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1 營養學營養學 Nutrition ~ Minerals I ~ 簡怡雯副教授臺北醫學大保健營養學系 #6556 ychien@tmu.edu.tw 1

2 學習目標礦物質總論巨量與微量礦物質的認識鈣的營養特性與生理角色鈣的食物來源鈣的缺乏症狀鈣的建議攝取量 Ref: Whitney, Understanding Nutrition tenth ed. 2

3 礦物質總論 The Minerals - An Overview 鈣磷鉀硫鈉氯鎂鐵鋅銅錳碘硒巨量礦物質微量礦物質 3

4 1. Definition: minerals are 1 inorganic elements; some minerals are required in small amounts and are therefore essential nutrients. 2. Classification: 1) 2 Major - essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts larger than 5 g. 2) Trace - essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts less than 5 g. 4

5 Mineral Major minerals (7) Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg Trace minerals (9) Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Se, Mn, F, Cr, Mo 5

6 The Minerals - An Overview Inorganic elements 礦物質為無機元素, 身體需要少量, 為必需營養素而維生素維生素為有機元素 The body s handling of minerals 1. 部分礦物質容易被身體吸收代謝, 作用與水溶性維生素水溶性維生素類似類似 2. 有部分則不易被吸收轉運, 需要有攜帶物幫助, 類似脂溶性維生素脂溶性維生素也與脂溶性維生素一樣, 攝取過多會產生毒性 3. 不同礦物質的生物可用率生物可用率不同不同 6

7 Inorganic elements 1)Unlike the vitamins, which are organic compounds, minerals are inorganic elements that always retain their 3 chemical identity. 7

8 2)Iron may reversibly combine with other charged elements in salts, but it is always iron. 8

9 3)Once minerals enter the body proper, they remain there until excreted; they cannot be changed into anything else. 9

10 4)Neither can minerals be destroyed by 4 heat, air, 5 acid, or mixing; only a little care is needed to preserve minerals during food preparation. 10

11 5)Minerals can be lost from food only when they leach into water that is then thrown away. 11

12 The Minerals - An Overview Variable bioavailability the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed 生物可用率 ~ 我們所吃的營養素可被身體吸收和利用的程度 12

13 結合物 Binders- chemical compounds occurring in foods that can combine with nutrients (especially 9 minerals ) to form complexes the body cannot absorb. Examples of such binders include phytic acid and oxalic acid. 13

14 *Some foods contain binders that combine chemically with minerals, preventing their absorption and carrying them out of the body with other wastes. 結合物 Binders Phytates Oxalates 植酸 ~ 纖維的成分, 尤其是小麥纖維中, 會妨礙礦物質的吸收草酸 ~ 有機酸的一種, 存在於菠菜和其他葉菜中, 能抑制食物中礦物質的吸收 14

15 The Minerals - An Overview Nutrient interactions 交互作用 (1) Synergistic effects 協同效應 + (2) Antagonistic effects 拮抗作用 Varied roles 不同角色 - Zn Cu - + Fe 15

16 Calcium (Ca) 16

17 高鈣年代高鈣年代高鈣低脂高鈣脫脂高鈣脫脂, 或高鈣高鐵等高鈣米國人鈣質普遍缺乏鈣的吸收與攝取之間 17

18 1.Calcium in Bones (1)The bones are in a state of constant flux, with formation and dissolution simultaneously taking place. 18

19 (2)As bones begin to form, calcium salts form crystals on a matrix of the protein collagen. 19

20 (3)These crystals, called 38 hydroxyapatite, invade the collagen and gradually lend more and more strength and rigidity to the maturing bones until they are able to support the weight they will have to carry. 20

21 (4)Thus the long leg bones of children can support their weight by the time they have learned to walk. 21

22 (5)The formation of teeth follows a pattern similar to that of bones. 22

23 (6) Hydroxyapatite crystals form on a collagen matrix to create the dentin that gives strength to the teeth. 23

24 (7)The turnover of minerals in teeth is not as rapid as in bone, but some withdrawal and redepositing do take place throughtout life. 24

25 (8) Fluoride hardens and stabilizes the crystals of teeth, opposing the withdrawal of minerals from them. 25

