* 4 刘呆运 1,2,3 张国文 1,2 宋国定 1,2 胡耀武 1,2 王昌燧 Olaf Nehlich 3 4 杨武站 Michael P. Richards 3, Department of Human Evolution

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1 * 4 刘呆运 1,2,3 张国文 1,2 宋国定 1,2 胡耀武 1,2 王昌燧 Olaf Nehlich 3 4 杨武站 Michael P. Richards 3, Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig D Department of Anthropology University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z1 关中地区 ; 汉族 ; 游牧民族 ; C N S 稳定同位素分析 ; 粟作农业 ; 家庭畜牧业为了揭示作为中国古代民族融合主体汉族的食物结构和生业模式及其转变, 并探讨其在与游牧民族交流中的作用和地位, 本文对陕西光明官道和机场墓地人和动物骨骼进行了 C N S 稳定同位素分析相比部分游牧民族, 关中地区汉族具有和北方部分游牧民族截然不同的食物结构和生业模式, 并且后者明显受到了汉族的影响从而发生了转变, 这也体现了汉族的经济和文化在中国古代游牧民族汉化过程中所占据的重要地位 Key Words Guanzhong Region Han Nationality nomadic people C N and S stable isotope analysis millet agriculture domestic animal husbandry Abstract By using the C N and S stable analysis the present paper studies the human and animal bones unearthed from the Guangming Guandao and Airport cemeteries in Shaanxi which aims at revealing the diet and subsistence mode of the Han Nationality the main body of the national amalgamation in ancient China as well as their changes in these aspects and at inquiring into the Han Nationality s role and position in their exchange with the nomadic people. A comparison shows that the Han Nationality of the Guanzhong Region were completely different from part of the northern nomads in diet and subsistence mode and that under the former s distinct influence the latter underwent changes in these aspects which embodies the importance of the Han Nationality s economy and culture in the Han - ization course of the nomadic people in ancient China * - KACX1 - YW KZCX2 - YW - Q XDA XDA

2 132 9 C N CO 2 C 3 C 4 CAM 10 C 3 4 C 3 δ 13 C C 4 δ 15 N C 4 5 C 3 C 4 δ 13 C δ 13 C 5 C δ 15 N 1 ~ 1. 5 C 3 C 4 δ 13 C δ 13 C δ 13 C δ 13 C δ 13 C C N S δ 15 N 3 ~ 5 3 ~ C N 5 14 N 2. C N S N 8 N

3 133 δ 15 N 3. 2 样品的选择 δ 15 N C N 1 S 骨胶原的提取 S M. P. Richards δ 34 S δ 34 R. E. Hedges 19 S + 20 δ 34 S ~ ~ + 15 δ 34 S mg mol /L HCl ~ ~ 3-1 ~ δ 34 S C N 48 Millipore Amicon Ultra - 4 > 30K δ 34 S S / 考古学背景 Thermo Finnigan Delta XP with Flash EA mol /L HCl 测试分析 0. 5mg C N 10mg 350 Thermo - Finnigan Delta V with Heka EuroVector S 500 C ± 0. 1 N ± 0. 2 S ± 0. 5 C V - PDB δ 13 C N N 2 δ 15 N S CDT δ 34 S 3. 5 数据的统计分析 SPSS

4 134 1 δ 13 C / δ 15 N / δ 34 S / C / N / S / C N C S N S % % % GD M GD M GD M GD M GD Mx GM M GM M GM M GM M GM M GM M GM M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M JC M GD M GM M GM M JC M GD GM JC

5 C 污染样品的辨别 δ 13 C δ 15 N C 4 C 3 1 Bone diagenesis 20 C N S C N C /N C /S N /S C 41% N 15% 21 1 C N ± 8. 0% N 2 JCM40 JCM81 14 ± 2. 9% δ 13 C 2. 1 ± 1. 2% ± 1. 1 n = 40 C 4 δ 15 N C /N DeNiro 22 C /N 2. 9 ~ C /N 2. 9 ~ ± 0. 1 C /S N / S Nehlich Richards δ 13 C δ 15 C ± 1. 1 n = 40 δ 15 N JCM40 JCM81 δ 13 C ± 300 C /S δ 13 C 200 ± 100 N /S 23 C 3 C 3 C 动物和先民的碳氮稳定同位素 δ 13 C δ 15 N 分析 δ 13 C δ 15 N 2 δ 13 C δ 15 N M740-1 δ 13 C 2. 1 δ 13 C δ 15 N δ 15 N C 3 C 4 δ 13 C C M740-2 δ 13 C 1 ~ δ 15 N 8. 2 C 4 δ 13 C δ 15 N

6 136 M740-1 δ 34 S δ 34 S JCM50 JCM δ 34 S 2 δ 13 C JCM40 1 δ 13 C δ 15 N 硫同位素分析 C 4 δ 34 S 2 2 M740-1 δ 34 S 8. 9 δ 34 S ± 0. 4 n = 3 C 4 C 3 2 δ 34 S 1 δ 34 S ± 0. 6 n = 37 δ 34 S ~ - 2 δ 34 S 两汉时期的农业和家畜饲养 C 4 C 3

