轉輪王觀念與中國中古的佛教政治

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2 1 2 (Kujula Kadphises, A.D ) (Kaniska, A.D )

3 4-9 4 (Gandhavati) Huviska, c.a.d

4 (Asoka)

5 360-1 Antiochus Tulamaya Amtikini , A. K. Warder Prakrit, Aramaic,

6 (446) (574) (845) (Indus) -114-

7 (2 B.C.) 12 (A.D. 67)

8 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Parthia, 62 ( )

9 ( ) ( )

10 (cakravartir~jan) 17 akra Vishnu, 18 Dharma, 1: (Buddhagay~) (S~rn~th)

11 19 20 nirv~na, 21 (svarga) ( ) ( ) B.C :

12 9: : : (N~r~yana) -120-

13 24 25 ( ) K~lodaka,

14 Dharma-mah~matra, (}jivaka) (Jaina)

16 (452-65) (492) (517) ( 3043)

18 :

19 16: : : (776) deva-loka,

20 38 39 (583) 40 (Çrigupta) (Candraprabha Kum~ra)

21 14: ( ) (Sylvain Lévi) 14: E. Zürcher Prince Moonlight, Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism, T'oung Pao, LXVIII, 1-3(1982); Eschatology and Messianism in Early Chinese Buddhism, in W. L. Idema ed., Leyden Studies in Sinology, (leiden:e. J. Brill, 1981)

22 44 (Ðamkha) 1: : (Ratnagarbha) (Aranemin)

23 3:157: : (Louis Dumont) purohita, 45 8:

24 (naiskramya) ( 132) (srota-~panna) (sakrd-~g~ min) (an~g~min) (arhat) 2:99:33:

25 (Caesaropapaism) : (Byzantine Empire A.D ) Caesaropapaism The Cambridge Medieval History(IV): The Byzantine Empire(II), pp.12-3,104-6; A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, vol. 2, pp The Crisis of Chinese Conscious-ness, ch. 2, A. Seidel Anna K. Seidel, Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism: Lao-Tzu and Li Hung, History of Religions 9:2&3, ( ), p Richard B. Mather, K'ou Ch'ien-chih and the Taoist Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court, , in H. Welch &A. Seidel ed., Facets of Taoism: Essay in Chinese Religion, pp

26 A. Seidel - Anna K. Seidel, ibid, p A. Seidel A. Seidel, ibid, p A. Seidel, ibid

27 ( ) (453) Lin Fu-shih, Chinese Shamans and Shamanism in the Chiang-nan Area During the Six Dynasties Period (3rd-6th Century A.D.), Ph.D Dissertation of Princeton Univ., 1994, pp

28 (689)

29 (Vairocana) R. W. L. Guisso 726 R. W. L. Guisso, Wu Tse-T'ien and the Politics of Legitimation in T'ang China, p R. W. L. Guisso, ibid, pp

30 (Max Weber) (Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie) -138-

31 :

32 : : ( )

33 : : (A. K. Warder) : : Ch'en, Kenneth, Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey, (Princeton, 1964) Guisso, R. W.L., Wu Tse-T'ien and the Politics of Legitimation in T'ang China, (Western Washington Univ., 1978) -141-

34 Hussey, J. M., ed. The Cambridge Medieval History(IV): The Byzantine Empire(II), (Cambridge, 1978) Lin Fu-shih, Chinese Shamans and Shamanism in the Chiang-nan Area During the Six Dynasties Period (3rd-6th Century A.D.), Ph.D Dissertation of Princeton Univ., 1994 Mather, Richard B., K'ou Ch'ien-chih and the Taoist Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court, , in H. Welch &A. Seidel ed., Facets of Taoism: Essay in Chinese Religion, (New Haven, 1979) Seidel, Anna K. Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism: Lao-Tzu and Li Hung, History of Religions 9:2&3, ( ) Vasiliev, A. A., History of the Byzantine Empire, (Madison, 1952) Weber, Max, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, (New York, 1958) Zürcher, E. Prince Moonlight, Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism, T'oung Pao, LXVIII, 1-3(1982) Zürcher, E. Eschatology and Messianism in Early Chinese Buddhism, in W. L. Idema ed., Leyden Studies in Sinology, (Leiden:E. J. Brill, 1981) -142-

35 The Concept of Cakravartir~jan and its Influence on Medieval Chinese Kingship Kang Le Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Cakravartir~jan is the title given to the ancient India s legendary sage kings, a concept later adapted by Buddhists. After Buddhism s successful conquest of China during the medieval period, Chinese rulers unhesitatedly utilized Buddhism as a resource for claiming legitimacy. The concept of Cakravartir~jan was one of their major appeals to this end. By analyzing the transformation of the original Indian model of one Budda-one Cakravartir~ jan into the Chinese model of Cakravartir~jan is Budda himself, this essay provides a case study for the understanding of the sinicization of Buddhism in medieval China

Cakra+vartin Cakra king of kings Cakravartin universal ruler Antonino Forte Antonino Forte Political Propaganda and Ideology in Ch

78 200433 Cakravartin K207 A 027-0246 2013 11-0078-11 mandate 2 Cakravartin 1 2012 12CZS020 12YJC7700 98 1 18 2012 2 2000 79 1 2 3 Cakra+vartin Cakra king of kings Cakravartin universal ruler 399 41 4