26 A Tooth 26

27 1). The inner layer of dentin is a 39 material that forms on a bonelike protein (collagen) matrix, which requires a variety of substances, including vitamin C, for proper formation. 27

28 2). The outer layer of enamel is harder than bone and forms on a protein (keratin) matrix, which depends in part on vitamin A for its synthesis. 28

29 3). Both dentin and enamel contain hydroxyapatite (high-drox-ee-app-ahtite), crystals made of calcium and phosphorus. 29

30 4).The crystals of enamel may become even harder when exposed to the trace mineral fluoride. 30

31 身體是一非常奧秘的結構, 有些條件必須維持相當地恆定, 否則就可能出現嚴重的病態, 甚至致命 31

32 其中較重要的有三大恆定 : 它們是體溫血液與體液的血液與體液的酸鹼度酸鹼度血液中之鈣離子濃度鈣離子濃度 32

33 鈣屬於鹼土族元素, 其原子量為 40.08, 在大自然中主要以碳酸鈣 (CaCO 3 ) 石膏 (CaSO 4 2H 2 O) 磷酸鈣 (Ca 3 PO 4 2 ) 磷酸氫鈣 (CaHPO 4 ) 或檸檬酸鈣 (calcium citrate) 等的形式存在的形式存在 33

34 CaCO 3 俗稱大理石, 雖它很不容易溶於水, 通常在水溶液中呈白色沈澱, 但在胃酸 ph 較低的條件下, 可略增加其水溶性, 而能增加其吸收率 ( 礦物質必須先解離成帶電的離子狀態才能被小腸吸收 ) 34

35 由於其為白色白色無臭無臭無味無味的礦物質, 在食品中相當安定, 幾乎不與其他的食品成分發生作用, 加上與其他鈣源相比, 碳酸鈣的價格很低廉, 且含鈣比率較高 (40 %), 因此很廣泛被用來做為食品添加物, 但其吸收率是食品中常見的鈣源較差較差的一種的一種 35

36 鈣是人體鈣是人體鈣是人體鈣是人體含量最多含量最多含量最多含量最多,需要量也最大需要量也最大需要量也最大需要量也最大的礦物質的礦物質的礦物質的礦物質但對國人來說但對國人來說但對國人來說但對國人來說,它也是它也是它也是它也是很容易攝取很容易攝取很容易攝取很容易攝取不足不足不足不足的營養素的營養素的營養素的營養素 36 不足不足不足不足的營養素的營養素的營養素的營養素鈣片的市場很大鈣片的市場很大鈣片的市場很大鈣片的市場很大,也到處買得到也到處買得到也到處買得到也到處買得到,在食品中添加一些鈣在食品中添加一些鈣在食品中添加一些鈣在食品中添加一些鈣,也可以成為也可以成為也可以成為也可以成為很好的賣點很好的賣點很好的賣點很好的賣點

37 當血鈣降低降 ( 抑 ) 鈣素副甲狀腺素鈣平衡 Calcium Balance 37

38 * Calcium Balance (1) Calcium homeostasis is one of the body s highest priorities and involves a system of hormones and vitamin D that promotes calcium deposits into bone whenever blood calcium rises too high. 38

39 (2) Whenever blood calcium falls too low, three organ systems may raise it: 42 Intestines : absorb more calcium Bones: release more calcium Kidneys: excrete less calcium (3) Thus blood calcium can return to normal. 39

40 #How hormones regulate blood calcium. Blood calcium is regulated in part by vitamin D and two hormones- 43 calcitonin and parathormone. Bone serves as a source of calcium when blood calcium is low and as a reservoir when blood calcium is high. Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood; osteoblasts build new bone using calcium from the blood. 40

41 鈣像是銀行存款如果鈣質吸收量大於流失量 ( 正的鈣平衡 ),多餘的鈣質就會沉積 ( 存入 ) 於骨骼與牙齒中,成為鋼骨結構的一部份成為鋼骨結構的一部份如果流失比吸收的多 ( 負的鈣平衡 ),身體只好從鋼骨結構中提領提領鈣質出來運用鈣質出來運用鈣質長時間攝取不足攝取不足,骨骼中的鈣質一直被提領,就會使鋼骨結構越來越脆弱就會使鋼骨結構越來越脆弱,最後成了危樓,也就是也就是骨質疏鬆症骨質疏鬆症這也是老年人發生這也是老年人發生骨折的重要原因的重要原因 41

