《應用倫理評論》第64期

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1 Applied Ethics Review, Vol. 64, 2018, pp 徐摘要 (Aldo Leopold, ) (ecocentrism) J. Baird Callicott (A Sand County Almanac) hydrogen@mail.tku.edu.tw

2 On Leopold s Ecocentrism: Wisconsin State and Sand County in A Sand County Almanac Tsuo-Ming Hsu Abstract Leopold (Aldo Leopold, ) is famous for his ecocentrism. According to J. Baird Callicott s opinion, this point of view is the strength of land ethic but also liability to be criticized. I think that the central idea of A Sand County Almanac is indeed ecological thought, from which ethics and aesthetics are imbedded. The major text I will analyze is limited to Wisconsin State and Sand County in A Sand County Almanac. I attempt to prove that even in the most local painting, Leopold s nature writings are rich in ecocentrism. I will also analyze the theoretical problems derived. In the analysis of the text, I will link to local context in Taiwan. Keywords: Leopold, Ecocentrism, A Sand County Almanac, Wisconsin State, Sand County Associate Professor, Center for General Education and Core Curriculum, Tamkang University. hydrogen@mail.tku.edu.tw

3 393 徐 (Aldo Leopold, ) (ecocentrisn) (Louis P. Pojman) (land ethic) (Arne Naess) (deep ecology) (holism) 1 ( the land ) ( the biotic community ) 2 (J. Baird Calliott) 1 Louis P. Pojman, Paul Pojman and Katie McShane (eds.), 2017, Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, (MA: Cengage Learning), vi. 2 Ibid., p.217.

4 (ecofascism) (Tom Regan) ( environmental fascism ) 3 (The Case for Animal Rights) (individualistic) (holistic) J. Baird Callicott, 1999, Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy, (New York: State University of New York Press), p Tom Regan, 2004[1983], The Case for Animal Rights, (CA: University of California Press), p Ibid., pp J. Baird Callicott, op. cit., p.70.

5 ( The Land Ethic ) (The Land Pyramid) (food chains) 8 7 Aldo Leopold: A Brief Chronology, in Aldo Leopold, The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays, edited by Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott, 1991, (Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press), xv. 8 The Land Ethic, in Aldo Leopold, 1968[1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, (New York: Oxford University Press), pp

6 (food web) 9 Campbell 10 (The Outlook) 11 Campbell Manuel C. Molles, 2016, Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 7th edition, (New York: McGraw-Hill Education), p Neil A. Campbell et. als., 2009, Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6th edition, (CA: Benjamin Cummings), Figure 37.8 and 37.9, pp Aldo Leopold, 1968[1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, op. cit., pp Neil A. Canpbell et. als., op. cit., Figure 37.8, p Ibid., Figure 37.9, p.747.

7 397 (merrily) (wolf) (coyote) (Kellert) The Land Ethic, op. cit., p National Geographic Society, 2009, Guide to the National Parks of the United States, 6th edition, (Washington D.C.), pp Stephen R. Kellert

8 Discovery Stephen R. Kellert Barry Clark and Wolfgang Bayer, 1995, Hunters: The Deadly Game (DVD), (Discovery Communications, Inc).

9 (Passenger Pigion) 21 (John James Audubon) Wisconsin, in Aldo Leopold, 1968[1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, op. cit., p Stephen R. Kellert Wisconsin, op. cit., p.109.

10 The Land Ethic, op. cit., p.210.

11 401 (Erika Janik) (new coal) 28 (John Muir) Erika Janik, 2010, A Short History of Wisconsin, (Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press), pp Ibid., pp The Wisconsin Cartograoher s Guide, 1998, Wisconsin s Past and Present: A Historical Atlas, (Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press), p Ibid., p Ibid, p.58.

