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1 2008 1? 3 : 2004,,, 18,, :,, : (Coleman, 1990 ; Putnam et al,1993 ; Putnam, 2000 ; Bowles and Gintis, 2002), ( Fukuyama, 2000 ; Sobel, 2002 ; Guiso et al., 2004), Fafchamps and Durlauf (2004) (personalized trust) (generalized trust),, ;,, (social trust),,,, (Fafchamps and Durlauf, 2004), ( Guinnane,2005), ; 3,, , com, ;, ( ),, : Weber (1964) (particularistic trust) (universalistic trust) ; Luhmann(1979) (interpersonal trust) (institutional trust) ; Knack and Keefer (1997) (specific trust) (generalized trust) ; Uslaner (2002) (particularized trust) (generalized trust),guinnane (2005) 137

2 :? ( Guiso et al., 2006), ( Fukuyama, 1995) ( Knack and Keefer, 1997 ;Zak and Knack, 2001 ;Beugelsdjik et al., 2004) ( Guiso et al., 2004 ; Guiso et al., 2005) (La Porta et al., 1997 ; Knack, 2002) (Uslaner, 2002 ;Bjgrnskov and Paldam, 2004) (Coleman, 1988 ;La Porta et al., 1997 ; Putnam, 2000) ( Putnam, 2000 ; Rose, 2000) ( Putnam, 2000 ; Lederman et al., 2002 ;Uslaner, 2002) (Bjgrnskov, 2003 ; Helliwell, 2003), :?,,,,, (Uslaner, 1999, 2000 ; Putnam, 2000),,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ,Brehm and Rahn (1997),,, 1974,Alesina and Ferrara (2002),, ; ,Guiso et al. (2003),, ,Welch et al. (2005) 138

3 ( ),Delhey and Newton (2003),,,, ( Putnam, 2000 ; Delhey and Newton, 2003),,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, Brehm and Rahn (1997), Alesina and Ferrara (2002),,, Delhey and Newton (2003),, (Putnam, 2000),, (Bellah et al., 1985),, :,, :,, ,Zak and Knack (2001),,, Uslaner (2002) 139

4 :? Delhey and Newton (2003),,, Gross et al. (2004) 911, , : Guiso et al. (2003),Brehm and Rahn (1997) Alesina and Ferrara (2002), Delhey and Newton (2003),,, (,2006) ,, 2004, , (Alesina and Ferrara, 2002 ; Guiso et al., 2005),, social - trust - d :, 1 ;, 0 (,1985),, trust - family - d trust - drelative - d trust - orelative - d trust - cfriend - d trust - nfriend - d trust - leader - d trust - colle - d trust - neighbour - d trust - acquaintance - d,, social - trust - d, (1993) Weber (1964),,,, Fukuyama (1995),,, (www. worldvaluessurvey. org), (2002) (2004),, (2006),, (2003) (http :ΠΠhome. sysu. edu. cnπzurigudπ),,,,, (2006),, Alesina and Ferrara (2002) Guiso et al. (2005),,,,,, 1, 0 140

5 2008 1, (,2001), :, trust - all - family - d, ;, trust - allacquaintance - d, ;, social - trust - d,, male female, age, married divorced partner - dead, own - education - year :income - no income income income income income income income - a5000, ,,, other - income - source 2003, income - dominant 2003, own - employed part - time - job - turnover religion, ( ), admistration - staff, health - good health - normal health - poor, optimism control - destiny, 1 5,,,, life - satisfaction job - 1 5, satisfaction,,,,, language - dominant, (2005),, 2003 (2004 ),,,, (www. GD. gov. cn), ( ), 141

6 :?, current - living - time birth - place - GD (Alesina and Ferrara, 2002), 18, living - here - age - 18 ;,, age - living - age - 18,, 20 90,,,,, community - past - help,, membership,, social - connection, 1 4,,,, government - quality, 1 5,,,, legal - quality,, media - quality, laborunion - quality consumerorg - quality,, (Alesina and Ferrara, 2002),, guangzhou shenzhen dongguan shantou zhanjiang shaoguan meizhou ( ) (1993),, 1 A B,,, 14 16, Alesina and and Ferrara (2002) 50000, Brown et al. (2004), 50, 142

