生命教育的哲學基礎

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3 13 (29) nominal definition real definition H. Newman, G. E. Moore, R. M. Hare Moore Moore, G. E., Principia Ethica, Hare no substantial disagreement without verbal agreementhare, 1981, 69

4 (30) We are discussing no small matter, but how we ought to live 9 7 reality given realism Plato, Republic, 344e.

5 1 5 (31) Thomas Aquinas, summa theologiae, 1-2 q.96 a.2

6 (32) 2 6 civil disobedience 11 Vinaya Hans Küng Henry David Thoreau On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Crito 12 Küng, H. Projekt Weltethos, München/Zürich,

7 1 7 (33) 13 ethos mores ethos mores ethos mores mores ethos 13 hypothetical imperative categorical imperative Kagan, 1998, 1

8 (34) 28 descriptive ethics positive morality 14 Herodotus 15 moral psychology theory of moral development 16 religious ethics theological ethics or moral theology ethike ethos Cicerophilosophia moralis ethike ethics moral philosophy ethics moral philosophy 14 Positive morality Pojman, 1998, xi 15 Rachels, 1999, Jean Piagett, Lawrence Kohlberg

Cicerophilosophia moralis ethike ethics moral philosophy ethics moral philosophy 14

9 19 (35) common morality Louis Pojman morality Ethos morality (mores) ethos Pojman ethics morality ethics morality Pojman, 1998, xi Tom Beauchamp/James Childress common morality common morality Beauchamp/Childress, 2001, 2-3

morality Pojman, 1998, xi 18 19 Tom Beauchamp/James

10 (36) 2 10 rationale 20 moral 20

11 1 11 (37) rationale Kai Nielsen 21 introduction to ethics compartmentalization 21 Nielsen, 1967, Shelly Kagan

12 (38) normative ethics foundational theory foundationalism Coherentism virtue ethics ethics of caring teleology deontology 22 Clarke, 1996; Abelson/Nielsen, 1967.

13 1 13 (39) W 1) who 2) when 3) where 4) what 5) why 6) how W 23 W 23 Kai Nielsen The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards Problems of Ethics Nielsen, 1967

14 (40) 2 14 What What

15 1 15 (41) (1)(2) moral statements morally evaluative terms 1a) 2a) 3a) (1)1a) (2)2a) (2)2a) moral duty moral supererogation or ideal (3)3a) dispositive freedom moral principles or moral norms

16 (42) principle of lesser evil what contemporary analytic philosophy normative ethics 25 metaethics 24 the golden rule 7, 1 Rabbi HillelB.C. 60-A.D.10 7, 12 6, Nielsen, 1967, 118

17 1 17 (43) what what Kagan objectivism

18 (44) 2 18 justification 26 meta-ethical scepticism meta-ethical subjectivism Edward Westermarck 27 realism anti-realsm cognitivism non-cognitivism 28 fundamental ethics foundational 26 Nielsen Nielsen, 1967, Nielsen, 1967, Shelly Kagan Kagan, 1998, 2

cognitivism non-cognitivism 28 fundamental ethics foundational 26

19 19 1 (45) theories applied ethics 29 teleology deontology C. D. Broad Broad, C. D. Five Types of ethical Theory. New York. 1944, B. Schüller Schüller, B. Typen der Begrü ndung sittlicher Normen, in: Concilium 12 (1976),

New York. 1944, 206-216 B. Schüller Schüller, B.

20 (46) 2 20 utilitarianism J. Bentham J. St. Mill H. Sidgwick R. M. Hare ethical theory of act consequentialism 31 utilitarianism utilitarianism 32

21 21 1 (47) 33 Kategorischer Imperativ Handlungsmaxime Prinzip der Universalisierbarkeit 34 David Cummiskey Kant, I., Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, in: Weischedel, W. Hrsg., Werkausgabe, Bd. VII, Ricken, F. Allgemeine Ethik. Stuttgart. 1989, 27Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, Could Kant have been a Utilitarian? Kantian Consequentialism Hare, 1997, ; Cummiskey, 1996

22 (48) 2 22 Fiat iustitia pereat mundus 36 1)John Rawlsa theory of justice D. Witschen W. WolbertB. Schüller 2) agent-centered constraints of 37 evil-doing ordinary, commonsense morality 3) agent-centered options of doing good 36 Fiat iustitia, pereat mundus Witschen, D. Fiat iustitia, pereat mundus. In: Theologie und Glaube 82 (1992), Mill, J. St. Utilitarianism. London

