國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF"

消姚
7 years ago
Views:

1 b

2 2006 6

3 b Abstract The European arts in the nineteenth century went through significant changes with the advent of romanticism. In respect to music, more and more composers at that time set out to express their emotions through the beauty of sounds and rhythms, imbuing their works with multiple elements and alterations. However, the overemphasis on the subjective experience of the composers led to the gradual loss of

4 simplicity and purity in their music. At that time, Brahms abondoned the artistic trend of the epoch and refused its pompous and exaggerated style. Devotedly following Bach, Beethoven and Schuman in their aesthetic perspectives and musical creations, Brahms composed absolute, introspective, sincere and in-depth works in the classical form. Variations on a Theme by Haydn, op. 56 composed by Brahms in 1873, was the representative piece marking his shift from large piano works to orchestra works, exhibiting the master s habitual use of composition skills and mature variation techniques. The two pianos version (op. 56b), as Brahms most important work of its kind, illustrated how he took advantage of the strength of two pianos to arrange multiple voices with expertise. This piano piece pushed the artistic value of Brahms two pianos works to its peak in the musical history and launched their golden age. Chapter One of this thesis gives the definition of variations, introduces its types and discusses the historical specificity of the variations of the nineteenth century. Chapter Two introduces the life of Brahms and his variations. Chapter Three probes into the composing skills, variation techniques and features illustrated in Brahms Variations on a Theme by Haydn, op56b. Chapter Four examines the history of two pianos and gives suggestions on the performing of two pianos works.

6 Johannes Brahms, Variations on a Theme by Haydn b 1873 b 1

7 A. Cabezon, Vihuela 1 2 Basso Ostinato Ground Bass Variation chaconne passacaglia constant-melody variation Cantus-firmus variation 1 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1980), s.v. Variations by Kurt von Fischer and Paul Griffiths,

8 Constant-harmony variation passamezzo folia romanesca thoroughbass variation J. S. Bach, Goldberg Variations Melodic- outline variation Fantasy variation Leitmotiv 3

9 formal-outline variation free variation Serial variation Anton von Webern, Piano Variations, op. 27 Ornamental variation Figural variation Simplifying variation 3 Contrapuntal variation 4 Character variation A. B. Marx, Formal variation

10 6 Franz Schubert, Trout Quintet, D. 667 Death and the Maiden, D. 810 Fantasia Wanderer, D. 760 Der Wanderer Carl Maria von Weber, Castor and Pollux, op. 5, 1804 Vien qu Dorina bella, op.7, 1807 virtuoso 7 6 character-picture that arises from an idea which corresponds to the inner life, 5 7 5

11 Anton Diabelli, Vaterländische K nstlerverein Hexam ron 8 Felix Mendelssohn, 1809~1847 Op. 54 Op. 82 Op Variations Sérieuses 9 Robert Schumann, R. Larry Todd, Piano Music Reformed: The Case of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Nineteen-century Piano Music (New York: Schirmer Books, 1990), In no other genre of our art is more bungling incompetence displayed variations should create as a whole, whose centre is the theme.the time is past when one can create astonishment with a sugary figure. Now one strive for thought, for inner connections, with the whole bathed in fresh fantasy., The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. S.v. Variations by Kurt von Fischer and Paul Griffiths,. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001), s.v. Variations by Elaine Sisman,

12 the theme must be worthy of treatment 11 Carnaval, op. 9 Papillons, op Symphonische Etüden, Op Willi Kahl, Romantic Piano Music : New Oxford History of Music-Romanticism ( ), ed. Gerald Abraham (London: Oxford University Press, 1990),

13 8

14 Romanticism Hans von B low, B the three great B s 13 program music Music drama Symphonic poem Franz Liszt, Cosima Wagner, Otto F. 13 Guido Adler, Johannes Brahms - His Achievement, His Personality, and His Position. The Musical Quarterly 19(1933),

15 W. Cossel, Eduard Marxen, Eduard Hanslick, Vom Musikalisch-Schonen - ein Beitrag zur Revision der Asthetik der Tonkunst absolute music The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1981). S.v. Brahms, Johannes, by Guido Adler,

