[3] FAO-WHO DNA/DNA 16S RNA DNA (PFGE) D- D [4] [10] 2 23sRNA A G [11] [5] [6] [7] [12-14] 2.1 PCR ; [9]

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1 Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology Vol. 11 No. 6 Sep * ( ) ; (2011) % [1] [2] : (No. nycytx-0501) : 1984 : : (No. 2011AA AA100902); (European Food Safety AgencyEFSA) (Qualified Pre- sumption of SafetyQPS)

2 [3] FAO-WHO DNA/DNA 16S RNA DNA (PFGE) D- D [4] [10] 2 23sRNA A G [11] [5] [6] [7] [12-14] 2.1 PCR ; [9]

3 143 Ouwehand [15] [24] Burton 1 [25] [16] L- D- [17] D- ( ) D- D- D- D- D- [26] 2.3 QPS [18] [27] 2.2 [28] Harty D- [19] [29] [820] Tompkins 1 PCR efaafm [21] Apostolou [30] [2] [31] Vankerkhoven Duc 3 [22] [32] [23] [24] [21] [21]

4 PROSAFE [19] 2.4 Asahara Harty [29] 5 16 ( NO 2- ) [33] [37] 2.7 [38] [34] Zhou L. rhamnosus HN001 B. lactis HN019 [ ] [35] 2.5 Baumgartner [36] PROSAFE [6] [7] [19] α- [36] [41] ; 3 ( ) SDS-PAGE 3 [42] Zhou L. rhamnosus HN001 B. lactis HN019

5 145 2 [43] BALB/c [ ] [44] Lee McVay [51-52] ( ) ( ) DNA Wagner L. [45] β- reuteri L. acidophilus NCFM B. lactis Bi-07 L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) ( 3 ) L. reuteri LGG [53] Salminen [54] 1 ( ) Asahara 2003 LCS LGG LCS LGG [55] [56-59] [46] [60] [47-48] L. rhamnosus HN001 L. acidophilus HN017 B. lactis HN019 Van Minnen

6 [61] [71-72] [73] [62] 4 B. longum 46 B. longum 2C B. lactis HN0019 L. rhamnosus HN001 [74] Srinivasan [63] L. casei Shirota [75] [64] [76] HIV [65-67] [68] HIV L. reuteri ATCC Bifidobacterium longum 46 B. longum 2C [64] L. reuteri ATCC [68] Burton Besselink 2008 Streptococcus salivarius K12 [69] [77] Laitinen LGG [70] LGG

7 147 5 [1] Huys G Vancanneyt M D'Haene K et al. Accuracy of species identity of commercial bacterial cultures intended for probiotic or nutritional use[j]. Res. Microbiol : [2] Lee K Lee M Lee Y. Safety assessment of commercial enterococcus probiotics in Korea [J]. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol : [3] EFSA. Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA[J]. The EFSA Journal [4] FAO/WHO (2006). Probiotics in Food: Health and Nutritional Properties and Guidelines for Evaluation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 85. [5] Borriello SP Hammes WP Holzapfel W et al. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria [J]. Clin Infect Dis : [6] Vesterlund S Vankerckhoven V Saxelin M et al. Safety assessment of Lactobacillus strains: Presence of putative risk factors in faecal blood and probiotic isolates[j]. Int. J. Food Microbiol 2007 (3): [7] Ouwehand A Saxelin M Salminen S. Assessment of potential risk factors and related properties of clinical faecal and dairy bifidobacterium isolates[j]. Biosci Microflora 2004 (23): [8] Eaton TJ Gasson MJ. Molecular screening of enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates[j]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol : [9] Delcour J. The biosynthesis and functionality of the cell-wall of lactic acid bacteria [J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek : [10] Cannon JP Lee TA Bolanos JT et al. Pathogenic relevance of Lactobacillus: a retrospective review of over 200 cases[j]. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis : [11] Florez AB Ammor MS Alvarez-Martin P et al. Molecular analysis of tet (W) gene-mediated tetracycline resistance in dominant intestinal Bifidobacterium species from healthy humans [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol : [12] Florez AB Ammor MS Mayo B. Identification of tet (M) in two Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from a Spanish traditional starter-free cheese made of raw milk and conjugative transfer of tetracycline resistance to lactococci and enterococci[j]. Int. J. Food Microbiol : [13] Klare I Konstabel C Werner G et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Lactobacillus Pediococcus and Lactococcus human isolates and cultures intended for probiotic or nutritional use [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother : [14] Mattoo J van Hoek A Domig KJ et al. Susceptibility of human and probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. to selected antibiotics as determined by the Etest method[j]. Int. Dairy J :

