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3 91 No Longer a Guest Worker? Institutional Changes of Social Security for Migrant Workers in China Chiu-Wan Liu M.A., Graduate Institute of National Development, National Taiwan University Shih-Jiunn Shi Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of National Development, National Taiwan University Abstract Social protection for migrant workers has become an important issue in China; and the government has made great endeavors in this policy area. This paper focuses on the citizenship discussion in China studies by examining the development of social welfare policies for rural migrants of the central government as well as the local practice of coastal regions with high concentration of migrant workers, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Shenzhen. Based on the survey data and expert interviews we conducted, we argue that significant institutional changes have been taking place in social security for migrant workers. While migrant workers were denied citizenship in terms of no entitlement to urban social security schemes due to their rural resident status during the early reform era, several coastal cities have begun establishing separate programs to meet migrant workers social needs and granted them access to some basic social provisions since Moreover, the central government has introduced new reforms in recent years allowing

4 92 all urban employees to join the urban social insurance programs, regardless of their urban or rural resident status. These developments have set in motion significant changes in social security for migrant workers from institutional exclusion and differential citizenship to employment-centered inclusion, with current programs granting migrant workers social citizenship conditional on their labor participation. Keywords: China, Migrant workers, Social citizenship, Social policy

5 93 Chien, 2008: 501 f l o a t i n g population Meng et al., 2010: 6-7

6 Chan, 1998; Jacka, 2006; Lee, 1998; Solinger, 1999; Pun, 2005; Wu, % 62.5% 12.3% 17%12% 20.2%

7 D dirty, dangerous, degradable 1 2 Solinger, guest worker Gastarbeiter Hahamovitch, 2003: 70 Chan, 1998: Du, Gregory, & Meng,

8 Solinger 1999 Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrant, the State, and the Logic of the Market ibid.: 274 Solinger

9 97 Solinger ibid.: 278 Solinger Nielsen 2005: 355; ; Wu, 2010 differential citizenship

10 Chan & Buckingham, / / Ferrera bounded structuring / Freeman, 2004

11 99 immigrant incorporation regime welfare regimesainsbury 2006 Esping-Andersen inclusion exclusion Chan & Buckingham, 2008; Mallee, 2003/ 2013

12 100 圖 1 中國農民工社會保障制度與公民權內涵發展路徑 2013 labor citizenship

14 [2006] Goma, 1996 Esping-Andersen 1990

15 Chan Buckingham 2008

16 /07/25

17 [1994]

18 [1994]458 [1995] [2006] a ,000

19 b ,688 3, % 23% % 11% %

20 108 表 1 各地農民工養老保險模式比較 (2011 年 7 月以前 ) 19% 7 % 8% 11% [2001] 60% 12.5% 7.5% [2002] [2005] 60%~300% 14% 5% 20% 8% [2003] [2007] 60%~300% 8% 5% 11% 2 % 15 5 [2000] [2002]

21 % %56.2% 24.2% 32.4% 29.6% 10.3% 6.9% 2.9%

22 110 表 2 按戶口劃分的勞動年齡流動人口社會保險參保情況 % , , , Mallee, 2003: socialization privatization Lin,

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27 115 表 3 社會保險法五險基本規定 20% 6 % 2%

28 a 2011b 2011c /07/31

29 117 表 4 主要城市的正式就業農民工社會保險參與規定 (2012 年 ) 8 40% 60% 300% 80% 60% 300% 60% 300% 60% 1, % 60% 300% 20% 8% 10% 2%+3 1% 0.8% 14% 8% 11.5% 4 / 2% 1%( ) 1.2% 22% 8% 12%(6%) 2%(1%) 1.7% 1% 0.5% 0.8% 10%(11%) 8% 6% 0.5% 0.4% 2% 0.2% 0.1% 1%* *40% 8

30 118 6% 1% %

31 119 [2012]

32 120 表 5 北京上海廣東的異地高考方案 [2012] [2012]137

33 Guo & Zhang, 2007 Trieu

34 domestic workers /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/13

35 /07/ /07/18

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37 [2013]