16 Karl Geiringer, Brahms: His Life and Work, 2 nd ed. (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1948):

17 Klavierstück 20 Joseph Joachim, op. 120 no. 2 E I occasionally reflect on variation form and find that it must be kept with greater strictness and purity. The old composer retained the bass of the theme, the actual theme, strongly throughout. In Beethoven, the melody, harmony, and rhythm are so beautifully varied. But I sometimes have to admit that newer composers ( ourselves included ) rather ( I don t know how to express it ) rummage around the theme We keep anxiously to the melody, we do not treat it freely, do not actually create anything new from it, but only load it down. Yet the melody is thus barely recognizable, Michael Musgrave, The Music of Brahms New York : Oxford University Press, 1994,49. 12

18 1. f Variations on a Theme by R. Schumann, D Variations on a Hungarian Song, D Variations on an Original Theme, 1857 Eduard Rem nyi, E Variations on a Theme by R. Schumann, B Variations on a Theme by G. F. Handel, a Variations on a Theme by N. Paganini, 1863 b 13

19 B The music of brahms, Michael Musgrave, p158 14

20 Carl Ferdinand Pohl, Feldpartita 23 Hob. II. 46 B Esterh zy Antony Hoboken, Divertimento mit dem Chorale St. Antoni Ignaz Pleyel, Karl Geiringer Burgenland Karl Geiringer 24 serpent 25 Karl Geiringer, Brahms: His Life and Works (New York: Da Capo Press, 1982), Michael Musgrave, The Music of Brahms New York : Oxford University Press, 1994,

21 Variations on Chorale St. Antoni Munich Starnberger Tutzing Hermann Levi 27 a b Fritz Simrock, Anton Door, Malwine von Benfeld Gabriele Brauner Tutzing is far more beautiful than we first imagined. We have just had a gorgeous thunderstorm; the lake was almost black, but magnificent green along the shores; usually it is blue, though of a more beautiful and deeper hue than the sky. In the background there is a range of snow-covered mountains- one can never see enough of it

22 30 31 b a 32 a 1997), Avins,Styra ed., Johannes Brahms Life and Letters (New York: Oxford University Press,

23 Music Drama Symphonic Poem Thematic Transformation Hemiola a b a

24 b polyrhythm syncopation

25 rhythmic displacement

26 6/ A 3-7 B a b

27 3-7 a b

28 a b Heterophony 3-10 antiphonal alternate antiphony 23

29 verse alternately

30 35 A 5+5 B 4+4 A 4 Coda coda Op Op.21 No.2 13 Op.21 No Op Op Op

31 2 4 B b M 1~29 29 A B A Coda :5+5: B b M 30~ b b m 59~ B b M 88~ A B A Coda B A Coda b b M 146~ A B A Coda B A Coda B b M 206~263 ( ) B b M 264~ B b M 293~ b b m B b M 322~ ~ A B A Coda : : passacaglia 16 B 6/8,3/4 26 A A

32 B b D G Passacaglia

33 1. D-E b -D 2. E b -C D-E b -D B b -C-B b

34 antiphonally B b -C-B b D-E b -D A +coda 29

36 31 ( )

37 36 independent variation sectional variation theme and variations Fixed-harmony variation Basso ostinato Ground bass variation Fantasy variation D G A B V V/VI 3-17a V-I V/VI-VI 3-17b I independent variation movement sectional variation continuous variation 32

38 3-17 a b V/VI V/VI VI

39 fanfare martellato 3-17 siciliana

40 Virginal Nicholas Carleton, c A verse for two to play on one Virginal or Organe Thomas Tomkins, A fancy for two to play (Giles Farnaby, c.1560-c.1600) For two Virginals (William Byrd, ) Fitzwilliam Virginal Book 37 François Couperin, Hans Moldenhauer, Duo-Pianism: A Dissertation ( Chicago Musical College Press, 1950 ), 35

41 antiphonally concertante style Six Short Pieces Le Parnasse/ L Apotheose de Corelli L Apotheose de Lulli Suite No. 3: L Imperiale Domenico Scarlatti Alessandro Scarlatti Collegium Musicum Dietrich Buxtehude,

42 C. P. E. Bach 4 Kleine Duetten fuer 2 Klaviers W. F. Bach F (Duetto, Sonata in F Major) J. C. Bach G op. 15 No. 6 Il Maestro e lo scolare, variazioni a quadri mani per un clavicembalo George Christoph Wagenseil Leopold Mozart op. 5 J. L. Dussek 41 Emperor Joseph II

43 K. 242 K. 365 K. 448 K D op. 5, 1797 op. 45, 1804 C 1794 D C Grand Duo, op Jonh Field

44 Introduction and Rondo Ignaz Moscheles, J. B. Cramer C. Czerny J. N. Hummel F. Kalkbrenner Liszt 1822 Grand Duo 46 Hommage Handel op. 87b Preciosa Melodic-Contrapuntal Studies, op. 137 J. L. Dussek Aloys Schmitt 39