7 A. trust - allfamily - d 1A, (1993), trust - allacquaintance - d , trust - social - d : B1,, trust - family - d, trust - drelative - d % % % trust - cfriend - d (2001), trust - orelative - d trust - leader - d trust - nfriend - d , 1B trust - colle - d , trust - neighbour - d trust - acquaintance - d : 99 %, trust - social - d % : trust - nfriend - d trust - colle - d, 10 %, :,,, ; 9112 % 8519 % % % % % %,, %,,, :,,,,,, 143

8 :? :, ; 36 ; 70 %, 2143 % 1189 % ; 10 ; , %, % ; %, 2121 %, 2 ; % ; % ; ;,, ;, ; % ; 27 ; % ; % ; 2109 % ; 2128 % ;, ;, ;, 20 % 15 % 13 % 15 % 12 % 12 % 13 %,, :, ,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 5000,,, ( ), 3 4 5,,, Delhey and Newton (2003),,,,,,, 2 3, 4,,,,,, 144

9 Probit (1) (2) (3) (4) female (0183) (0177) (0183) (0195) age (1192) (1172) (1169) (2114) married ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) own - education - year ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) income ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) income ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) income (0143) (0142) (0148) (0138) income ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) income ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) income ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) income - a (0120) ( ) (0100) ( ) other - income - source (2182) (2176) (2136) (2159) own - employed (1140) (1134) (1128) (1127) part - time - job ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) religion (1188) (1176) (1189) (2101) divorced (1140) (1140) (1150) partner - dead

10 :? 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (1127) (1134) (1134) admistration - staff (1198) (2103) job - turnover ( ) ( ) health - good (1123) health - poor ( ) Wald Pseudo R :, 1 % 5 % 10 % z probit,,, 1. 2,, :, : 1 1, 0121 % 1119 % ;,,, 5122 % 4176 % 6149 %,,, 6187 %,, ; (Li et al1, 2005), :,, (Maddux and Brewer, 2005) ;, ( Kornai et al., 2004), logit probit,, Train(2003),, Rowthorn(1999), 146

11 2008 1, ;,, (Thaler,1980) ;, (Li et al.,2005) ;, ; (Rosen and Wu, 2004),, 3 Probit (1) (2) (3) (4) language - dominant ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) community - past - help (1167) (1170) (1169) (1173) income - dominant (0151) (0150) (0152) (0150) current - living - time (1176) (1182) living - here - age (2132) (2123) age - living - age ( ) ( ) birth - place - GD (2132) (2134) Wald Pseudo R :, % 5 % 10 % z 3 (3), 2., 3,, 2 : (2006),,, 147

12 :? 18, : 1, 0103 % ;, 18,, 1119 % 2111 % %,,, 9 %,, ; 18, (Alesina and Ferrara, 2002),, 3 3., 4, 3,, 2 3 :, : 1, 2168 % 5101 % 5185 % % 3155 % 3152 %,,, :, 1, 4147 %,,,,, ;, :, Leigh(2006),,,, 4 3,,,, Guiso et al. (2003), (Delhey and Newton,2003),, Guiso et al. (2005), 148

13 Probit (1) (2) (3) (4) optimism (2165) (2140) control - destiny ( ) ( ) life - satisfaction (1187) (1164) job - satisfaction (3112) (2184) membership (0160) (0155) social - connection ( ) ( ) government - quality (4149) (3185) legal - quality ( ) ( ) media - quality (2109) (2126) consumerorg - quality (2124) (1192) laborunion - quality ( ) ( ) Wald Pseudo R :, % 5 % 10 % z 3 (3),, ;,, ;,,,,, (Fukuyama, 1995) Hooghe (2003) Cross(2005) 149

