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1 2004 8~10 No Date 1 8/ / / / /5 6 8/ / / / / / / / /25-28 XXII International Conference on Polyphenols 15 8/29-9/3 1

2 16 8/31-9/2 17 9/ / / / / / / / /15-17 Giensat Ifremer Brest / /22-24 Bordeaux Aquaculture Palais des congrès aquaculture.htm 28 9/26-10/1 29 9/27-10/ / / / / / /

3 36 10/ / /23-27 National Frozen and Refrigerated Foods Convention 3

4 ( Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute, TAFI ) 1998 ( DPIWE) TAF I TAFI DPIWE TAFI 1. (Launceston) 2. (Taroona) (Hobart) 20 (RV Challenger) TAFI [ ](Latris lineata) (1) (2) (3) (4)

5 Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL) (Lahti) ( ~14 ) 29 ( 6 22 ) (SIL ) (SIL ) (PEG, SIL ) (SIL ) Periphyton(SIL )

6 ICRISAT-Pantancheru (BtCry1Ab) (Pigeonpea)

7 : C (Flowering Locus C, FLC) DNA FLC

8 C C - GalUR C C 2 3 C C C C C C C C C C 7 Herald (Glasgow, Scotland), 2 ed, p6, Monday, January 13, 2003

9 (45 µmole/m 2 per s) 8 Foodinfo Online FSTA Reports 19 November

10 75 siteid=175&_fid=95414&page_id=4&_feditor=0&folder.p_show_id=95414

11 疱

12 3 4 ( ) ( ) CSIRO

13 Milton Schiffenbauer [ ] (White Tea Extract, WTE) Schiffenbauer Penicillum chrysogenum Saccharomyces cerevisiae Penicillium spores Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast 1. (Stash and Templar ) 2. Aim, Aquafresh, Colgate, Crest Orajel 3. Penicillum chrysogenum Saccharomyces cerevisiae /

14 15 産学産産産 (NEDO) :

15 15.7% 3.08%

16 (ω-3 ) ω-3 (Dr. Jing Kang) ω-6 ω-3 酶 (fat-1) ω-3 ω-3 ω-3

17 DHA 12 4 DHA DHA DHA DHA DHA DHA

18 90% 75% Marine Protected Area, MPA 1% 0.5% Troubled Waters: A call for action MAP (1) 12% 71% 99.5% 1% MPA 0.5% (stocks) 90% 75% 2002 WSSD 2012 MPA representative network national network

19 (2) % 400 MPAs 20~30% MPAs (3) 2013 ethic of caring MPA IUCN 1962 Seattle WPC CBD COP COP ~ Plenary Benefits beyond Boundaries Symposia 1 Benefits to people 2 Managing with change 3 Communities and parks 4 Working at scale 1. Durban Accord MPA 2. MPA high sea 3. MPA 4. MPA 2012 MPA 5. MPA MPA resilience MPA MPA GAP 6. MPAs MPA NGO MPA

20 1. EEZ 60% high sea seamount 1000m deep coral reef continental slope canyons cold seeps anchialine hydrothermal vent Antarctic water Large Marine Ecosystem, LMEs MPA LMEs no-take multiple use areas coral triangle 3. World Heritage Marine Program World Heritage Marine site Managers Network and Partnership ~40 4. MPA 20 LEMs MPAs 54 5% UN CDB 5. GAP Protected Areas Learning Network 6. indigenous and local communities

25 蟎 Acari Application of Genetic Markers for the Phylogenetic of Acari Tsen Hua Hui Yi Lee Wen Bin Yeh 蟎 genetic markers 蟎蟎蟎 DNA ribosomal DNA, rdna DNA mitochondrial DNA, mtdna DNA microsatellite DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP direct amplification of length polymorphism, DALP amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP DNA random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD 酶 allozymes 蟎 Application of genetic markers on study of acarology can identify the phylogenetic relationship of different populations of mites and ticks. The vast diversity of mites makes them particularly suitable for these kinds of stuides. The genetic methods used to study these