8 [15] Luis N Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán Abelardo M. Acquisition of bile salts resistance promotes antibiotic susceptibility changes in Bifidobacterium[J]. J. Food Protection : [16] Saarela M Maukonen J von Wright A et al. Tetracycline susceptibility of the ingested Lactobacillus acidophilus LaCH-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 strains during antibiotic/probiotic intervention[j]. Int J Antimicrob Agents : [17] Louise F Susanne S Karin H et al. Selective pressure affects transfer and establishment of a Lactobacillus plantarum resistance plasmid in the gastrointestinal environment[j]. J. Antimicrob. Chemother : [18] EFSA. Update of the criteria used in the assessment of bacterial resistance to antibiotics of human or veterinary importance[j]. The EFSA Journal :1 15. [19] Vankerckhoven V Huys G Vancanneyt M et al. Biosafety assessment of probiotics used for human consumption: recommendations from the EU-PROSAFE project[j]. Trends Food Sci. Technol : [20] Vanessa V Geert H Marc V et al. Aerobic fermentation of D-glucose by an evolved cytochrome oxidase-deficient Escherichia coli strain[j]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol : [21] Tompkins TA Hagen KE Wallace TD et al. Safety evaluation of two bacterial strains used in asian probiotic products[j]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology : [22] Duc LH. Characterization of Bacillus probiotics available for human use [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol : [23] From C Pukall R Schumann P et al. Toxin-producing ability among Bacillus spp. outside the Bacillus cereus group[j]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol : [24] Ouwehand A Saxelin M Salminen S. Biosci. Microflora assessment of potential risk factors and related properties of clinical faecal and dairy Bifidobacterium isolates [J]. Bioscience and Microflora : [25] Jeremy PB Philip AW Chris J et al. Safety Assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology (4): [26] Connolly E. D(-)-Lactic acid-producing bacteria: safe to use in infant formulas[j]. NUTRA foods (3): [27] Collado MC Meriluoto J Salminen S. Role of commercial probiotic strains against human pathogen adhesion to intestinal mucus[j]. Lett Appl Microbiol : [28] Collado MC Meriluoto J Salminen S. Adhesion and aggregation properties of probiotic and pathogen strains[j]. Eur Food Res Technol : [29] Harty DW Oakey MP E. B. Hume. Pathogenic potential of lactobacilli [J]. Int. J. Food Microbiol : [30] Apostolou E Kirjavainen PV Saxelin M et al. Good adhesion properties of probiotics: a potential risk for bacteremia?[j]. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol : [31] Kirjavainen PV Salminen SJ Isolauri E. Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability[j]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr : [32] Vankerckhoven V Moreillon P Piu S Giddey M et al. Infectivity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei isolates in a rat model of experimental endocarditis[j]. J Med Microbiol : [33] Harty DWS Patrikakis M Knox KW. Identification of Lactobacillus strains isolated with infective endocarditis and comparison of their surface-associated properties with those of other strains of the same species [J]. Microbiol. Ecol. Health. Dis : [34] Kirjavainen PV Tuomola EM Crittenden RG et al. In vitro adhesion and platelet aggregation properties of bacteremia-associated Lactobacilli[J]. Infect. Immun : [35] Zhou J S Shu Q Rutherfurd K J et al. Safety assessment of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 Lb. acidophilus HN017 and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 in BALB/c mice [J]. Int J Food Microbiol 2000a (56): [36] Baumgartner A Kueffer M Simmen A. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from clinical specimens and such