14 :?,,,,,,, ( Guiso et al1, 2004),, (,2004),,,,,,,,,,1985 :,,2004 : :, 11,2006 :, 1,2004 :, 1,2006 :,?,,1993 : :, : ( ),, ,2001 : :, 13,2002 : :, 10,2003 :, Alesina, A., and L. Ferrara, 2002, Who Trusts Others, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 85, Aug., pp Putnam(2000), Guiso et al. (2004),,,,, (,2006),,,,,,, (Alesina and Ferrara, 2002), 150

15 Bellah, R., R. Madsen, W. Sullivan, and S. Tipton, 1985, Habits of the Heart, Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press. Beugelsdijk, S., F. Groot, and M. Schaik, 2004, Trust and Economic Growth : A Robustness Analysis, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 56, Jan., pp Bjgrnskov, C., and M. Paldam, 2004, Corruption Trends, in The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, G. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, and M. Schramm, eds., London : Routledge, pp Bjgrnskov, C., 2003, The Happy Few : Cross2Country Evidence on Social Capital and Life Satisfaction, Kyklos, Vol. 56, Feb. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis, 2002, Social Capital and Community Governance, Economic Journal, Vol. 112, Nov., pp Brehm, J., and W. Rahn, 1997, Ndividual2Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 41, Jul., pp Brown, J. R., Z. Ivkovic, P. A. Smith, and S. J., Weisbenner, 2004, The Geography of Stock2market Participation : The Influence of Communities and Local Firms, NBER Working Paper,No. W10235, Jan.. Coleman, J., 1990, The Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge : Harvard University Press. Coleman, J., 1988, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, Supplement. Cross, F., 2005, Law and Trust, Georgetown Law, forthcoming. Delhey, J., and K. Newton, 2003, Who Trusts? The Origins of Social Trust in Seven Nations, European Societies, Vol. 5, Jun. Durlauf, S., and M. Fafchamps, 2005, Social Capital, in Handbook of Economic Growth, P. Aghion and S. Durlauf, eds., Elsevier, Edition 1, Vol. 1, pp Fukuyama, F., 2000, Social Capital and Civic Society, IMF Working Paper, No. 00Π74, April. Fukuyama, F., 1995, Trust : The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York : Free Press. Gross, K., S. Aday, and P. Brewer, 2004, A Panel Study of Media Effects on Political and Social Trust after September 11, 2001, The Harvard International Journal of PressΠPolitics, Vol. 9, Oct., pp Guinnane, T., 2005, Trust : A Concept Too Many, Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, Feb., No Guiso, L., P. Sapienza, and L. Zingales, 2006, Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, Spring, pp Guiso, L., P. Sapienza, and L. Zingales, 2005, Trusting the Stock Market, NBER Working Paper, No , October. Guiso, L., P. Sapienza, and L. Zingales, 2004, The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development, American Economic Review, Vol. 94, Jun., pp Guiso, L., P. Sapienza, and L. Zingales, 2003, People s Opium? Religion and Economic Attitudes, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, Jan., pp Helliwell, J., 2003, How s Life? Combining Individual and National Variables to Explain Subjective Well2Being, Economic Modeling, Vol. 20, Mar., pp Hooghe, M., 2003, Value Congruence and Convergence within Voluntary Associations : Ethnocentrism in Belgian Organizations, Political Behavior, Vol. 25, Jun., pp Inglehart, R., 1999, Trust, Well2being and Democracy, In Democracy and Trust, M. Warren, eds., Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp Knack, S., 2002, Social Capital and the Quality of Government : Evidence from the U. S. States, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 46, Oct., pp Knack, S., and P. Keefer, 1997, Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff?, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, Nov. Kornai, J., B. Rothstein, and S. Rose2Ackerman, 2004, Creating Social Trust in Post2Socialist Transition, New York : Palgrave Macmillan. La Porta, R., L. Florencio, A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny, 1997, Trust in Large Organizations, American Economic Review, Vol. 87, May, pp Lederman, D., N. Loayza, and A. Menendez, 2002, Violent Crime : Does Social Capital Matter? Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 50, Apr., pp Hill. Leigh, A., 2006, Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity, Economic Record, Vol. 82, Sep., pp Li, Y., A. Pickles, and M. Savage, 2005, Social Capital and Social Trust in Britain, European Sociological Review, Vol. 21, Apr. Lind, Douglas A., Marchal, William G., and Mason, Robert D., 2002, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Irwin : MaGraw2 Maddux, W., and B. Brewer, 2005, Gender Differences in the Relational and Collective Bases for Trust, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, Vol. 8, Apr., pp

