water.pdf

Transcription

1 k m %0. 35k m 3 2 0k m 3 1 % k m m 7. 2k m k m 3 / a11. 9 k m 3 / a 11. 9k m k m k m 3 / agleick k m 3 Shiklomanov / CSD 1997a 2 52 / 3 CSD 1997b a

2

3

4 M e y b e c kc h a p m a n Helmer 1990 P l a t e U N E PG E M S 2 01 / k m 3 U N D P Postel 1997 U N E P kmunep Wo l f 1999

5 Gleick S A D C I N B O B e r n a r d C S D 1997 a

6 1 5 1 CSD1997a U N D PU N E P W R I k m 2 F i n l a y s o n F i n l a y s o n U N D P D u g a n Jones m UNDP 2000WCD 2000 Postel 1997Postel 1999Gleick 1998 C S D W H Y C O S CSD 1997b

7

8 1 5 3 Bernard, A. (1999). International Cooperation Through River Basin Commissions. Ramsar Convention Bureau [Geo-2-116] CSD (1997a). Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Economic and Social Council cn htm [Geo-2-117] CSD (1997b). Overall Progress Achieved Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Report of the Secretary- General. Addendum - Protection of the Quality and Supply of Freshwater Resources: Application of Integrated Approaches to the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources. United Nations Economic and Social Council cn add17.htm [Geo-2-118] Dugan, P.J. and Jones, T. (1993). Ecological Changes in Wetlands: A Global Overview. In M. Moser, R.C. Prentice and J. van Vessems (eds.), Waterfowl and Wetland Conservation in the 1990s: A Global Perspective. Slimbridge, United Kingdom, International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau FAO (2001). AQUASTAT FAO s information system on water and agriculture aquastatweb/main/html/background.htm [Geo-2-119] Finlayson, C.M., Davidson, N.C., Spiers, A.G. and Stevenson, N.J. (1999). Global wetland inventory - current status and future priorities. Marine and Freshwater Research 50, 8, Foster, S., Lawrence, A. and Morris, B. (1998). Groundwater in Urban Development: Assessing Management Needs and Formulating Policy Strategies. Washington DC, World Bank Gleick, P.H. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World s Freshwater Resources. New York, Oxford University Press Gleick, P.H. (1998). The World s Water Washington DC, Island Press INBO (2001). INBO Home Page. International Network of Basin Organizations [Geo-2-120] Meybeck, M., Chapman, D. and Helmer, R. (1990). Global Freshwater Quality: A First Assessment. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Basil Blackwell Postel, S. (1997). Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? New York, W.W. Norton and Company Postel, S. (1999). Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity. New York, W.W. Norton and Company Shiklomanov, I.A. (1993). World freshwater resources. In P. H. Gleick (ed.), Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World s Freshwater Resources. New York, Oxford University Press Shiklomanov, I.A. (1999). World Water Resources and their Use. Database on CD Rom. Paris, UNESCO UNDP, UNEP, World Bank and WRI (2000). World Resources Washington DC, World Resources Institute UNEP (1996). Groundwater: A Threatened Resource. Nairobi, UNEP UNEP (1999). GEO United Nations Environment Programme. London and New York, Earthscan UN (1999). Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Division for Sustainable Development [Geo ] UN (2000). Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Update. Report No UNE/CN 17/2000/13. New York, Commission on Sustainable Development United Nations Population Division (2001). World Population Prospects (The 2000 Revision). New York, United Nations wpp2000h.pdf WCD (2000). Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making. The Report of the World Commission on Dams. London, Earthscan [Geo-2-122] WHO and UNICEF (2000). Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva and New York, World Health Organization and United Nations Children s Fund sessment/glasspdftoc.htm [Geo-2-123] World Commission on Water (1999). World s Rivers in Crisis - Some Are Dying; Others Could Die. World Water Council C125683A004BE974.htm [Geo-2-124] World Water Council (2000a). World Water Vision Commission Report: A Water Secure World. Vision for Water, Life and the Environment. World Water Council s/commissionreport.pdf [Geo-2-125] World Water Council (2000b). World Water Vision: Making Water Everyone s Business. London, Ear thscan World Water Forum (2000). Ministerial Declaration of The Hague on Water Security in the 21st Century. World Water Forum [Geo ] WSSCC (2000). Vision 21: A Shared Vision for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene and a Framework for Future Action. Geneva, World Health Organization