9 149 from food-stuffs humans and technology[j]. Lebensm-Wiss u-technol : [37] Takashi A Masatoshi T Koji N et al. Assessment of safety of Lactobacillus strains based on resistance to host innate defense mechanisms[j]. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol : [38] Bateup JM Connel MA Jenkinson HF et al. Comparison of Lactobacilus strains with respect to bile salt hydrolase activity colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and growth rate of the murine host [J]. Environ Microbial (3): [39] Midvedt T Norman A. Bile acid transformation by microbial strains belonging to genera found in intestinal contents [J]. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand : [40] Lidbeck A Nord CE Gustafsson JA et al. Lactobacilli anticarcinogenic activities and human intestinal microflora [J]. Eur J Cancer Prev : [41] Gork AS Usui N Ceriati E et al. The effect of mucin on bacterial translocation in I-407 fetal and Caco-2 adult enterocyte cultured cell lines[j]. Ped. Surg. Int : [42] Fumiaki A Masamichi M Tomoko Y. Safety evaluation of probiotic bifidobacteria by analysis of mucin degradation activity and translocation ability[j]. Anaerobe [43] Zhou JS Gopal PK Gil HS. Potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001) Lactobacillus acidophilus (HN017) and Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019) do not degrade gastric mucin in vitro[j]. Int J Food Microbiol : [44] Zhou JS Shu Q Rutherfurd KJ. Acute oral toxicity and bacterial translocation studies on potentially probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria [J]. Food Chem Toxicol : [45] Sumners S Speckhard MW Somers EB et al. Isolation of histam in e-producing Lactobacilus buchneri form Swiss cheese implicated in a food poisoning outbreak[j]. Appl Environ Microbial (4): [46] Boyle RJ Bath-Hextall FJ Leonardi-Bee J et al. Probiotics for treating eczema [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008(4): CD [47] Daniel C Poiret S Goudercourt D et al. Selecting lactic acid bacteria for their safety and functionality by use of a mouse colitis model[j]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol : [48] Pavan S Desreumaux P Mercenier A. Use of mouse models to evaluate the persistence safety and immune modulation capacities of lactic acid bacteria[j]. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol : [49] Kabeir. Safety evaluation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 as assessed in BALB/c mice[j]. Lett Appl Microbiol : [50] Zhou JS Shu Q Rutherfurd K J et al. Acute oral toxicity and bacterial translocation studies on potentially probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria[j]. Food Chem Toxicol (2/3): [51] Lee DJ Drongowski RA Coran AG et al. Evaluation of probiotic treatment in a neonatal animal model[j]. Pediatr Surg Int : [52] Struijs MC Diamond IR Pencharz PB et al. Absence of the interstitial cells of Cajal in a child with chronic pseudo obstruction[j]. J Pediatr Surg : [53] Wagner RD Warner T Roberts L et al. Colonization of congenitally immunodeficient mice with probiotic bacteria [J]. Infect Immun : [54] Salminen SJ. In vitro adhesion and platelet aggregation properties of bacteremia-associated Lactobacilli [J]. Infect. Immun : [55] Takashi A Masatoshi T Koji N et al. Assessment of Safety of Lactobacillus Strains Based on Resistance to Host Innate Defense Mechanisms[J]. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol : [56] Osman N Adawi D Ahrne S et al. Probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium affect the translocation and intestinal load of Enterobacteriaceae differently after D-galactose-induced liver injury in rats[j]. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease : [57] Dea -Ayuela MA Rama -Iniguez S Bolas Fernandez F. Enhanced susceptibility to Trichuris muris infection of B10Br mice treated with the probiotic Lactobacillus casei[j]. Int Immunopharmacol :28-35.

