 12,, pp.15-28, discours discours récit récit = E.,, pp ,,, 1983 ; Emile Benveniste, Problèmes de linguistique générale, I, Gallimard, 1966 (pp , reprint, 2014) discours -75-

10 narration 38 histoire histoire narrateurnarration absence parfaite 39 Ⅴ おわりに W. (Chaos as Non-Plot) 40 (Parallel Chart) W S Z 43 NBM S Z ( 平成 27 年 9 月 30 日受付 ) 38 Gérard Genette, Discours du récit, op.cit., pp ,, pp Emile Benveniste, op.cit.,p.241(,, pp ) ; Gérard Genette, Frontières du récit, op.cit., pp.63-64(,, pp.72-74) 40 Arthur W. Frank, The wounded storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics, University of Chicago,1995(New ed., p.97, 1997) ;,, p.139,,, Roland Barthes, Introduction à l analyse structurale des récits, Œuvres completes, Tome 2, pp , Seuil, Roland Barthes, S/Z, op.cit., pp , Seuil, pp.53-56,

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