26 organisms include ribosomal DNA, mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), direct amplification of length polymorphism (DALP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and allozymes. Key words: Genetic markers Acari Phylogenetics molecular markers : Ixodida 蟎 Psoroptidae 蟎 Tetranychoidea 蟎 Eriophyoidea 蟎 Phytoseiidae Varroa Robert, 2002 DNA DNA genetic markers 蟎 DNA ribosomal DNA, rdna DNA mitochondrial DNA, mtdna DNA microsatellite DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP direct amplification of length polymorphism, DALP amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP DNA random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD 酶 allozymes 蟎

27 蟎 DNA DNA DNA 12S rdna 16S rdna 18S rdna ND1~6 COI COII ITS1 ITS2 1. DNA DNA 100~500 rdna rdna 18S rrna 5.8S rrna 28S rrna 1 ITS1, internal transcribed spacer 1 18S 5.8S 2 ITS2, internal transcribed spacer 2 5.8S 28S rdna external transcribed spacer, ETS rdna intergenic nontranscribed spacer segment, IGS rdna 18S 5.8S 28S ETS ITS IGS PCR :ETS ITS1 ITS2 IGS 2. DNA DNA 16 kb mtdna DNA 5~10 ; trnas 2 rrnas 13 mrnas ND2 NADH II CO1 CO2 ATP C3

28 N3 ND5 ND4 ND6 Cytb ND1 16S 12S A+T MtDNA rdna mtdna conserved 16S rdna 蟎 polymerase chain reaction, PCR 1980 Botstein restricition endonuclease PCR DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA PCR-RFLP profile RFLP biotype DNA RFLP DNA 1981 Miesfeld DNA 1982 Hamada (dt-dg)n 1984 Tauts 1989 Litt Luty DNA simple sequence repeat, SSR short tandem repeat, STR DNA DNA 100 bp 苷 2 6 (CA)n (GATA)n n DNA DNA DNA DNA

29 DNA 1 DNA 2 PCR DNA PCR 1 detection step arbitrary primers PCR 20 base PCR AP-PCR 2 characterization step M13 5 -GTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC-3 Desmarais et al., Zabeau DNA AFLP PCR PCR PCR AFLP RFLP PCR DNA PCR PCR-AFLP 1 double digestion DNA digestion 2 ligation of adapters PCR DNA 3 PCR PCR amplification 2 PCR pre-amplification DNA

30 3 PCR elective amplifications PCR PCR PCR sequencing gel electrophoresis polyacryamide Pieter ~4 16 RAPD DNA RAPD 1990 Williams PCR RAPD-PCR 苷 10 DNA PCR DNA DNA DNA RAPD-PCR RAPD-PCR profile DNA RAPD-PCR RAPD 酶酶酶 isozyme 蟎 : DNA

31 蟎 DNA 1. DNA Cecidophyopsis 蟎 DNA 5 DNA 蟎 Fenton et al., 2000 DNA Eotetranychus carpini (Oudemans), E. pruni (Reck), Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, T. mcdanieli McGregor, T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski and T. urticae Koch PCR ITS 300 bp 蟎 Navajas et al., S rdna 16S rdna 1 Am 2 Ha 3 Hy Rh 4 Or 5 Ar Black et al., S rdna Ha Hy Rh Or Ar 2. DNA 16S rdna 蟎 Black et al. (1994) 16S rdna 506 bp bootstrapping Norris et al. (1999) 12S 16S Dabert et al. (2001) 16S rdna 246 bp 41 avenzoariid feather mites bootstrap Crosbie et al. (1998) 16S Dermacentor 16S Norris et al. (1999) 51 12S rdna III 16S rdna

32 hypervariable regions 12S 16S 18S rdna 18S 12S 16S Ixodes hexagonus Leach Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) Varroa destructor Evans et al., 2002 COI Tetranychidae Tenuipalpidae 20 蟎 Maximum likelihood Navajas et al., 1996 COI 蟎 16S rdna Crosbie et al., 1998 Dermacentor 9 16S rdna COI 蟎 Panonychus citri P. ulmi P. mori P. osmanthi P. citri P. osmanthi Neighbor-Joining Maximum likelihood P. mori P. ulmi P. citri P. osmanthi Toda et al., 2000 DNA COI 蟎 Tetranychus urticae Hinomoto et al., 2001 Panonychus Tetranychidae Boophilus microplus Navajas and Fanton, 2000 RFLP 蟎 Panonychus mori P. citri P. ulmi ECL 12 18SA INT P. mori 95.2% P. citri % 40% 22.7% 28.6% Osakabe and Sakagami, 1994 DNA Ixodes ricinus complex Ixodidae IR8, IR18, IR25, IR27, IR32, IR39 Delaye et al., 1998 蟎蟎 CT 10 GT 15 蟎 CAT 12 TGA 10 蟎

