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1 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 2016, 53(2): DOI: /j.issn 不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana * cerana Fabricius 生产性能的影响 1** 祁文忠梅 2*** 绚 1 师鹏珍申如明 1 3 赵亚周摘要目的 Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 方法 3 结果 P < 结论关键词 The effects of different kinds of honeybee hives on honey production in Apis cerana cerana Fabricius QI Wen-Zhong 1** MEI Xuan 2*** SHI Peng-Zhen 1 SHEN Ru-Ming 1 ZHAO Ya-Zhou 3 (1. Apicultural Institution of Gansu Province, Tianshui , China; 2. Minxian Animal Husbandry Bureau, Minxian , China; 3. Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China) Abstract [Objectives] To determine the effects of different kinds of honeybee hives on honey production in Apis cerana cerana Fabricius. [Methods] A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of 3 different kinds of hives on honey production by A. c. cerana in Southern Gansu during the primary nectar-flow period. [Results] The greatest quantities of honey were produced in standard hives at all 4 experimental sites but the best quality honey was produced in original hives. The honey produced in ecological hives was intermediate with respect to both quantity and quality. Honey was collected from standard hives slightly more often than from the other two hive types. Hive type had a significant effect on honey quantity, quality and the frequency of honey collection. However, altitude and nectar plants did not significantly affect these 3 variables. [Conclusion] Selection of hive types for A. c. cerana should be based on a consideration of the local environment, including nectar plants, local apicultural practices and honeybee ecology. Key words Apis cerana cerana Fabricius, hive, production performance, honey, influencing factors Sumner and Boriss * Supported projects (CARS-45-SYZ19) ** First author yfsqwz@163.com *** Corresponding author gsmx888@163.com Received Accepted

2 374 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 53 Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 2005 Apis cerana Fabricius Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola Apis mellifera L. A. m. carnica Pollman A. m. caucasica Gorb. A. m. mellifera L Tan et al Wilson 材料与方法 1.1 研究地区自然概况 m % mm %

2期 375 祁文忠等: 不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 生产性能的影响 1.2 面放麦草秸秆和石棉瓦以遮荫和防雨图 1 实验蜂场本实验中所选蜂群均为当地自繁自养的中 1.3.2 生态蜂箱生态蜂箱按照生产性质而命华蜜蜂共 4 个蜂场所有蜂群均为 2014 年越名原则为节省空间培育强群和生产高质量成冬后经第 1 次和第 2 次分群所得具体蜂群情况熟蜜其由一个箱盖几个箱体和一个箱底组成见表 1 箱体使用厚 3 cm 高 10 cm 外宽 30 cm 的方形木箱上下无底无盖重叠固定组成箱体箱盖 1.

5 cm cm 的木条钉成外围 30 cm 的正方形框生态蜂选用 7 框标准箱可根据需要加继箱箱内装标箱箱体的数量根据蜂群多少而定一般由 3 个方准巢框巢础及隔板上盖覆布和箱盖箱盖上框组成图 2 Table 1 表 1 实验蜂场内蜂群及环境概况 The survey of colonies and environment in experimental apairies

3 2期 375 祁文忠等: 不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 生产性能的影响 1.2 面放麦草秸秆和石棉瓦以遮荫和防雨图 1 实验蜂场本实验中所选蜂群均为当地自繁自养的中生态蜂箱生态蜂箱按照生产性质而命华蜜蜂共 4 个蜂场所有蜂群均为 2014 年越名原则为节省空间培育强群和生产高质量成冬后经第 1 次和第 2 次分群所得具体蜂群情况熟蜜其由一个箱盖几个箱体和一个箱底组成见表 1 箱体使用厚 3 cm 高 10 cm 外宽 30 cm 的方形木箱上下无底无盖重叠固定组成箱体箱盖 1.3 实验蜂箱使用长宽均为 40 cm 厚 3 cm 的木板直接固每个试验点均设置当地常用的 3 种蜂箱类定在最上层一个箱体上面箱盖上面放麦草秸秆型进行蜂群饲养分别为标准蜂箱生态蜂箱和和石棉瓦以遮荫和防雨箱底使用长 50 cm 宽原始蜂箱 40 cm 厚 3 cm 的木板在木板上用 4 根厚宽标准蜂箱标准蜂箱的箱体板材厚 2.5 cm cm 的木条钉成外围 30 cm 的正方形框生态蜂选用 7 框标准箱可根据需要加继箱箱内装标箱箱体的数量根据蜂群多少而定一般由 3 个方准巢框巢础及隔板上盖覆布和箱盖箱盖上框组成图 2 Table 1 表 1 实验蜂场内蜂群及环境概况 The survey of colonies and environment in experimental apairies 海拔 Altitude (m) S 山花 S 山花党参 S 黄芪党参 S 油菜山花 Fig 蜜源 Nectar plant 蜂群数量 Number of colonies 蜂场编号 Apairy ID 标准蜂箱 Standard hive 生态蜂箱 Ecological hive 原始蜂箱 Original hive 图 1 中华蜜蜂的标准蜂箱 Standard hive for Apis cerana cerana 原始蜂箱原始蜂箱为民间一直沿用的横卧式树槽箱一般长约 75 cm 宽约 32 cm 高约 35 cm 箱底中央有一个直径 2 cm 的排巢渣孔箱体上面放麦草秸秆和石棉瓦以遮荫和防雨图 3 Fig. 2 图 2 中华蜜蜂的生态蜂箱 Ecological hive for Apis cerana cerana