9 m 3 /(a) k m 3 / a m 3 /(a) m 3 /(a)1/ 4S h i k l o m a n o v k m km 3 U N D PU N E PWRI m 3 /(a)1 000 m 3 /(a)2025 PAI LakeSouré 1997 N u b i a S a h e l K g a l a g a d i K a l a h a r i Lake Souré / 15 Goldblatt m 3 / a ERM % 2 8 % 8 5 % 4 7 % 9 9 %200060% 8 4 % 4 5 WHOUNICEF 2000

10

11 k m 2 F i n l a y s o n h m 2 Mpofu hm 2 75Frazier 1999 I W R M G E F Adedipe, N.O., Braid, E.J., and Iliyas, M.H. (2000). Development of Strategy/Action Plan and Implementation Guidelines for the National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy. Abuja, UNICEF and Nigerian Federal Ministry of Water Resources Coe, M. and Foley, J. (2001). Human and Natural Impacts on the Water Resources of the Lake Chad Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 27 February 2001, Vol. 106, No. D4 DREA Malawi (1994). National Environmental Action Plan Vol. 1. Lilongwe, Malawi Department of Research and Environmental Affairs Finlayson, C.M., Davidson, N.C., Spiers, A.G., and Stevenson, N.J. (1999). Global wetland inventor y: current status and future priorities. Marine Freshwater Resources 50, Frazier, S. (ed., 1999). A Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. Wageningen, Wetlands International and Ramsar Convention Bureau Global Water Partnership (2000). Southern African Vision for Water, Life and the Environment in the 21st Century and Strategic Framework for Action Statement. Global Water Partnership Southern Africa Technical Advisory Committee [Geo-2-101] Goldblatt, M., Ndamba, J., van der Merwe, B., Gomes, F., Haasbroek, B. and Arntzen, J. ( 2000). Water Demand Management: Towards Developing Effective Strategies for Southern Africa. Harare, IUCN ROSA Government of Mauritius and ERM (1998). Mauritius NEAP II: Strategy Options Report. Port Louis, Government of Mauritius and Environmental Resources Management Government of Mauritius (1994). National Physical Development Plan. Port Louis, Ministry of Housing, Lands and Country Planning Lake, W. B. and Souré, M. (1997). Water and Development in Africa. International Development Information Centre h t p :/ w w w. a c d i c i d a. g c. c a / x p r e s s / d e x / d e x h t m [ G e o ] Mpofu, B. (2000). Assessment of Seed Requirements in Southern African Countries Ravaged by Floods and Drought 1999/2000 Season. SADC Food Security Programme, Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources [Geo-2-104] NASA A Shadow of a Lake: Africa s disappearing Lake Chad. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center lakechad/chad.htm [Geo-2-327] OAU (1980). Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa: Addis Ababa, Organization of African Unity PAI (1995). Sustaining Water: An Update. Washington DC, Population Action International, Population and Environment Programme Shiklomanov, I.A. (1999). World Water Resources: Modern Assessment and Outlook for the 21st Centur y. St Petersburg, Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environment Monitoring, State Hydrological Institute UNCSD (1999). Cairo Sludge Disposal Study. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development [Geo-2-105] UNDP, UNEP, World Bank and WRI (2000). World Resources Washington DC, World Resources Institute United Nations Population Division (2001). World Population Prospects (The 2000 Revision). New York, United Nations WHO and UNICEF (2000). Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva and New York, World Health Organization and United Nations Children s Fund sessment/glassessment6.pdf [Geo-2-111] WMO (1997). Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World: assessment of water resources and water availability in the world. Geneva, WMO