33 蟎 8 CAT TGA Amblyseius fallacis 蟎 Navajas et al., 1998 DALP Neoseiulus californicus Phytoseiidae codominant genetic marker ~ Perrot-Minnot.,2000 AFLP 蟎蟎蟎 53 蟎 91 蟎蟎 Weeks et al., 2000 DNA(Random amplified polymorphic DNA ;RAPD) Perrot-Minnot and Navajas (1995) Pseudo-arrhenotokous phytoseiid mite RAPD 120 B. microplus 蟎蟎 12 Hernandez et al., 1998 蟎 Amblyseius longispinosus 蟎 A. womersleyi 60 RAPD-PCR PCR 蟎 Panonychus citri DNA OPB10 CT DNA P. citri alleles species Osakabe et al., 2000

34 酶 CAE Rhizoglyphus robini 蟎 R.echinopus 蟎蟎蟎 12 蟎 Kolodziejczyk et al., 2002 Allozyme Ixodes pacificus GPI cline Kain et al., 1997 isoelectrofocusing; IEF Crete 蟎 isozyme Tsagkarakou et al., 1997 Goka 1996 MDH allozyme 蟎 gene flow 蟎 RFLP DNA RAPD-PCR

35 2002 DNA 39(3): AFLP - 37: PCR Black, W. C., IV, andj. Piesman Phylogeny of hard and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: Black, W. C., J. S. H. IV Klompenand, and J. E. Keirans Phylogenetic relationships among tick subfamilies (Ixodida: Ixodidae: Argasidae) Based on the 18S nuclear rdna. gene. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 7: Crosbie, P. R., W. M. Boyce, and T. C. Rodwell DNA sequence variation in Dermacentor hunteri and estimated phylogenies of Dermacentor spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) in the New World. J. Med. Entomol. 35: Dabert, J Phylogeny of feather mite subfamily Avenzoariinae (Acari: Analgoidea: Avenozaoriidae)inferred from combined analyses of molecular and morphological data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 20: Delaye, C., A. Aeschlimann, F. Renaud, B. Rosenthal, and T. De Meeus Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the Ixodes ricinus complex (Acari: Ixodidae). Mol. Ecol. 7: Desmarais, E., I. Lanneluc, and J. Lagnel Direct amplification of length polymorphisms (DALP), or how to get and characterize new genetic markers in many species. Nucleic Acids Res. 26: Evans, J. D, and D. L. Lopez Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the important honey bee pest, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 27: Fenton, B., A. N. E. Birch, G. Malloch, P. G. Lanman, and R. M. Brennan Gall mite molecular phylogeny and its relationship to the evolution of plant host specificity. Exp.

36 Appl. Acarol. 24: Goka, K., A. Takafuji, S. Toda, T. Hamamura, Mh. Osakabe, and S. Komazaki Genetic distinctness between two forms of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) detected by electrophoresis. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 20: Hernandez, R., A. C. Chen, R. B. Davey, G. W. Ivie, G. G. Wagner, and J. E. George Comparison of genomic DNA in various strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 35: Hinomoto, N., Mh. Osakabe, T. Gotoh, and A.Takafuji Phylogenetic analysis of green and red forms of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in Japan, based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 36: Kain, D. E., A. H. Sperline, and S. R. Lane Population genetic structure of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) using allozymes. J. Med. Entomol. 34: Kolodziejczyk, M., J. Heinze, and J. Radwan Enzyme polymorphisms in Rhizoglyphus robini and R. echinopus and their application in paternity analysis. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 26: Navajas, M., D. Cotton, S. Kreiter, and J. Gutierrez Molecular approach in spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae): preliminary data on ribosomal DNA sequences. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 15: Navajas, M., J. Gutierrez, and J. Lagnel Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I in tetranychid mites: a comparison between molecular phylogeny and changes of morphological and life history traits. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86: Navajas, M. J., H. M. A. Thistlewood, J. Lagnel, and C. Hughes Microsatellite sequences are under- represented in two mite genomes. Insect Mol. Biol. 7: Navajas, M., and B. Fenton The application of molecular markers in the study of diversity in acarology: a review. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: Norris, D. E., J. S. H. Klompen, and W. C. Black IV Comparison of the mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal DNA genes in resolving phylogenetic relationships among hard-ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Ann Entomol. Soc. Am. 92: Osakabe, Mh., and Y. Sakagami RFLP analysis of ribosomal DNA in sibling species of spider mite, genus Panonychus (Acari: Tetranychidae). Insect Mol. Biol. 3:

37 Osakabe, Mh., N. Hinomoto, S. Toda, S. Komazaki, and K. Goka Molecular cloning and characterization of a microsatellite locus found in an RAPD marker of a spider mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: Perrot-Minnot, M. J., and M. Navajas Pseudo-arrhenotoky involves biparental inheritance of RAPD markers in males of the haplo-diploid mite Typhlodromus pyri. Genome 38: Perrot-Minnot, M. J., J. Lagnel, E. Desmarais, and M. Navajas Isolation and characterization by direct amplification of length polymorphism (DALP) of codominant genetic marker with mendelian inheritance in Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: Pieter, V., H. Rene, B. Marjo, R. Martin, L. Theo van de, H. Miranda, F. Adrie, P. jerina., P. Johan, K. Martin, and Z. Marc AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: Robert, H Molecular markers for the phylogenetics of mites and ticks. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 7: Toda. S., Mh. Osakabe, and S. Komazaki Interspecific diversity of mitochondrial COI sequences in Japanese Panonychus species (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: Tsagkarakou, A., M. Navajas, J. Lagnel, and N.Pasteur Population structure in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) From Crete based on multiple allozymes. Heredity 78: Weeks, A. R., T. van Opijnen, and J. A. J. Breeuwer AFLP fingerprinting for assessing intraspecific variation and genome mapping in mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: Williams, J. G. K., A. R. Kubelik, K. J. Livak, J. A. Rafalski, and S. V. Tingey DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful aas genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: William, C. Black IV, J. S. H. Klompen, and J. E. Keirans Phylogenetic relationships among tick subfamilies Ixodida Ixodidae Argasidae based on the 18S nuclear rdna gene. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 7: Zabeau. M. and Vos. P European Patent Application. publication no: EP

38 Neoseiulus californicus Perrot-minnot et al., 2000

39 William et al., 1997

40 Ix Ix Am Ha Mt Am Hy 16S rdna William et al., 1997

41 18S rdna William et al., 1997

42 蟎蟎蟎 Hinomoto et al., 2001

43 蟎蟎蟎 18SA Osakabe and Sakagami, 1994 (Lanes1-3 Panonychus citri EhMy, FoYk and KgHt Lanes 4-5 P. mori TtDe and HkSp Lanes 6 7 P. ulmi (FsFs) Tetranychus urticae (ThL))

44 蟎蟎蟎 12 18SA INT Osakabe and Sakagami, 1994

45 Euonymus 1 Euonymus 2 Euonymus 3 Euonymus 4 Euonymus 5 Euonymus 6 Lonicera 1 Lonicera 2 Lonicera 3 Lonicera Dissimilarity index UPGMA 蟎 AFLP (Weeks et al.,2000) Lonicera Periclymenum(four different collections/ plants) Euronymus europaeus (six different collections/ plants)

46 蟎 (Weeks et al.,2000)

47 蟎 (Weeks et al., 2000)

48 5 ( Pinctada) ( P. fucata ), 3 [ 7 ] ( P. maxima ) ( P. albina), ( P. margaritifera) ( P. nigra) RAPD, ( P. chemnitzi), ( Pteria penguin) [ 1-2 ] [

48 5 ( Pinctada) ( P. fucata ), 3 [ 7 ] ( P. maxima ) ( P. albina), ( P. margaritifera) ( P. nigra) RAPD, ( P. chemnitzi), ( Pteria penguin) [ 1-2 ] [ 5 6 2 00 9 1 2 South China Fisheries Science Vol. 5, No. 6 Dec., 2009 doi: 10. 3969/ j. issn. 1673-2227. 2009. 06. 009 16S rrna,,, (, 510300) : PCR ( Pinctada fucata) ( P. chemnitzi) ( Pteria penguin)