7 δ 13 C δ 15 δ N 9. 5 ± 15 N n = 西汉到东汉先民食物结构和生业 32 模式的转变 C δ 13 C C 4 33 C 3 C 3 δ 15 N δ 13 C C 3 δ 13 C / ± ± ± 1. 2 δ 15 N / ± ± ± 0. 9 δ34s / 5. 7 ± ± ± 0. 8 C 3 2 δ 13 C δ 15 N δ 34 S

8 δ 15 N 2 δ 34 S 4 δ 13 C δ 15 N 4. 6 汉族与部分游牧民族食物结构和 δ 13 C 生业模式的差异 ± 1. 3 δ 15 N ± 1. 0 C 3 C 4 C N δ 13 C δ 13 C δ 15 N ± 0. 8 δ 15 N 6. 4 ± δ 13 C 0. 9 δ 15 N δ 13 C C 4 δ 15 N δ 13 C δ 15 N C 3 3 δ 13 C δ 15 N δ 13 C ± SD δ 15 N ± SD ± ± ± ± ± ±

9 139 2 δ 15 N 9. 0 ± 0. 9 国马普研究所 Annabell Reiner, Viktoria Oelze,Benjamin Fuller, 马颖以及中科院研究生院科技史与科技考古系侯亮亮的帮助, 在此一并表示感谢 C N S C 3 C 4 C 3 JCM40 JCM C 3 C δ 13 C δ 34 S M740-1 JCM50 JCM40 and archaeology. C 4 致谢 : 本文的数据分析和处理得到了德 C N. 8 Price T. D. The Chemistry of Prehistoric Human Bone. Cambridge Cambridge University Press a b. Van der Merwe N J. Carbon isotopes photosysthesis American Scientist Press Chicago Phytochemistry of archaeological plant remains Hastorf G A & Popper V S Eds Current palaeoethnobotany analytical methods and cultural interpretation of archaeological plant remains. University of Chicago 11 a. O Leary M H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. b. Hastorf G A & Popper V S Eds Current palaeoethnobotany analytical methods and cultural interpretation University of Chicago

10 140 Press Chicago a. McGovern P E Zhang J Zhang Z et al. Fermented beverages of pre - and protohistoric China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA b. Pechenkina E A Ambrose S H Ma X L et al. Reconstructing northern Chinese Neolithic subsistence practices by isotopic analysis. J Archaeol Sci Marino B D McElroy M B. Isotopic composition of atmospheric CO 2 inferred from carbon in C 4 plant cellulose. Nature Bocherens H Fizet M Mariotti A. Diet physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogenchemistry implications for Pleistocene bears. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Paleoecol Fornander E Eriksson G Lidén K. Wild at heart Approaching Pitted Ware identity economy and cosmology through stable isotopes in skeletal material from the Neolithic site Korsn s in Eastern Central Sweden. J Anthropol Archaeol Nehlich O and Richards M P. Establishing collagen quality criteria for sulphur isotope analysis of archaeological bone collagen. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences a. Richards M P Fuller B T Hedges R. Sulphur isotopic variation in ancient bone collagen from Europe implications for human palaeodiet residence mobility and modern pollutant studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters b. Craig O E Biazzo M Colonese A C Di Giuseppe Z Martinez - Labarga C Lo Vetro D Lelli R Martini F and Rickards O Stable isotope analysis of Late Upper Palaeolithic human and faunal remains from Grotta del Romito Cosenza. Italy. J. Archaeol. Sci c. Vika E Aravantinos V and Richards M P. Aristophanes and stable isotopes a taste for freshwater fish in Classical Thebes Greece. Antiquity d Richards M P Hedges R E M. Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the types of marine foods used by Late Mesolithic humans at sites along the Atlantic coast of Europe. J Archaeol Sci a. Price T D Blitz J Burton J H. Diagenesis in prehistoric bone problems and solutions. J. Archaeol. Sci b.. XRD a. Ambrose S H. Preparation and characterisation of bone and tooth collagen for stable isotope analysis. J Archaeol Sci b. Hedges R E M. Bone diagenesis an overview of processes. Archaeometry DeNiro M J. Post - mortem preservation of alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature Richards M P Fuller B T Hedges R. Sulphur isotopic variation in ancient bone collagen from Europe implications for human palaeodiet residence mobility and modern pollutant studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters DeNiro M J Epstein S. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Finucane B et al. Human and animal diet at Conchopata Peru stable isotope evidence for maize agriculture and animal management practices during the Middle Horizon. J Archaeol Sci C N Richards M P Fuller B T Sponheimer M Robinson T Ayliffe L. Sulphur isotopes in palaeodietary studies A review and results from a controlled feeding experiment. Intl J Osteoarchaeol a ~ 12. b ~ 173. c

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