12

13

14 F R E S H WAT E R RRI S E PA 2001 Australia State of the Environment Committee (2001). Coasts and Oceans, Australian State of the Environment Report 2001 (Theme Report). Canberra, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage Kwun, S. (1999). Water for Food and Rural Development, Country Paper of the Republic of Korea Regional Consultation Meeting for ICIDVision for Subsector. Kuala Lumpur, May 1999 Pierce, F. (2001). Death in a Glass of Water. The Independent. 19 January [Geo-2-106] RRI (2000). Japan Environmental Policy. Resource Renewal Institute html#water [Geo-2-107] SEPA (2001). Report of the State of the Environment in China Beijing, State Environmental Protection Administration UNCSD (1999). Lake Toba Lake Champlain Sister Lakes Exchange. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development h t p :/ w w w. u n. o r g / e s a / s u s t d e v / s u c c e s s / w a t e n f e d. h t m [ G e o ] UNDP, UNEP, World Bank and WRI (2000). World Resources Washington DC, World Resources Institute UNEP (1999). GEO United Nations Environment Programme. London and New York, Earthscan UNEP (2001). Nepal: State of the Environment Bangkok, MoPE/HMGN/ICIMOD/ SACEP/NORAD/UNEP UNESCAP (1999). ESCAP Population Data Sheet, Population and Development Indicators for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Population Division (2001). World Population Prospects (The 2000 Revision). New York, United Nations wpp2000h.pdf WHO (2000). Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. Global Cholera Update. World Health Organization 99.html [Geo-2-109] WHO and UNICEF (2000). Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva and New York, World Health Organization and United Nations Children s Fund sessment/glassessment7.pdf [Geo-2-112] World Commission on Water (1999). World s Rivers in Crisis - Some Are Dying; Others Could Die. World Water Council C125683A004BE974.htm [Geo-2-110] World Bank (2000). Health and Environment. Environment Strategy Paper. World Bank View/HealthandENV.pdf/$File/HealthandENV.pdf [Geo-2-113]

15

16 1 6 1 C E E E E A R F E P ETC/WTR E T C / W T R CEE 30%40 E E A 1999 c E E A 2000 ETC/WTR ETC/WTR WHO 1999 EEA/WHO / 3 ETC/WTR EEA 1999a U N E C E

17 Bern ICPR 2001 Bush, K. (1972). Steps towards Pollution Control in the USSR. Radio Liberty Research, 6 April 1972, pp.1-7 Czech Republic (1999). State Environmental Policy. Prague, Ministry of the Environment EEA (1998). Europe s Environment: The Second Assessment. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA (1999a). Groundwater Quality and Quantity in Europe. Environmental Assessment Report No.3. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA (1999b). Sustainable Water Use in Europe Sectoral Use of Water. Environmental Assessment Report No.1. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA (1999c). Environment in the European Union at the Turn of the Century. Environmental Assessment Report No.2. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA (2000). Environmental Signals Environmental Assessment Report No. 6. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA (2001). Environmental Signals Environmental Assessment Report No. 8. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency EEA and WHO (1999). Children in Their Environment: Vulnerable, Valuable, and at Risk. Background briefing for the 3rd European Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, Copenhagen, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe and European Environment Agency ETC/WTR (2001). European Topic Centre on Water [Geo-2-114] Eurostat (1997). Estimations of Renewable Water Resources in the European Union. Luxembourg, Statistical Office of the European Communities ICPR (2001). Home Page. International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine [Geo-2-115] Interstate Statistical Committee (1999) Official Statistics of CIS countries. CD-ROM. Moscow, Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States Planistat (1998). A Study on Water Economics Integrated Report. A study for the European Commission DG XI.B.1. Paris, Planistat Group Republic of Hungary (1999). National Environmental Programme Budapest, Ministry of Environment. Republic of Slovenia (1999). National ISPA Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia: Environmental Sector. Llubljana, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning RFEP (2000). Government Report on the State of the Environment in the Russian Federation in Moscow, State Committee of the Russian Federation on Environmental Protection UNDP, UNEP, World Bank and WRI (2000). World Resources Washington DC, World Resources Institute United Nations Population Division (2001). World Population Prospects (The 2000 Revision). New York, United Nations wpp2000h.pdf WHO (1999). Overview of Environment and Health in Europe in the 1990s. Report prepared for the 3rd European Conference on Environment and Health. Geneva, World Health Organization