10 [58] Pena JA Rogers AB Ge Z et al. Diminish helicobacter hepaticus-induced inflammatory bowel disease in interleukin-10-deficient mice[j]. Infect. Immun : [59] Mogilner JG Srugo I Lurie M et al. Effect of probiotics on intestinal regrowth and bacterial translocation after massive small bowel resection in a rat[j]. J Pediatr Surg : [60] Vankerckhoven V Huys G Vancanneyt M et al. Biosafety assessment of probiotics used for human consumption: recommendations from the EU-PROSAFE project[j]. Trends Food Sci. Technol (b) 19: [61] Van Minnen LP Timmerman HM Lutgendorff F et al. Modification of intestinal flora with multispecies probiotics reduces bacterial translocation and improves clinical course in a rat model of acute pancreatitis [J]. Surgery : [62] Besselink MG. Probiotic prophylaxis should therefore not be administered in this category of patients [J]. Lancet : [63] EFSA. Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms reffered to EFSA[J]. The EFSA Journal : [64] M 覿 kel 覿 inen H Tahvonen R Salminen S et al. In Vivo Safety Assessment of two Bifidobacterium longum Strains[J]. Microbiol Immunol : [65] Kajander K Myllyluoma E Rajilic-Stojanovic M et al. Clinical trial: multispecies probiotic supplementation alleviates the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and stabilizes intestinal microbiota [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther : [66] Peng GC Hsu CH. The efficacy and safety of heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei for treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis induced by house-dust mite. Pediatr[J]. Allergy Immunol : [67] Rautava S Kalliomki M Isolauri E. Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant[j]. J Allergy Clin Immunol : [68] Wolf BW. Safety and tolerance of Lactobaciullus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects [J]. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease : [69] Jeremy PB Philip AW Chris JM et al. Safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology (4): [70] Laitinen K Kalliomki M Poussa T. et al. Evaluation of diet and growth in children with and without atopic eczema: follow-up study from birth to 4 years[j]. Br J Nutr : [71] Agrawal R Sharma N Chaudry R et al. Effects of oral lactobacillus GG on enteric microflora in low birth weight neonates[j]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol (3): [72] Hoyos AB. Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit [J]. Int. J. Infect. Dis : [73] Haschke F Wang W Ping G et al. Clinical trial prove safety and efficacy of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium Bb12 in follow-up formula and growing-up milks[j]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd : [74] Gill HS Rutherfurd KJ Cross ML. Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes[j]. J. Clin. Immunol : [75] Srinivasan R Meyer R Padmanabhan R et al. Clinical safety of Lactobacillus casei Shirota as a probiotic in critically ill children[j]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr : [76] Bin-Nun A Bromiker R Wilschanski M et al. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates[j]. J Pediatr : [77] Besselink MG. Probiotic prophylaxis should therefore not be administered in this category of patients [J]. Lancet :

11 151 Evaluating Methods of Probiotic s Safety in the World Liu Yong Zhang Yong Zhang Heping * (Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering Ministry of Education Dairy Processing Laboratory of National Dairy Production Technology and Research Center Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot ) Abstract With the development of probiotic investigation and industrialization the safety of probiotic has been gotten more and more attention. Howeverthe delay of probiotic s safety standard in our country has extremely restricted the development of industrialization and also brought some risks. In addition the customers show some lack of confidence to the consumption of probiotic product. In the paper we first analyze the probable potential hazards aroused by probiotic and then we trim and summarize the evaluating methods of the probiotic s safety in vitro and in vivo in different countries. The results gotten in this paper can provide some useful consultation for further research and industrialization of probiotic. Key words probiotic; evaluating method of safety!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" % 5500 Im Maskell Maskell :!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" ( : )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

研發與創新驗顯示, 停止攝食乳酸菌後, 在幾週內乳酸菌便會消失, 並不會持續存在於腸道內, 但是短暫的定殖, 還是有刺激腸道免疫系統的效果, 尤其是對服用抗生素或腹瀉感

研發與創新驗顯示, 停止攝食乳酸菌後, 在幾週內乳酸菌便會消失, 並不會持續存在於腸道內, 但是短暫的定殖, 還是有刺激腸道免疫系統的效果, 尤其是對服用抗生素或腹瀉感乳酸菌之保健功效與產品開發撰文 / 陳慶源黃崇真邱雪惠廖啟成益生菌是指具有改善宿主體內內生性微生物相平衡, 並有益於宿主健康的單一或數種微生物一般而言, 益生菌被認定為活菌本身, 但是, 近年發現某類益生菌所衍生之活性