376 应用昆虫学报 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology Fig. 3 1.

4 376 应用昆虫学报 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology Fig 卷图 3 原始蜂箱 Original hive for Apis cerana cerana 蜂群的蜂蜜生产在 4 个试验点原始蜂箱的年产蜜量显著低于标准蜂箱或者生态蜂箱标准蜂箱的年产蜜量均较根据试验地区的气候和蜜粉源特点以及中高生态蜂箱的年产蜜量随地点变化而表现出较华蜜蜂生物学规律对实验蜂群进行非流蜜期和明显的波动就蜂蜜生产而言标准蜂箱适用于流蜜期的日常管理管理方式一致试验地区在所有试验点能够得到较高的产量而生态蜂箱 7 月 15 日 9 月 20 日进入流蜜期依据蜂箱类在 S3 和 S4 试验点的蜂蜜产量较低并不是最适型蜂巢内的蜂蜜量和蜂群状况确定取蜜时间和宜蜂箱类型原始蜂箱在所有试验点的蜂蜜产量次数并统计不同类型蜂箱的年产蜜量蜂群全均最低不利于蜂群蜂蜜的生产年采收的蜂蜜总量蜂箱内存蜜量越冬前蜂箱内的蜂蜜重量和取蜜次数等数据 1.5 数据统计与分析实验数据利用 SPSS 16.0 和 Graphpad prism 2.2 蜂群的存蜜量由图 5 可以看出本实验中所使用的 3 种蜂箱类型中 4 个试验点的原始蜂箱存蜜量最高生态蜂箱和标准蜂箱的存蜜量不存在明显差异 5 进行统计分析并作图利用 SPSS 软件的两因由于蜂箱的存蜜量与蜂群的越冬饲料有关可以素方差分析法比较不同试验点不同类型蜂箱蜂影响蜂群的越冬质量所以存蜜量也是蜜蜂饲养群的年产蜜量存蜜量和产蜜次数得出其相应管理及生产管理的一个重要指标就存蜜量而的均值和标准差并用 Graphpad prism 作图利言原始蜂箱在所有的试验点均能得到较高的存用 SPSS 软件对海拔蜜源植物年产蜜量存蜜量为蜂群越冬提供饲料储备说明应用原始蜜量产蜜次数和蜂箱类型进行简单相关性分蜂箱饲养中华蜜蜂可以取得较高的越冬效果析并用 Graphpad prism 作图 2.3 蜂群的年产蜜次数 2 结果与分析 2.1 蜂群的年产蜜量本实验所使用的蜂箱有 3 种包括标准蜂物的流蜜期长短蜂群状况蜂箱操作的难易程箱生态蜂箱和原始蜂箱这些蜂箱均为当地中行试验并且蜂群状况基本相同所以我们主要华蜜蜂饲养经常使用的类型从图 4 可以看出考察了蜂箱类型对蜂群取蜜次数的影响由图 6 蜂群的取蜜次数与多种因素有关如蜜源植度等本研究将 3 种蜂箱放置在相同的环境中进

5 2 : Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 377 Fig. 4 图 4 3 种类型蜂箱在不同试验点的年产蜜量 Honey production per year of the 3 types of hive at each experimental site Duncan's P < 0.05 S1 S2 S3 S4 5 Histograms with the different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (Duncan's multiple range test, P < 0.05); S1, S2, S3 and S4 represent the different experimental apairies. The same with Fig.5. S3 S P < 结论与讨论 Bé 3 2

