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密渡酆
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1 Monitoring and impact assessment of CO 2 seabed sequestration in China Zhendong Zhang National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center Summer School of CAGS in Sanya Aug 21st - 25th 2011

2 Outline Potential impact of CO 2 seabed sequestration Feasibility of CO 2 seabed sequestration in China Case study- impact of CO 2 leakage Risk control and management

3 CCS is regarded as a key technology for the reduction of CO 2 emissions at international level. 项目名称国家开始时间注入量 (t d 1 ) 封存总量 (t) 封存地类型 Sleipner 挪威咸水层 weybrun 加拿大 ~ EOR In Salah 阿尔及利亚 ~ 天然气田 K12B 荷兰增强气体回收 Frio 美国咸水层 Fenn 大山谷加拿大 ECBM Recopol 波兰 ECBM Yubari 日本 ECBM Gorgon 澳大利亚咸水层 Snøhvit 挪威咸水层沁水流域中国 ECBM 鄂尔多斯中国 / 年咸水层

2 has been stored sub-seabed in the North Sea (Sleipner)

4 However, little is known about the short-term and long-term impacts of CO 2 storage on marine ecosystems even though CO 2 has been stored sub-seabed in the North Sea (Sleipner) for over 15 years and for 3 years in the Barents Sea (Snhvit).

5 London Protocol and the OSPAR Commission demand inter alia offshore CCS should be a permanent storage. Risks have to be avoided and substances added to the CO 2 stream should be minimized. It was clear that the basic risks of offshore CCS to the marine environment are associated with potential leakages. CO 2 as well as substances added to the CO 2 stream and substances mobilized by the CO 2 stream from the surrounding material must be considered.

Impacts of CO 2 leakage on marine ecosystems In the

ocean acidity rises, and suggest that similar

6 Impacts of CO 2 leakage on marine ecosystems In the Mediterranean Sea - effects of releasing CO 2 on marine life. The results show a bleak future for marine life as ocean acidity rises, and suggest that similar lowering of ocean ph may have been responsible for massive extinctions in the past. A unique natural laboratory

7 leakage rate are acceptable? The maximum permissible leakage flux from submarine storage should be defined as less than 10 % of the normal flux rates which generally corresponds to a rate smaller than 10 t of CO 2 per km 2 per year (Prof. Klaus Wallmann).

8 ECO 2 EU project led by IFM-GEOMAR Objective: 4 year 10.5 Mio. The ECO 2 project sets out to assess the risks associated with the storage of CO 2 below the seabed.

9 3 study sites : Sleipner (90 m water depth) Snøhvit (330 m water depth) the B3 field in the Polish Baltic Sea (80 m water depth) Focus on : whether or not gas is being released at these sites how it could be transported through the different strata which reactions are involved.

10 To evaluate the likelihood of leakage, the possible impacts on marine ecosystems, the potential economic and legal consequences of leakage THE GOAL To provide not only a comprehensive risk assessment but also guidelines for monitoring and a best environmental practice guide for preparation and management of storage sites.

11 The first expeditions have already been conducted during spring and summer 2011 to monitor the seafloor and evaluate the safety of the storage sites located in the North Sea and Barents Sea.

12 Research projects Time Research projects 2006 温室气体地下埋存及提高石油采收率的资源化利用 2007 吉林油田含 CO 2 天然气开发和 CO 2 埋存及资源综合利用研究 2007 中欧碳捕获与封存合作行动 (COACH) 2008 CO 2 的捕集与封存技术 2008 中国 CO 2 海底封存能力评估与风险控制技术预研究 2010 中澳 CO 2 地质封存合作项目 2010 广东省 CO 2 捕集与封存可行性研究

13 CCS project in Chinese large-scale power plant 企业启动或投产时间项目简介华能北京热电厂华能上海石洞口第二电厂华能天津 IGCC 示范电站中电投重庆双槐电厂中国石油吉林油田中国神华集团 2008 年 7 月投产 2009 年 12 月投产 2009 年启动 2010 年投产 2006 年启动 2010 年 7 月启动国内首座燃煤电厂燃烧后 CO 2 捕集示范工程,CO 2 捕集量 3000 t a 1 目前世界最大的燃烧后 CO 2 捕集示范工程, 捕集和提纯 12 万 t a 1, 成本仅为美国同类工程的 30% 整体煤气化联合循环发电系统 (IGCC), 是目前世界上最环保的高效发电低排放燃煤发电技术, 首期 250 MW 将于 2011 年前建成燃烧后捕集装置, 自主技术, 捕集和提纯 1 万 t a 1 CO 2 高效捕集安全埋存和驱油试验, 至 2009 年 9 月已注入 CO 2 7 万 t, 预测提高采收率 14% 我国首个全程 CCS 示范项目, 包括捕集和注入咸水层封存封存量 10 万 t a 1 将分两步建成年捕集与封存 100 万 t 300 万 t 的项目

14 marine environment monitoring in China Monitoring stations Environmental elements Ecological elements Methods and instruments is more and more mature and advanced.

