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1 luyh@gate.sinica.edu.tw NSC H /6/6 2009/4/4

2 crucial test

3 Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, June 2009, 42: Family Survival Strategy and Women s Labor Force Participation: The Case of Taiwanese Family Businesses Yu-Hsia Lu Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica Abstract Using data from a survey of 314 small family businesses located across Taiwan, the author evaluates two competing perspectives regarding mechanisms underlying the labor force participation of business owners wives: family mobility and family survival. The crucial test is employed to examine the competing hypotheses including the effects of the factors regarding family production organization, reproduction organization, and human capital. The evidence indicates that the survival perspective is better for interpreting married women s labor force participation mechanisms, compared to longstanding neoclassical theory based on capitalist economic logic. According to the alternative discourse, families within the peripheral economic sector, due to imperfect market competition or disadvantaged conditions, tend to employ a survival strategy rather than a strategy based on the principle of maximum profit. Keywords: family business, married women s labor force participation, family economic strategy, peripheral sector, competing theory

4 Mincer 1962 Becker % 29 97% Marx 1977

5 99 Lu , Yu a maximum utility Mincer

6 ; Becker 1965 indifference curves 2 Becker 1965; Blau and Ferber 1986 budget constraints Bowen and Finegan 1969; Blau and Ferber , indifference curve 3 Mazumdar , 1994

7 101 / Niehoff 1987; Greenhalph 1994 Basu 1991; Greenhalph Lu a 2006a 4 4

8 102 Anderson et al. 1994; Schmink mobility strategies survival strategies Schmink 1984; Cornell 1987; McCrone 1994 family mode of production 5 Chayanov 1986

9 103 Marx 1977 petty commodity production 6 Braverman 1974 Caroline Moser 1978 Moser 1978 Goss 1991; Schmink 1984; Bolles

10 104 imperfect competition reproduction 7 Ellis 1988: 64 7 Schmink 1984

11 105 Gary Becker 1965 home good Chayanov 1986 Chayanov 1986

12 Chayanov gross income Chayanov 1986: Chayanov Chayanov 1986: Sen 1966 Ellis 1988 Chayanov Ellis 1988:

13 107 Chayanov 1986: Chayanov 1986 Lu 2001; Chiu 1998 Marx 1977; Moser 1978; Ellis 1988

14 108 competing theories Stinchcombe 1968 Stinchcombe crucial test or crucial experiment Stinchcombe 1968: Stinchcombe 1968: 25 empirical instance multiple tests 8 Stinchcombe alternative theory

15 109 Stinchcombe 1968: alternative theory 10 P Blau and Ferber a 9 Stinchcombe 1968:

16 Oppenheimer

17 crucial test consequences Stinchcombe 1968: 24-27

19 Lin 2001

21 115 Chayanov

22 , tastes Blau and Ferber 1986; Brown 1985 Bielby 1978; Waite and Stolzenberg 1976

23 117 Schmink

24 118 表 1 流動經濟策略與存活經濟策略假設之比較家庭經濟策略流動經濟策略存活經濟策略就業型態預測因素家庭企業內就業家庭企業外就業無就業家庭企業內就業家庭企業外就業無就業 A. a a a a a a a a a ( ) a a a a a a a B. a a * +a

25 % 29 97% % 1990

26 % multinomial % %

27 121 logistic regression analysis type II error 16 10% Dagenais 1973 imputation % type II a

28 % 37% 37%

29 Bowen and Finegan 1969: female industry mix

30 G , p<.001, df=

31 125 表 2 妻子就業型態的邏輯迴歸分析變項企業內就業 / 企業外就業 / 企業內就業 / 無就業無就業企業外就業 A (0.31, 0.08) 0.39 (0.46, 0.39) 0.16 (0.41, 0.70) 0.01 (0.03, 0.63) (0.07, 0.24) 0.10 (0.07, 0.15) (0.01, 0.62) 0.01 (0.01, 0.46) (0.01, 0.65) (0.45, 0.65) (0.77, 0.13) 0.96 (0.72, 0.18) (0.43, 0.40) (0.61, 0.79) (0.56, 0.73) 0.46 (0.33, 0.17) 0.07 (0.50, 0.89) 0.39 (0.44, 0.38) 0.02 (0.02, 0.42) 0.04 (0.03, 0.28) (0.03, 0.55) B. 0.72* (0.33, 0.03) (0.53, 0.38) 1.19* (0.49, 0.02) 0.38 (0.28, 0.18) 1.38**(0.48,0.004) -1.00* (0.45, 0.03) (0.02, 0.94) (0.04, 0.10) (0.03, 0.08) (0.45, 0.69) -1.49* (0.71, 0.04) 1.31* (0.66, 0.05) (0.37, 0.76) (0.59, 0.87) (0.53, 1.00) -1.05* (0.47, 0.03) (0.67, 0.91) (0.64, 0.13) Intercept (1.57, 0.90) 0.34 (2.33, 0.89) (2.10, 0.80) -2 log likelihood N 314 *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.1 P

32 126 odds ratio p.79 p.73 p.89 p.38 1 p.62.46

33 127 2 p.07 73% 1 p.63 p.42.28

34 128 competing theory crucial test

35 129

36 b huang27, Chang26, Chui Chayanov 1986: 109

37 Lu a Lu b

38 alternative discourse Alatas 2006

39 133 crucial test Tsai and Sigelman 1982 primary ties Stark 1997 approximating crucial experiment

40 134

41 135 附表 1 家庭企業樣本特性分析變項 % (n) 變項 % (n) (196) (100) ( 37) ( 79) 25.8 ( 81) ( 59) ( 14) ( 21) ( 62) (101) ( 93) (198) ( 99) (116) (198) (123) ( 43) ( 75) / ( 64) ( 97) 2.87 ( 9) 6.05 ( 19) (169) (191) ( 65) ( 28) / ( 50) ( 47) 9.55 ( 30) ( 12) ( 36) 44.9 (141) 55.1 (173) ( 91) (153) 20.7 ( 65) ( 35) 79.3 (249) ( 35) 314

42 : Female Marginalization 16: a 84-86

43 b NSC H E : a 37: b (2) (3): (2): : :

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Jul Journal of Chinese Women's Studies No. 4 Ser. No. 148 * CFPS 2010 C A Where does the Ti

Jul Journal of Chinese Women's Studies No. 4 Ser. No. 148 * CFPS 2010 C A Where does the Ti 2018 7 Jul. 2018 4 148 Journal of Chinese Women's Studies No. 4 Ser. No. 148 * 210023 CFPS 2010 C913. 68 A 1004-2563 2018 04-0019-14 Where does the Time Go Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life