6 378 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 53 Fig. 5 图 5 3 种类型蜂箱在不同试验点的存蜜量 Quality of honey storage of the 3 types of hive at each experimental site Fig. 6 图 6 不同类型蜂箱的取蜜次数 The times of honey collection of different hive types Oertel Dodologlu et al P <

7 2 : Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 379 Fig. 7 图 7 蜂群蜂蜜生产的影响因素分析 The influencing factors of honey production of colonies * SPSS Bivariate correlation P < 0.05 * represents that the correlation is significant (The bivariate correlation method of SPSS software is used for correlation analysis, P < 0.05) 参考文献 (References) Dodologlu A, Dülger C, Genc F, Colony condition and bee behaviour in honey bees (Apis mellifera) housed in wooden or polystyrene hives and fed "bee cake" or syrup. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43(1): 3 8. Jin HG, Inspiration on traditional breeding and modern movable frame breeding of Apis cerana. Apicultural Science and Technology, (5): [, , (5): ]

8 380 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 53 Li JL, Wang YC, Li YY, Cui YS, Bi BF, Hu JJ, Ou X, Qin HR, Study on the design and popularization of GXDD honeybee hive. Apicultural Science and Technology, (3): [,,,,,,,, GXDD., (3): ] Liu GN, Zeng ZJ, Wu XB, Yan WY, Improvement of standard bee-hive and influence on the effect of spring build-up, royal jelly production and transportation. Apiculture of China, 60(9): [,,,, 2009.,., 60 (9): 9 11.] Meng F, Xu BH, Guo XQ, Progress in research on the genetic basis of important biological characteristics of Apis cerana cerana. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 49(5): [,,, , 49(5): ] Oertel E, History of beekeeping in the United States. Agriculture Handbook, 335: 2 9. Shi YY, Wang ZL, Zeng ZJ, Advances in research on epigenetics and caste differentiation in the honey bee. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 51(6): [,,, , 51(6) : ] Sumner DA, Boriss H, Bee-conomics and the leap in pollination fees. Agricultural and Resource Economics Update, 9(3): Tan K, Yang S, Wang ZW, Radloff SE, Oldroyd BP, Differences in foraging and broodnest temperature in the honey bees Apis cerana and A. mellifera. Apidologie, 43(6): Wang JF, Wang GS, Zhou FY, The primary research on the mature honey production with superposed honeybee hives. Journal of Bee, 32(9): 17. [,,, , 32(9): 17] Wang M, Xu H, Yin GF, Zhao WZ, He SY, Diversity of Bacteria in the honey stomach of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera during the rape blooming period. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 51(6): [,,,,, , 51(6): ] Wang ZM, Yue MQ, Du WH, Hu LY, Lang XH, Problems existed in sustainable development of grassland resources and its control countermeasures in Min county, Gansu province. Grassland and Turf, (1): [,,,,, , (1): ] Wilson RT, Current status and possibilities for improvement of traditional apiculture in sub-saharan Africa. Sierra, 550: 77. Wu XB, Tian LQ, Pan QZ, Zeng ZJ, Comparison of pheromone content on the body surfaces of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica queens. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 51(6): [,,,, , 51(6): ] Xue YB, Bai JM, Niu QS, Li JL, Research about Chinese bee of Changbai mountain wintering technology with substitute forage. Journal of Bee, (9): [,,,, , (9): ] Yang GH, Harm of introducing the western honeybee Apis mellifera L. to the Chinese honeybee Apis cerana F. and its ecological impact. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 48(2): [, , 48(3): ] Yang GH, The quantity of Apis cerana cerana were declined rapidly. Science World, 6: 23. [, , 6: 23.] Zhai YZ, The ponderation of several problems about modernize of Chinese apiculture calling. Journal of Bee, (10): 3 5. [, , (10): 3 5.] Zhang B, Ma YQ, Yuan ZH, Ning ZG, On the trend and impact factors of the population of Chinese bee. Science Journal of Northwest University Online, 9(6). wenzhang/ pdf. [,,,, ( ), 9(6) pdf.] Zhang XW, Luo WT, Zhang ZY, Duan YM, Zhou SL, Chen JX, Song WF, Simple analysis on morphology of Apis cerana in different ways of bee-keeping. Apiculture of China, 64(4): [,,,,,,, , 64(4): ]

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)(

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)( 24 1 Vol.24 No.1 94 2008 1 Transactions of the CSAE Jan. 2008 2008 1 100094 2 100035 3 100081 4 100081 5 100101 GIS ( ) 65.12 16.82 13.74 15.27 11.07 t/(hm 2 a) 10.93% 41.43% 46.93% 65.4%. Bi Jiye, Zhu