中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

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2 146 civic republicanism Stephen Gardbaum 1991: Ferdinand Tönnies Gemeinschaft Haakonssen, 1993: 568 J.G.A. Pocock 1975 Quentin Skinner 1978, 1984, 1990 Markus Fischer 1995: 1-36, esp.3-7

3 criteria Meier, 1990: 4-5, one man rule

4 148

5 Benedetto Croce 1946: 45 Croce J.H. Whitfield The Politics of Machiavelli Whitfield, 1969: On Machiavelli's Use of Ordini Whitfield, 1969: politico- ordini leggi ibid., Whitfield civil Hannah Arendt 1958: 26 force violence

6 150 Whitfield ordini constituzioni buono Whitfield, 1969: ibid., 151 buoni ordini ibid., 153 Whitfield J.H. Hexter The Predatory Vision: Niccolò Machiavelli. Il Principe and lo stato stato exploitative relation Hexter, 1973: Meinecke, 1962: stato Hexter, 1973: Hexter Whitfield J.G.A. Pocock The Machiavellian Moment political innovation Pocock, 1975: Hexter ibid., Pocock

7 Pocock politicization of virtue ibid., Maurizio Viroli 1992, 1993 Whitfield political civil Viroli, 1992: 486 uno vivire civile e politico stato arte dello stato arcana imperii Medici Medici ibid., Viroli acquire and maintain lo stato

8 152 ordering republics, maintaining states, governing kingdoms, ordering the military and administrating war, judging subjects, and increasing empire D.I. Preface: 2 form a republic in reality Solon Lycurgus CW: 114 power material form virtú fortuna Pocock Pocock, 1975: 40-41, 77-78, Pocock Pocock, 1975: , ; Pitkin, 1984: 54-55

9 matter form la virtu dello animo P. VI: 2 matter good form P. XXVI: 1 matter D.I. 17: 3 wicked form principio D. III. 8: 2 D.I. 18.4

10 154 CW: 105 Leslie Walker 1975, 1: occasion Hannah Pitkin 1984: 54 unmoved mover ordinario straordinario Mansfield 1996: 245 ordinario ordini Mansfield ibid. 1 Phy. 194b Walker Pocock A. London Fell 1983 Fell 1993 Ficino ibid., 44-66

11 accusation D.I. 7: 1 D.I. 7: 4 animo thumos D.I. 7: 2 Pocock principio / beginning violence arms D.I. 18: 4 good foundations P. XII:

12 156 1 Gilbert, 1968: 65 2 evil D.I. 26 D.I Quentin Skinner Russell Price p.43 a

13 D.I. 18: 4 order of the government check mode D.I. 18: 2 Schmitt, 1996: D.I. 3:1 uomini grandi uomini populari

14 158 animo humor Mansfield, 1996: 24 D.I. 5:1 D.I. 55 politeia Pol.1279a Polybius Mansfield 1996: Marcus Fisher 1995: Fisher

15 extrema forza D.I. 17:3 P. VI: 2-3 arche; cf. Phy. 194b correction cf. Gilbert, 1968: disunion D.I. 4-6 guard D.I. 5:1 D.I. 33:2 cf. Skinner, 1981: beginning

16 160 necessity constrain D.I. 1:4 D.I. 1:5 good work D.I. 1:4; D.I. 3:2; cf. Mansfield, 1996: D.I. 9:3 Numa D.I. 11:4 D.I. 11:3 pagan religion D.I. 12; D.II. 2:2 sacrifice D.I. 14; D.III. 3 D.I. 16 Saminates ferocity of the spectacle

17 memorable execution D.III. 3:1 Pitkin 1984: 250 Brutus Brutus acquisition Mansfield, 1996: 47 self-sufficiency 3 D.II. 2:2 sommo bene summum bonum

18 162 cf D.I. 7: 4 D.I. 18: 4 politeia Pol. Bk. 1. Pocock Crick, 1970: 19 D.I dictator D.I

19 D.III. 1

20 164 Hans Baron, 1988 Carl Schmitt Elly, Pocock Pitkin Arendt Pocock Pitkin Arendt Arendt Arendt, 1983: Arendt making

21 Arendt The Human Condition Arendt 4 Arendt Arendt, 1958: Arendt energia; actuality ibid., , ibid., , Pocock Arendt Pocock, 1975: ibid., quasi-solution Pocock, 1975: Arendt

22 166 Pocock ibid., 167 Arendt Arendt, 1958: Pitkin fantasy Pitkin, 1984: 54 Pitkin ibid., Arendt Pocock Pitkin Klaus Held 1996 Mansfield Pocock Michael Oakeshott Thomas Kuhn