45 cadenza 48 Andante and Variation, op Grand Duo 50 A Grande Polonaise brillante, op. 18 Three brilliant Fantasies on favorite Motives from the works of Schubert, op. 339 Duo brillant, op. 358 Ten brilliant Fantasies, op. 797 Six Potpourris, op. 212 Variation on Montecchi 48 We spent the evening at the Mendelssohns in a quiet way After supper we amused ourselves on two pianos, and at last had a grand improvisation together, in which Felix was so inspired that in my enthusiasm I almost forgot my own part in listening to him.,

46 51 Alfred Einsteiny Music the Romantic Era Rondo, op. 73 Andante and Variations, op. 46 Concerto Path tique salon Conservatoire 52 Schumann, Chopin, and Liszt are the three musicians who by their work saved piano composition from the shallowness into which it was in danger of falling or had already fallen,

47 54 d op. 54 Friedrich Melchior Grimm, d Concerto in D Minor for Piano and Orchestra, op. 15 f op. 34 F minor Quintet, op. 34a Sonata for two

48 Pianofortes, 34b op. 56 op.90 op. 98 Waltzes, op. 39 Hungarian Dances Liebeslieder Walzer, op.52a op. 65a Theme of Schumann, op. 23 op. 52 op

49 Gilman Collier Brazil Rio de Janeiro 58 Arthur Loesser 56 Maurice Hinson. Music for more than one piano : an annotated guide. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1983), ix 57 Henry Raynor. Music and Society Since 1815 ( New York: Barrie & Jenkins, 1976),

50 ), Loesser, Arthur. Men, Women and Pianos : A Social History. (New York: Dover Publications, 45

51 Piano Duo and Duet Performance by Nikki Landre, Clavier May-June

52 A B

57 4-6a A B

59 4-7 a b a a

60 55

62 Avins,Styra ed,. Johannes Brahms Life and Letters. New York: Oxford University Press, Berry, Wallace. Form in Music: An Examination of Traditional Techniques of Musical Form and Their Applications in Historical and Contemporary Styles. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Geiringer, Karl. Brahms, His Life and Work. New York: Da Capo Press, Green, Douglass M. Form in Tonal Music: An Introduction to Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Hinson, Maurice. Music for more than one piano : an annotated guide. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1983. Kraus, Detlef. Johannes Brahms-Composer for the Piano. Trans. By Lillian Lim. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel, Heinrichshofen-Books, Landre, Nikki. Piano Duo and Duet Performance Clavier 21(1982): Lubin, Ernest. The Piano Duet: A Guide for Pianists. New York: Da Capo Press, Loesser, Arthur. Men, Women and Pianos : A Social History. New York: Dover Publications, 1990 Maxwell, Grant L. Music for Three or More Pianists : A Historical Survey and Catalogue. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1993 MacDonald, Malcolm. Brahms. New York: Schirmer Books, McGraw, Cameron. Piano Duet Repertoire: Music Originally Written for One piano, Four Hands. Bloomington, [Ind.] : Indiana University Press, Murdoch, William. Brahms : With an Analytical Study of Tthe Complete Pianoforte Works. London: Rich & Cowan, Musgrave, Michael. The music of Brahms. New York : Oxford University Press, A Brahms Reader. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ed., The Cambridge companion to Brahms. New York : Cambridge University Press,

63 Spring, Glenn. Musical Form and Analysis. Madison, Wis.: Brown & Benchmark, Todd, R. Larry ed., Nineteenth-century piano music. New York: Schirmer Books, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician, (1980), S. V. Brahms, Johannes, by Heinz Becker. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician, (2001), S. V. Brahms, Johannes, by George B. Bozarth & Walter Frisch The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician, (1980), S. V. Piano duet, by Frank Dawes. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician, (1980), S. V. Variations, by Kurt von Fischer & Paul Griffiths. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musician, (2001), S. V. Variations, by Elaine Sisman. The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, S. V. Variations, by Don Michael Randel. (Paul Holmes) (Brahms) (Matthews Denis) (Brahms Piano Music) (Leon Stein)

國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF

國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF () ()A Study of Elgar s Cello Concerto in E minor, Opus 85 Chi 8961609 43 () () () Chang () An-Chi () () Lin, Min-Yuan () () ()Elgar ()Cello Concerto Abstract Elgar is the greatest modern composer in