15 CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere and ocean are essential for monitoring changes in carbon sinks and climate. Monitoring of CO 2 switching throughput is in full operation in 2009.

16 A three dimensional, real-time air-sea carbon dioxide monitoring system has preliminarily formed. About 20 shipborne underway monitoring sections have been deployed, and 5 shore-based stations and 5 buoy stations are being under construction. 6 monitoring sections in the Bohai Sea; 5 monitoring sections in the west of the North Yellow Sea 5 monitoring sections in the East China Sea 4 monitoring sections in the South China Sea

17 Improving of marine environment monitoring technology and means satellite, plane, ship, buoy; Remote sensing, On-line monitoring

18 Assessment of CO 2 sequestration capacity of seabed in China and pre-study of risk control technology Focus on the potential capacity of geological storage of CO 2 in the Bohai Sea and South China Sea especially. Assessment of the ecological sensitivity / vulnerability

19 Ecologically Sensitive Areas to CO 2 seabed sequestration Spawning, nursery and feeding grounds; Marine protected areas ; Special marine protected areas ; Fishery areas such as marine fish, shrimp, shellfish and algae farms;

20 Sensitive species to CO 2 leakage

21 Possible ecological impacts could be categorized into acute and chronic. Acute impact such as mortality of marine organisms could be determined by lab and field experiments and assessed by simulation models. Chronic impacts, such as sub-lethal effects ( metabolic suppression, reduced protein synthesis, respiratory stress) would be difficult to verify by the same approach as for acute impacts.

22 Calcified algae foraminifer

Acute impacts-copepod species time/h LC 50 ph 95% confidence interval Calanus sinicus 24 6.15 6.23-6.06 48 6.40 6.48-6.

24 Acute impacts-copepod species time/h LC 50 ph 95% confidence interval Calanus sinicus Acartia pacifica Steuer Tigriopus japonicus

25 Chronic impacts - Corallina pilulifera ph Calcification Photosynthesis Rate of carbon fixation [mg C (g DW) -1 h -1 ] The ratio of PIC/POC 8.1 ph

26 microorganism In deep-sea layers, bacteria are dominant organisms and play significant roles in oceanic carbon cycling. DGGE The microbial population dynamics could be monitored by DGGE technique.

27 Suggested monitoring indicators ph pco 2 saturation ratio of aragonite Trace metal Sensitive species: carbonate skeleton molluscs foraminifer calcified algae microorganism population

28 Risk control and risk management The main research topic in risks associated with underground CO 2 sequestration is leakage.

29 Insight in the risks associated with underground CO 2 sequestration is a key factor affecting public acceptance. Understanding those risks is indispensable to facilitate the formulation of standards and a regulatory framework required of large-scale application of CCS.

30 Before sequestration, careful and sufficient investigation must be conducted for ecological and environmental assessments. Evaluation of the direct impact of the increased CO 2 and decreased ph on marine material cycling, individual organisms and ecosystems Accumulating base-line information through a field survey of biomass, biodiversity and the trophic structure in order to evaluate induced ecosystem alterations.

31 Monitoring of CO 2 seabed sequestration Therefore practical implementation of CO 2 seabed sequestration must, as a precautionary measure, employ monitoring programs for its ecological impacts. The monitoring programs should be designed for both acute and chronic impacts. Those for the acute impacts will be restricted to areas near CO 2 -injection site and need to be conducted at frequent intervals, whereas those for chronic impacts will be extended over much larger areas

32 Monitoring of CO 2 seabed sequestration

IPCC CO (IPCC2006) 1 : = ( 1) 1 (kj/kg) (kgc/gj) (tc/t)

IPCC CO (IPCC2006) 1 : = ( 1) 1 (kj/kg) (kgc/gj) (tc/t) 2011 5 5 (278 ) China Industrial Economics May 2011 No.5 1 12 (1. 100005; 2. 066004) [ ] : ; ; : ; ; [ ] ; ; ; [ ]F290 [ ]A [ ]1006-480X(2011)05-0047-11 2008 CO 2 ( ) (2009) (GDP) (Binhocker et al. 2008)