23 Schmitt Arendt Arendt, 1958: 197 Pocock Arendt 6 charisma Pocock 1985: 44 Arendt 7 Wilhelm Hennis Hennis, 1988: 196

24 168 Niccolò Machiavelli P: The Prince. Tran. Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985 P P.XX:1 D: Discourses on Livy. Tran. Harvey C. Mansfield & Nathan Tarcov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, D CW: Machiavelli, Chief Works and Others. Tran. Allan Gilbert. 3vols. Durham: Duke University Press, Il Principe e Altre Opere Politiche. Milano: Garzanti, Aristotle

25 Arendt, Hannah The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press On Revolution. New York: Viking (1954) Between Past and Future. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Aristotle The Politics. Tran. Carnes Lord. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Pol. Aristotle's Physics. Tran., Richard Hope. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Phy. Baron, Hans 1988 Machiavelli the Republican Citizen and Author of The Prince, in idem. In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, vol.2. pp Crick, Bernard Introduction, in Bernard Crick (ed), Machiavelli the Discourses. Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp Croce, Benedetto Politics and Morals. London: George Allen & Unwin. Ely, John The Polis and the Political : Civic and Territorial Views

26 170 of Association, Thesis Eleven, 46:33-65, Fell, A. London 1983 Origins of Legislatve Sovereignty and the Legislative State. vol.ii. Cambridge, Mass.: Oelgeschlager Origins of Legislatve Sovereignty and the Legislative State. vol.v. Westport: Praeger. Fischer, Markus 1995 Machiavelli: A Systematic Interpretation. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago. Gardbaum, Stephen A Law, Politics, and Claims of Community, Michigan Law Review 90(4): Gilbert, Allan (1938) Machiavelli's Prince and Its Forerunners. New York: Barnes & Noble. Haakonssen, Knud Republicanism, in Robert E. Goodin & Philip Pettit (eds.) A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp Held, Klaus Civic Prudence in Machiavelli: Toward the Paradigm in the Transformation in Philosophy in the Transition to Modernity, in Reginald Lilly (ed), The Ancients and the Moderns. Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp Hennis, Wilhelm Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction. Tran. Keith Tribe. London: Allen & Unwin. Hexter J.H The Predatory Vision: Niccolò Machiavelli. Il Principe and lo stato in The Vision of Politics on the Eve of the

27 Reformation: More, Machiavelli and Seyssell. New York: Basic Books, pp Meier, Christian The Greek Discovery of Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard. Mansfield, Harvey C Machiavelli's Virtue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Meinecke, Fridrich Machiavellism. The Doctrine of Raison d'etat and Its Place in Modern History. Tran. Douglas Scott. New Haven: Yale University Press. Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel 1984 Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolò Machiavelli. Berkeley and Los Angles : University of California Press. Pocock, J.G.A The Machiavellian Moment. Princeton: Princeton University Press Virtue, Commerce, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmitt, Carl Political Theology. Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Tran. George Schwab. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT The Concept of the Political. Tran. George Schwab. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Skinner, Quentin The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Machiavelli. Oxford: Oxford University Press The Idea of Negative Liberty: Philosophical and Historical

28 172 Perspectives, in Richard Rorty, J.B. Schneewind & Quentin Skinner(ed.), Philosophy in History: Essay on the Historiography of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp The Republican Idea of Political Liberty, in Gisela Bock & Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli (eds.) Machiavelli and Republicanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp Viroli, Maurizio Machiavelli and the Republican Idea of Politics, in Gisela Bock &Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli (eds.) Machiavelli and Republicanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp The Revolution in the Concept of Politics, Political Theory 20(3): Waker, Leslie 1975 The Discourses of Niccolò Machiavelli. 2 vols. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegen Paul. Whitefield J.H Discourses on Machiavelli. Cambridge: W. Heffer.

29 Machiavelli's Idea of Political Order: A Metaphysical Inquiry Carl K. Y. Shaw Abstract This article examines the fundamental presuppositions and systematic articulations of Machiavelli's political theory. I argue that Machiavelli's thought presupposed two interrelated sets of metaphysical categories: the bipolar opposition between of form and matter, and that of ordinary and extraordinary. The contrast between form and matter represents an orientation conceiving politics as an art, which can be traced to Aristotle's theory of the four causes. The emphasis on extraordinary, by contrast, points to the possibility of radical political change. Based on this framework, I provide a systematic interpretation of Machiavelli's theory of political order. This article is concluded by a brief elaboration of the relevance of Machiavelli's thought for contemporary political theory, especially civic republicanism and political decisionism. I contend that Machiavelli's thought embraces both perspectives, consequently a theoretical synthesis is necessary.

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