16 :? Putnam, R., R. Leonardi, and R. Nanetti, 1993, Making Democracy Work : Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton : Princeton University Press. Putnam, R., 2000, Bowling Alone, New York : Simon and Schuster. Rose, R., 2000, How Much Does Social Capital Add to Individual Health?A Survey Study of Russians, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 51, Nov., pp Rosen, H., and S. Wu, 2004, Portfolio Choice and Health Status, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 72, Jun., pp Rowthorn, R., 1999, Marriage and Trust : Some Lessons from Economics, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, Sep. Sobel, J., 2002, Can We Trust Social Capital?, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 40, Mar., pp Thaler, R., 1980, Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 1, Mar. Train, K., 2003, Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Uslaner, E., 2002, The Moral Foundations of Trust, Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge University Press. Uslaner, E., 2000, Producing and Consuming Trust, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, Nov., pp Uslaner, E., 1999, Democracy and Social Capital, in Democracy and Trust, M. Warren, eds., Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Weber, M., 1964, The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism, New York : Charles Scribner s Sons. Welch, M., R. Rivera, B. Conway, J. Yonkoski, P. Lupton, and R. Giancola, 2005, Determinants and Consequences of Social Trust, Sociological Inquiry, Vol. 75, Nov., pp Zak, P., and S. Knack, 2001, Trust and Economic Growth, Economic Journal, Vol. 111, Apr., pp What Affects People s Social Trust? Evidence from Guangdong Province Li Tao a, Huang Chunchun b, He Xingqiang c and Zhou Kaiguo c (a :School of Finance, RUC; b : School of Economics, RUC; c : Lingnan College, Sun Yat2Sen University) Abstract :What affects people s social trust? Utilizing a unique urban household survey data in Guangdong Province in 2004, we find personal, community, and social factors all contribute to the social trust. Firstly, people with higher ages, no marriage, other income sources except job, religion beliefs, less job turnovers, more optimism, higher life or job satisfaction, or on an administration position have more social trust. Secondly, people whose daily spoken language is not the dominant one in the city, who got help from neighbors or the community resident committee in case of financial difficulty, or who started to live in the current city before 18, and people with a longer living time in the current city, or the birth place within the sample province have more social trust. Third, people with better evaluation of governments, media, and consumer associations, or worse evaluation of trade unions have more social trust. Moreover, the paper also supports the the pattern of difference sequence of the distribution of various trust measures. Current study provides a systematic social trust development view for the formation of a harmonious society in China. To improve people s social trust, it is not only their own effort needed, but also stable and harmonious communities, better government quality, media monitoring, and development of intermediate organizations such as consumer associations are also required. Key Words :Social Trust ; Personal Factors ; Community Factor ; Social Factors JEL Classification :A14,Z13 ( : ) ( : ) 152

227次双周：柯荣柱提要和全文.doc

227次双周：柯荣柱提要和全文.doc 1 * Trust in China: A Cross-regional Analysis * 1 1993 2 100 100 2 Putnam,1993 1998Knack & Keefer,1997 3 20 1998 4 Putnam,1993,1995; 1998; Colman,1988,1995 Social capital Kreps 1986 Fudenberg & Tirole1992