18

19 WWC 2000 UNECLAC Observatorio del Desarrollo PAHO 1998

20 1 6 5 WWC 2000 WWC 2000 UNEP WWC 2000 ACAA ( 2001). Usos e Impactos Atlas Continental del Agua en America _sur.htm CATHALAC (1999). Vision on Water, Life and the Environment for the 21st Century. Regional Consultations. Central America and Caribbean. Panama City, Water Centre for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean (CATHALAC). FAOSTAT (2001). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization [Geo-2-068] GWP (2000). Water for the 21st Century: Vision to Action South America. Stockholm, Global Water Partnership South American Technical Advisory Committee Observatorio del Desarrollo (2001). El agua en Costa Rica: abundante pero vulnerable Boletín Información para la Toma de Decisiones, Año 3, No. 6, Abril-Mayo PAHO (1998). Health in the Americas. Volume I, PAHO Scientific Publication No Washington DC, Pan American Health Organization Saleth, R.M. and Dinar, A. (1999). Water Challenge and Institutional Response (A Cross- Country Perspective), Policy Research Working Paper Washington DC, World Bank Development Research Group Rural Development and Rural Development Department UNCSD (1999). The Tegucigalpa Model: Water Supply for Peri-urban Settlements. United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development h t p :/ w w w. u n. o r g / e s a / s u s t d e v / s u c c e s s / t e g u _ m o d. h t m UNDP, UNEP, World Bank and WRI (2000). World Resources Washington DC, World Resources Institute UNECLAC (2000). Water Utility Regulation: Issues and Options for Latin America and the Caribbean. ECLAC, LC/R Santiago de Chile, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean UNEP (1999). Caribbean Environment Outlook. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme WHO and UNICEF (2000). Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva and New York, World Health Organization and United Nations Children s Fund sessment/glasspdftoc.htm World Bank (1999). Annual Review Environment Matters, Washington DC, World Bank World Bank (2001). World Development Indicators Washington DC, World Bank _8.pdf [Geo-2-024] WWC (1999). Vision on Water, Life and the Environment for the 21 st Century. Regional Consultations: North America. Marseille, World Water Council WWC (2000). Water in the Americas for the Twenty First Century, Roundtable Meeting of the Americas, July , Final Report, Montreal, World Water Council

21 m 3 Gleick S o l l e yp i e r c e Perlman EC 2001a Rogers 1996EC 1999a E PA 1998 Statistics Canada 2000 Moody t2 225tIIFA O E C D 1996 Statistics Canada 2000 Sampat K o l p i nb a r b a s hg i l l i o m 1998 Sampat / 31 / 2 Moody O E C D O E C D 1996 Sampat TFGRR 1993 Gobert 1997 E C 1999 a C o s g r o v e R i j s b e r m a n 2000

22 E C 2001 a EC 1999bEC 2001c EC1999b 1970I J C I J C I J C 2000 a 1972G LW Q A 1 978G LW Q A IJC R A P s E C 1999bEC 2001c EC 1999bEC 2000EC 2001c D D EP C B %EC2001b E C 1998 EC1999b I J C P C BB a n d e m e h r H o ff B N S 1999EC 2000b 1997 I J C IJC 2000b 1 m (IJC 2000cIPCC 2001)