12 (The End of the Line) (trawling) 34 (Callum Roberts) (The Unnatural History of the Sea) 22 (No Place Left to Hide) 35 (Odysseus) Stephen R. Kellert Charles Clover, 2006, The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat, (CA: University of California Press), pp Callun Roberts, 2007, The Unnatural History of the Sea, (Washington DC: Island Press), pp

13 (The Ethical Sequence) The Land Ethic, op. cit., p Ibid., pp

14 (Axe-in-Hand) (white pine) (red birch) 40 (for the underdog) 41 (tamarack) 38 November of A Sand County Almanac, in Aldo Leopold, 1968 [1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, op. cit., p Ibid. 40 Ibid., pp Ibid., p.69.

15 (aspen) 43 (The Sand Counties) (Curt Meine) 1935 ( Sand County ) 44 (Dennis Ribbens) 1948 (Sauk County Almanac) 45 (Baraboo) Ibid., p Ibid. 44 Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold s Early Years, in J. Baird Callicott (ed.), 1987, Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays, (Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press), p Dennis Ribbens, The Making of A Sand County Almanac, in J. Baird Callicott (ed.), 1987, Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays, op. cit., p The Wisconsin Cartograoher s Guide, op. cit., p.33.

16 (lupine) Wisconsin, op. cit., p Ibid. 49 Ibid. 50 Ibid, p.103.

17 (Thinking Like a Mountain) Wisconsin, op. cit., p.109.

18 (Peter Singer) (Bentham) Arizona and New Mexico, in Aldo Leopold, 1968[1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches ere and There, op. cit., pp Peter Singer, 2002 [1975], Animal Liberation, (New York: HarperCollins Publisher, Inc.), p.7.

19 Illinois and Iowa, in Aldo Leopold, 1968[1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, op. cit., p Wildlife in American Culture, in Aldo Leopold, 1968 [1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, op. cit., pp Goose Music, in Luna A. Leopold, (ed.), 1993, Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold, (New York: Oxford University Press), p.167.

20 (addition) (replace) J. Baird Callicott, op. cit., p.71.

21 Stephen R. Kellert 1998 Callicott. J. Baird, (ed.), 1987, Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press., 1999, Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy, New York: State University of New York Press. Campbell. Neil A. et. als., 2009, Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6th edition, CA:Benjamin Cummings. Clark. Barry, and Wolfgang Bayer, 1995, Hunters: The Deadly Game

22 (DVD), Discovery Communications, Inc. Clover. Charles, 2006, The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and What We Eat, CA: University of California Press. Janik. Erika, 2010, A Short History of Wisconsin, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. Leopold. Aldo, 1968[1949], A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, New York: Oxford University Press., 1991, The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays, edited by Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. Leopold. Luna A., (ed.), 1993, Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold, New Yotk: Oxford University Press. Meine. Curt, Aldo Leopold s Early Years, in J. Baird Callicott (ed.), 1987, Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, pp Molles. Manuel C., 2016, Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 7th edition, New York: Mc Graw-Hill Education. National Geographic Society, 2009, Guide to the National Parks of the United States, 6th edition, Washinton DC. Pojman. Louis P., Paul Pojman and Katie McShane (eds.), 2017, Environmental Ethics: Theory and Application, MA: Cengage Learning. Regan. Tom, 2004[1983], The Case for Animal Rights, CA: University of

23 413 California Press. Ribbens. Dennis, The Making of A Sand County Almanac, in J. Baird Callicott (ed.), 1987, Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, pp Roberts. Callum, 2007, The Unnatural History of the Sea, Washington DC: Island Press. Singer. Peter, 2002 [1975], Animal Liberation, New York: HarperCollins Publisher Inc. The Wisconsin Cartographer s Guide, 1998, Wisconsin s Past and Present: A Historical Atlas, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.

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生態倫理的環境哲學思維探討

生態倫理的環境哲學思維探討弘光人文社會學報第 12 期氣候變遷下之土地倫理吳惠巧副教授兼銘傳大學國際教育暨管理科學基金會執行長摘要人類為了追求更好的物質生活, 不斷地從事經濟活動, 在高度重視科技文明之下, 形成過度或不當地開發或使用土地資源,