38 Solinger [2011] /08/13

39 127 differential citizenship differential incorporation

40 128 / Solinger 1999

41 129

42 GB/1040/59941/ html cn/ /2009xxgk/ztxx/shbxxx/201203/t _ shtml gov.cn/ /2009xxgk/ztxx/shbxxx/201208/t _ shtml php

43 131 jrzg/ /27/content_ htm content_ htm [ ] zcwj/201011/ shtml 2006a cn/gb/zxwj/ /12/content_ htm 2006b [2006] zxwj/ /19/content_ htm gov.cn/gb/news/ /30/content_ htm fxbg/t _ htm 2010

44 [2012] home/static/articles/catalog_76100/ /article_ff cceaf 80134b255889d0114/ff cceaf80134b255889d0114.html detail_8_103_326.html ygxw/201401/t _ shtml [2008]

45 [2009] zcfg/zcfgk/ylbx2/35978.html a [2011] a [2011] html/zcfg/zcfgk/gsbx/40173.html 2011c [2011] html

46 zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/gzdt/gggs/t htm opinion/ /cc03urbanization/ com/bsydetail/3376.html a4414.html

47 135 com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/2013lh/ /17/c_ htm com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/local/ /10/c_ htm xinhuanet.com/politics/ /15/c_ htm 2005 [2005] news.xinhuanet.com/employment/ /03/content_ htm 1994 [1994]

48 Chan, A. (1998). Labor Standards and Human Right: The Case of Chinese Workers under Market Socialism. Human Rights Quarterly, 20(4), Chan, K. W., & W. Buckingham (2008). Is China Abolishing the Hukou

49 137 System? China Quarterly, 195, Chien, S. S. (2008). Local Responses to Globalization in China: A Territorial Restructuring Process Perspective. Pacific Economic Review, 13(4), Du Y., R. Gregory, & X. Meng (2006). Impact of the Guest Worker System on Poverty and Wellbeing of Migrant Workers in Urban China. Paper presented at the ACESA 2006 Emerging China International Conference Centre for Strategic Economic Studies (13-14 July). Melbourne, Australia, Esping-Andersen, G.1999 Freeman, P. G. (2004). Immigrant Incorporation in Western Democracies. International Migration Review, 38(3), Goma, R. (1996).The social dimension of the European Union: A New Type of Welfare System. Journal of European Public Policy, 3(2), Gordon, J. (2007). Transnational Labor Citizenship. Southern California Law Review, 80, Guo, F., & Zhanxin Zhang. (2007). Social Stratification in Migrant Concentrated Communities in China: Findings from a Five City Study of Migration and Urban Poverty. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 1, Hahamovitch, C. (2003). Creating Perfect Immigrants: Guestworkers of the World in Historical Perspective. Labor History, 44(1), Jacka, T. (2006). Rural Women in Urban China: Gender, Migration, and

50 138 Social Change. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharp. Lin, K. (2009). China: The Art of State and Social Policy Remodeling. In A. Pete, & G. Craig (eds.), International Social Policy: Welfare Regimes in the Developed World (pp ). New York: Palgrave. Lee, C. K. (1998). Gender and the South China Miracle: Two Worlds of Factory Women. Berkeley: University of California Press. Mallee, H. (2003). Migration, hukou and Rresistance in Reform China. In E. J. Perry, & M. Selden (eds.), Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance (pp ). New York: Routledge. Meng, X. et al. (2010). The Great Migration: Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia. MA: Edward Elgar. Nielsen, I. et al. (2005). Which Rural Migrants Receive Social Insurance in Chinese Cities? Global Social Policy, 5(3), Pun, N. (2005). Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace. Durham: Duke University Press. Solinger, D. (1999). Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Berkeley: University of California Press. Sainsbury, D. (2006). Immigrants Social Rights in Comparative Perspective: Welfare Regimes, Forms in Iimmigration and Iimmigration Policy Regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 16, Trieu, H. T. (2013). Building a Welfare State: A Case Study of Rural Migrant Medical Insurance in Urban China. Michigan: University of Michigan. Wu, J. M. (2010). Rural Migrant Workers and China s Differential

51 139 Citizenship: A Comparative Institutional Analysis. In Whyte M. K. (eds), One Country, Two Societies: Rural-urban Inequality in Contemporary China (pp ). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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Microsoft Word - Wang Qing.doc 21 世纪的公共管理 : 机遇与挑战国际学术研讨会论文从强制许可到条件许可 : 当代中国城市户口迁移许可制变迁模式基于政府与社会互动过程的分析王清 ( 北京大学政府管理学院北京,100871) 王清, 女, 北京大学政府管理学院, 研究