23 Bandemehr, A. and Hoff, R. (1998). Monitoring Air Toxics: The Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network of the Great Lakes (unpublished report to the CEC Secretariat). Montreal, Commission for Environmental Cooperation BNS (1999). The Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy. Binational Toxics Strategy [Geo-2-129] Cosgrove, William J. and Rijsberman, Frank R. (2000). World Water Vision: Making Water Everybody s Business. World Water Council. London, Ear thscan EC (1998). Toxic Contaminants in the Environment: Persistent Organochlorines. Environment Canada National Environmental Indicator Series, State of the Environment Reporting Program EC (1999a). Groundwater Nature s Hidden Treasure: Freshwater Series A-5. Environment Canada, Minister of Public Works and Government Services htm [Geo-2-130] EC (1999b). Rising to the Challenge: Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Ottawa, Environment Canada EC (2000a). Binational Remedial Action Plans (RAPs). Environment Canada [Geo ] EC (2001a). The Management of Water. Environment Canada EC (2001b). Tracking Key Environmental Issues. Environment Canada h t t p : / / w w w. e c. g c. c a / T K E I / a i r _ w a t e r / w a t r _ q u a l _ e. c f m [ G e o ] EC (2001c). Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Environment Canada [Geo-2-134] ECO (2000). Changing Perspectives: Annual Report 1999/2000. Toronto, Environmental Commissioner of Ontario Gallon, Gary (2000). The Real Walkerton Villain. The Globe and Mail, 20 December 2000 Gleick, P.H. (1998). The World s Water Washington DC, Island Press Gobert, Christopher (1997). Groundwater Contamination: A Look at the Federal Provisions. The Compleat Lawyer. Spring julschneid.html [Geo-2-135] Health Canada (1997). State of Knowledge Report on Environmental Contaminants and Human Health in the Great Lakes Basin. Ottawa, Minister of Public Works and Government Services IIFA (2001). Fertilizer Nutrient Consumption, by Region, 1970/71 to 1998/99. International Industr y Fertilizer Association [Geo-2-136] IJC (1989). Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of International Joint Commission [Geo-2-137] IJC (1997). Overcoming Obstacles to Sediment Remediation in the Great Lakes Basin. International Joint Commission [Geo-2-138] IJC (2000a). International Joint Commission: United States and Canada [Geo-2-139] IJC (2000b). Open Letter to Great Lakes Leaders and the Great Lakes Community. Washington DC and Ottawa, International Joint Commission IJC (2000c). Protection of the Waters of the Great Lakes: Final Report to the Governments of Canada and the United States. International Joint Commission html [Geo-2-140] IPCC (2001b). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Repor t of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, United States, Cambridge University Press Kolpin, Dana W., Barbash, Jack E. and Gilliom, Robert J. (1998). Occurrence of Pesticides in Shallow Ground Water of the United States: Initial Results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Environmental Science and Technology. 32, [Geo-2-141] Moody, David W. (1996). Sources and Extent of Groundwater Contamination. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Publication Number: AG [Geo-2-142] OECD (1996). Environmental Performance Reviews: United States. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Rogers, Peter (1996). America s Water: Federal Roles and Responsibilities. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press Sampat, Payal (2000). Groundwater Shock: The Polluting of the World s Major Freshwater Stores. World Watch. 13, 1, Solley, Wayne B., Pierce, Robert R. and Perlman, Howard A. (1998). Estimated Use of Water in the United States in US Department of Interior, US Geological Survey [Geo ] Statistics Canada (2000). Human Activity and the Environment Ottawa, Minister of Industry TFGRR (1993). Groundwater Issues and Research in Canada: a report prepared for the Canadian Geoscience Council. Task Force on Groundwater Resources Research [Geo-2-145] US EPA (1997). Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Great Waters: Second Report to Congress. EPA-453/R Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, US Environmental Protection Agency US EPA (1998). National Water Quality Inventory: 1998 Report to Congress. US Environmental Protection Agency ml [Geo-2-144]

24

25 W H O1 0 m g / L m g / LW H O PNA Umm Er Rahuma 70 m1 000 mg/lal- Mahmood k m 3 40m g / L mg/lunescwa Barada B O D B O D Al-Weshah t / h m t / h m m 3 / a Sarraf

