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5 I. 1 II. 2 III. 16 IV. 20 I. 29 II. 30 III. 34 IV. 39 V. vs 48 I. 58 II. 60 III. 71 i

6 I. 86 II. 89 III. 96 I. 105 II ii

7 iii

8 I. 1

9 II. 1988: 42 ( 1906 ) ( 1906 ) 1984: 12 2

10 1984: 40 Bernel 1976: 11 3

11 (domestication) (foreignization) (Lawrence Venuti) Derrida 1 différance (Venuti )( ) 4

12 5

13 ( ) 6

14 1983: 32 7

15 Terrell Carver Re-translating the Manifesto: New Histories, New Ideas negotiate [ ] (Carver 1998: 51) 8

16 discursive condition dialogical community 9

17 / / context of uncertainty Carver 1998: 61 10

18 2 11

19 Bernal 1976: 25 12

20 League of the Just Joseph Moll Blanqui Barbès All men are brothers Proletarians of all countries unite! 13

21 Communist League Sam Moore 1992: viii-x 1984: 30 14

22 1996: :

23 III. (Foucault) (Foucault ) 3 Federico Masini 16

24 1997: : x 17

25 personal property real property animals plants 18

26 1997: : 29 19

27 ( ) IV. 20

28 21

29 / 22

30 ( 1950: 6) 1950: 6 (Spivak) 23

31 24

32 1984: 261 [ ] 1950:

33 1950: 366 [ ] 1950:

34 [ ] ( 1950: 430) 27

35 1 Derrida, Diffé Margins of Philosophy:3-27,University of Chicago, Chicago : However, if the genealogist refuses to extend his faith in metaphysics, if he listens to history, he finds that there is something altogether different behind things: not a timeless and essential secret that they have no essence or that their essence was fabricated in a piecemeal fashion from alien forms. Examining the history of reason, he learns that it was born in an altogether reasonable fashion from chance; What is found at the historical beginning of things is not the inviolable identity of their origin; it is the dissension of other things. It is disparity. (Foucault 1977: 142) 28

36 I. 29

37 discourse II. Terrell Carver 30

38 1 31

39 : : 11 32

40 1990:

41 (horizon) III. 34

42 35

43 (worker) capital 1985: 409 Shihon Liu 1995:

44 7 [ ] ( ) 1984: 18 37

45 ( ) 1984: 18 38

46 IV. Progressive abstufe Steueru Wagner Kon Maculloch Beaulieu Hermann Gneist 39

47 ( ) 1984:

48 1984: : 284 ( ) 41

49 according to a common plan common bourgeois proletariat 42

50 Bernal 1985: 123 Bernal 1985:

51 Bernal 1985: Bernal 1985: 129 Bernal 1985: 129 Bernal 1985:

52 ( ) 1984: 58 45

53 Neocleous 1998:

54 ( ) ( ) 1984:

55 V. vs 48

56 1984: 60 bourgeois proletarians ( ) 1984: 60 49

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58 1 ) 1984: 16 (

59 bourgeois proletariat 52

60 ( ) 1984: 16 53

61 ( ) 1984:

62 55

63 T. D. Woolsey Communism and Socialism 1988:

64 5 6 7 (Guild system) 1978: 209) ( 1994: 232-3) 57

65 I. 1984:

66 1984: : 18 59

67 II. condition of possibility Claude Lefort 1988 Communist Manifesto 1978: 293, 398 Preface to A Critique of Political 60

68 Economy political economy modern Japanese loanword economy Liu 1995: 260,

69 (Basis) (Uberbau) [ ] :

70 Democracy : : : 1978:

71 1978: 412 (Free consent) 1978: :

72 1978: : : :

73 : ( ) ( ) 66

74 1978: Communist Manifesto (Lefort) Communist Manifesto Communist Manifesto Lefort 1988:153-5 Communist Manifesto (Communists) 67

75 Lefort 1998: (Lefort 1988:155) Communist Manifesto 68

76 Lefort 1988: : 97 69

77 1978: : 98-9 III. bourgeoisie proletariat

78 1978: : :

79 : : 209 Communist Manifesto 72

80 73

81 : new conditions of oppression Sam Moore, 1992 mode of production 74

82 : 373 [ ] : 223 (means of production) 75

83 : : : 76

84 : : 373 Lefort 1986:

85 Lefort 1986: free labour Lefort 1986: 142 Lefort 1986: 142 Lefort 1986:

86 :

87 : :

88 Lefort 1986: 14, 168, 176 Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Lefort 1986:

89 1 2 ( 1888 )( 1992: 39) 3 Dirlik ( 1985 ) Dirlik : : :

90 I. 1 86

91 Kautsky 87

92 : 13 88

93 2 II

94 : :

95 1996:

96 Marx 1998c: 19 92

97 93

98 7 1980:

99 :

100 1980: III. ( ) ( ) 96

101 : 204 ( 1980: ) 1992: 38 [ ] In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the 97

102 violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat. (Marx and Engels, 1998a: 14-5) the more or less veiled civil war raging within existing society Neocleous 1998:

103 1992: 39 99

104 1996:

105 :

106 : 93-4 ( ) 5 102

107 : : The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization. The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image. (Marx and Engles, 1998a:7) 4 ( 1998: ) ( 1980: 38-9) 5 103

108 :

109 I. 105

110 106

111 107

112 II. (situated reading) 108

113 André Lefevere 1 (Lefevere ) 109

114 2 ( ) ( ) 110

115 1 Translation has to do with authority and legitimacy and, ultimately, with power, which is precisely why it has been and continues to be the subject of so many acrimonious debates. Translation is not just a window opened on another world, or some such pious platitude. Rather, translation is a channel opened, often not without a certain reluctance, through which foreign influences can penetrate the native culture, challenge it, and even contribute to subverting it. When you offer a translation to a nation, says Victor Hugo, that nation will almost always look on the translation as an act of violence against itself. (Lefevere 1992:2) 2 111

116

117 ( [ ] ) ( )

118

119

120

121

122

123 1921 ( ) ( ) Hermann Gorter

124 ( ) 1930 ( ( ) ( ) 1932 ( ) ( ) 1938 ( ) 120

125 :

126 Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, Tiffin, Helen, 1989, The Empire Writes Back Theory and partice in post-colonial literatures, London and New York: Routledge Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen, 1998, Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies, London and New York: Routledge. Aune, James Arnt, 1994, Rhetoric and Marxism, Colorado: Westview Press. Barrett, Micehle, 1991, The Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault, Cambridge: Polity Press. Benedict, Anderson, 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Bernal, Martin, 1976, Chinese Socialism to 1907, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press Bettig, V. Ronald, 1996, Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property, USA: Westview Press. Butler, Judith, Guillory, John, and Thomas, Kendall, 2000, What s Left of Theory?, London and New York: Routledge. 122

127 Carver, Terrell, 1998, Re-translating the Manifesto: New Histories, New Ideas, in The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations, Cowling, Mark (ed.), New York: New York University Press, pp Chow, Tse-tsung, 1960, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press Dirlik, Arif, 1978, Revolution and History: The Origins of Marxist Historiography in China, , California: University of California Press. Dirlik, Arif, 1989, The Origins of Chinese Communism, New York: Oxford University Press. Dirlik, Arif, 1997, The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism, USA: Westview Press. Duara, Prasenjit, 1988, Culture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, , USA: Standford University Press., 1996 Eagleton, Terry, 1983, Literary Theory: An Introduction, United Kingdom: Basil Blackwell 1994 Eagleton, Terry, 1991, Ideology: an Introduction, London and New York: Verso. Foucault, M., 1977, Nietzsche, genealogy, history, in Language, Counter-memory, Practice, Bouchard, D. F. (ed.), New York: Cornell University Press, pp George, Henry, 1926, Progress and Poverty, USA: 123

128 Garden City Publishing Company Grieder, Jerome B., 1970, Hu shih and the Chinese Renaissance, Cambridge, Massaohusetts: Harvard University Press Hastrup, Kirsten (ed.), 1992, Other Histories, New York: Routledge Lefevere, André (ed.), 1992, Translation/ History/ Culture: a sourcebook, New York: Routledge. Lefort, Claude, 1986, The Political Forms of Modern Society, Cambridge: Polity Press. Lefort, Claude, 1988, Democracy and Political Theory, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Lentricchia, Frank and McLaughlin, Thomas (eds.), 1990, Critical Terms for Literary Study, USA: The University of Chicago Press Liu, Lydia H., 1995, Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity China, , California: Stanford University Press. Manguel, Alberto, 1996, A History of Reading, USA: Westwood Creative Artists Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, Moore, Sammuel tran.), 1998a 2 nd ), The Communist Manifesto, New York: Oxford University Press Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, 1998b, The Communist Manifesto, 124

129 New York: Monthly Review Press. Marx, Karl, 1998c, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. Marx, Karl, 1975, Early Writings, London: Penguin Books. Marx, Karl, Nicolaus, Martin (tran.), 1973, Grundrisse, London: Penguin Books. Masini, Federico, 1993, The Formation of Modern Chinese Lexicon and its Evolution toward a National Language: The Period from 1840 to 1898, in Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series No.6, Berkeley Mitchell, Dean, 1994, Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault s Methods and Historical Sociology, London and New York: Routledge. Neocleous, Mark, 1998, Revolution? Reaction? Revolutionary Reaction?, in The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations, Cowling, Mark ed.), New York: New York University Press, pp Payne, Michael (ed.), 1997, A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers. Pennycook, Alastair, 1998, English and the Discourses of Colonialism, London and New York: Routledge. Pernoud, Régine, 1985, La bourgeoisie, Paris: Presses University de France Spivak, G. C., 1993, Outside in the Teaching Machine, New York and London: Routledge. 125

130 Venuti, Lawrence ( ) The Translator s Invisibility, 1995, Routledge. Wallerstein, Immanuel and other, 1997, Open the Social Science, Beijing: Joint Publishing Williams, Raymond, 1976, Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, London: Fontana Press. 126

131 [ ] M

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