23 23 1 (49) Samuel SchefflerShelly Kagan 38 4) principle of double-effect Whitley Kaufman Kagan, Shelly. The limits of morality. Oxford: Clarendon Press Scheffler, Samuel. The rejection of consequentialism. Oxford: Clarendon Press intending foreseeing direct intention indirect intention German Grisez, Joseph Boyle John Finnis Richard McCormick, Josef Fuchs, Bruno Schueller R. M. Hare Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1999: Whitley Kaufman Intending versus Foreseeing Harm: the Foundation of Deontological Constraints, Georgetown University Dissertation The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, vol. 16(1991) Christian Bioethics, vol. 3 No.2(1997) 40 Rachels, James. More impertinent distinctions and a defense of active euthanasia. In Killing and letting die, edited by Bonnie Steinbock and Alastair Norcross. New York: Fordham University Press ; Thomson, Judith Jarvis. Self-defense. Philosophy & Public Affairs 20 (1991):

24 (50) 2 24 foundationalism coherentism pragmatism reflective equilibrium coherent considered judgments coherence Tom Beauchamp James Childress biomedical ethics respect for autonomy nonmaleficence beneficence justice 41 Henry Richardson constructive pragmatism 41 Beauchamp/Childress, 2001 principlism

25 125 (51) good-centered right-centered A. Macintyre D. Statman virtue ethics C. GilliganN. Noddingcaring ethics 44 intuitionism Bernard Williams Robert Audi Lawrence Blum Jonathan Dancy what what Richardson, A. Macintyre. After Virtue. Duckworth. 1992Statman, 1997 N. Nodding. Caring. Berkeley, California: University of California Press Hare, 1999,

26 (52) 2 26 bioethics cyber ethics what rationale what why why why 45 John Hospers Stephen Toulmin 45 Aristotle, Topics I 11, 105a 2-7

27 127 (53) 46 why philosophia perennia W. T. Stace why why 48 how How 47 whatwhy 46 Hospers, 1970, 745; Toulmin, 1964, Stace, 1975, why John van Ingen. Why be moral? New York: Peter Lang Tara Smith Viable values Smith, 2000

28 (54) 2 28 How integrity emotional intelligence

29 1 29 (55)

30 (56) 2 30 Abelson, Raziel, and Kai Nielsen. (1967). Ethics, History of. The encyclopedia of philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan, Beauchamp Tom L./James F. Childress (2001), Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarke, Paul Barry. Ethics. Dictionary of ethics, theology and society, edited by Paul Barry Clark and Andrew Linzey. London/New York: Routledge. Cummiskey, David (1996). Kantian Consequentialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hare, R. M (1981). Moral Thinking. Oxford. Hare, R. M (1997). Sorting out ethics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hospers, John. Why be moral? In Readings in ethical theory, edited by Wilfred Sellars and John Hospers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Kagan, Shelly. The limits of morality. Oxford: Clarendon Press Kagan, Shelly. Normative ethics. Colorado: Westview Press Nielsen, Kai. Problems of ethics. The encyclopedia of philosophy, vol. III, edited by Paul Edwards. New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press Pojman, Louis. Moral Philosophy. A Reader. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company Rachels, James (1999). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill College. Richardson, Henry S (1995). Beyond good and right: Toward a constructive ethical pragmatism. Philosophy & Public Affairs 24 (2): Scheffler, Samuel (1994). The rejection of consequentialism. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Smith, Tara (2000). Viable values. A study of life as the root and reward of morality. Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.

31 31 1 (57) Stace, W.T (1975). The Concept of Morals. New York:The Macmillan Company. Statman, Daniel (1997). Virtue ethics. A critical reader. Washington D. C.: Georgetown University Press. Toulmin, Stephen(1964). Reason in ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (87) (88) (89) ( ) (1-22) (81)

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<4D6963726F736F667420506F776572506F696E74202D20C540B27AADDBB27AC4B3C3442DB24DB466B1D0B1C22E707074205BACDBAE65BCD2A6A15D> 護理倫理相關議題國立成功大學護理學系陳清惠副教授 2009/9/12 1 護理的本質護理為專業人性化關懷照護的實踐以人性化關愛為核心 ; 以能具體實踐為導向 2 病人的狀態特別脆弱的存在狀態 (the peculiarly vulnerable existential