26 1 7 1 G C C ACSAD (1997). Water resources and their utilization in the Arab world, 2nd Water Resources Seminar. Conference held in Kuwait, 8-10 March 1997 ACSAD (2000). Alternative Policy Study: Water Resource Management in West Asia. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme [Geo-2-146] Al-Alawi, Jamil and Abdul Razzak, M. (1994). Water in the Arabian Peninsula: Problems and Perspectives. In Peter Rogers and Peter Lydon (eds.). Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press Al-Mahmood, M.J. (1987). Hydrogeology of Al- Hassa Oasis. M.Sc. Thesis, Geology Department, College of Graduate Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Al-Qunaibet, M.H. (1997). Water Security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In Al-Zubari, W. and Mohammed Al-Sofi (eds.). Proceedings of the 3rd Gulf Water Conference, 8-13 March 1997, Muscat Al-Weshah, R. (2000). Hydrology of Wadi Systems in Jordan. Damascus, Arab Network on Wadi Hydrology, ACSAD/ UNESCO FAOSTAT (2001). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization [Geo-2-068] Khouri, J. (2000). Sustainable Management of Wadi Systems in the Arid and Semi Arid zones of the Arab Region. International Conference on Wadi Hydrology. Conference held in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, November 2000 PNA (2000). State of Environment, Palestine. Jerusalem, Ministry of Environmental Affairs, Palestine National Authority Sarraf, S. (1997). Water Resources of the Arab Countries: A Review. In ACSAD, Water resources and their utilization in the Arab world, 2nd Water Resources Seminar. Conference held in Kuwait, 8-10 March 1997 UNESCWA (1999). Updating the Assessment of Water Resources in ESCWA Member States, ESCWA/ ENR/ 1999/ WG.1/7. Beirut, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia United Nations Population Division (2001). World Population Prospects (The 2000 Revision). New York, United Nations wpp2000h.pdf World Bank (1995). Towards Sustainable Development: an Environmental Strategy for the Middle East and North Africa Region. Washington DC, World Bank Zubari, W.K. (1997). Towards the Establishment of a Total Water Cycle Management and Re-use Program in the GCC Countries. The 7th Regional Meeting of the Arab International Hydrological Programme Committee, 8-12 September 1997, Rabat, Morocco

27

28 AMAP 1997 M o r i s o n 2000IPCC 2001 L a r s e m a n n GasparonBurgess k m7 0 k m k m 3 D o w d e s w e l ls i e g e r t K a r l 1999P r i s c u Arctic Bulletin (2001). WWF Arctic Programme No. 3.01, Oslo AMAP (1977). Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Council Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo Bernes, C. (1996). The Nordic Arctic Environment Unspoilt, Exploited, Polluted? Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen CAFF (2001). Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. Helsinki, Edita Crane, K. and Galasso, J.L. (1999). Arctic Environmental Atlas. Office of Naval Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC Dowdeswell, J.A. and Siegert, M.J. (1999). The dimensions and topographic setting of Antarctic subglacial lakes and implications for large-scale water storage beneath continental sheets. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 2 G a s p a r o n, M. and Burgess, J.S. (2000). Human impacts in Antarctica trace-element geochemistry of freshwater lakes in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. E n v i ronmental Geology 39 (9), IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: T h e Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, United States, Cambridge University Press Karl, D.M., Bird, D.F., Bjorkman, K., Houlihan, T., Shackelford, R. and Tupas, L. (1999). Microorganisms in the accreted ice of Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science 286 (5447), Morison, J., Aagaard, K. and Steele, M. (2000). Recent Environmental Changes in the Arctic: a review. Arctic (Arctic Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America) 53, 4, December 2000 PAME (1998). Regional Programme of Action for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities. Arctic Council Programme for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Priscu, J.C., Adams, E.E., Lyons, W.B., Voytek, M.A., Mogk, D.W., Brown, R.L., McKay, C.P., Takacs, C.D., Welch, K.A., Wolf, C.F., Kirshtein, J.D., and Avci, R. (1999). Geomicrobiology of subglacial ice above Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science 286 (5447), Russian Federation (2001). Expert Conclusions for the Project Justification and development of the ecologically clean technology for penetrating the subglacial Lake Vostok. Working Paper 29, 4th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 9-20 July 2001, St. Petersburg

29

30 m