42 30 歲以前可以保持正的鈣平衡,35 歲以後鈣質鈣質流失的速率會漸漸大於鈣質吸收的速率, 在年輕的時候應攝取更多的鈣質儲備起來, 如此可以減少晚年骨質疏鬆的危險 42

43 Calcium 僵直痙攣 Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetany 鈣濃度太高急性的鈣嚴重缺乏而導致體液鈣濃度太低, 引起抽筋或影響神經的傳導 43

44 calcium rigor: Hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations. Calcium tetany: intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations. 44

45 缺乏 Calcium 45

46 #.Calcium Absorption (1) Many factors affect calcium absorption, but on the average, adults absorb about 30 percent of the calcium they ingest. (2) The stomach s acidity helps to keep calcium soluble, and absorption is enhanced when calcium is consumed with a meal. 46

47 (3) 44 Vitamin D helps the absorptive cells of the GI to make the necessary calcium-binding protein. ( ~ calcium-binding protein: a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption.) (4) It is no accident that calcium-rich milk is the chosen vehicle for fortification with vitamin D. 47

48 (5) The 45 lactose in milk also enhances calcium absorption. (6) Calcium seems to be better absorbed if accompanied by an approximately equal amount of phosphorus. 48

49 (1) The body regulates calcium absorption by altering its production of the calciumbinding protein, making more if more calcium is needed. (2) The result is obvious in the case of a pregnant woman, who absorbs 50 percent of the calcium from the milk she drinks. Similarly, growing children absorb 50 to 60 percent of ingested calcium. 49

50 (3) When their bone s growth slows or stops, their absorption falls to the adult level of about 30 percent. (4) Calcium absorption is more efficient at 46 low intakes than at high intakes. 50

51 #Factors Influencing Calcium Absorption Factors that promote calcium absorption 1. Hormones that promote growth. 2. Ingestion with a meal; stomach acid. 3. Vitamin D. 4. Lactose 5. Phorphorus in an optimal ratio. Factors that interfere with calcium absorption 1. Diminished absorption with aging. 2. Lack of stomach acid. 3. Vitamin D deficiency. 4. High phosphorus intake. 5. High-fiber diet. 6. Phytates and oxalates. 7. High protein intake. 51

52 ~ fiber- 47 phytate and oxalate are binders that combine with minerals to form complexes that the body cannot absorb. 52

53 Calcium: In Summary 1997 adequate intake (AI) Adults years: 1000 mg/day Adults 51 and older: 1200 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day 53

54 Taiwan 營養素單位年齡 0 月 ~ 3 月 ~ 6 月 ~ 9 月 ~ 1 歲 ~ 4 歲 ~ 7 歲 ~ 10 歲 ~ 13 歲 ~ 16 歲 ~ 19 歲 ~ 31 歲 ~ 51 歲 ~ 71 歲 ~ 懷孕第一期第二期第三期哺乳期鈣毫克 (mg) UL 上限攝取量營養素單位年齡 0 月 ~ 3 月 ~ 6 月 ~ 9 月 ~ 1 歲 ~ 4 歲 ~ 7 歲 ~ 10 歲 ~ 13 歲 ~ 16 歲 ~ 19 歲 ~ 31 歲 ~ 51 歲 ~ 71 歲 ~ 懷孕第一期第二期第三期哺乳期鈣毫克 (mg)

55 Calcium: In Summary Chief functions in the body 血液凝集 Mineralization of bones and teeth 肌肉收縮 Involved in muscle contraction 放鬆 and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting 神經作用 Blood pressure, immune 血壓 defenses 免疫 55

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60 Review Ca and blood clotting Ca and muscle contraction Na and hypertension DASH Cl, K 60

61 生長遲緩 Calcium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Stunted growth in children Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults 骨質疏鬆症 61

62 #. Calcium and Disease Prevention (1) Calcium may be useful in both preventing and treating 41 hypertension. 62

63 (2) Epidemiological studies show that low dietary calcium correlates with a high prevalence of hypertension. 63

64 (3) Reports that an increase in calcium intake can lower blood pressure in people with and without hypertension further support this hypothesis. 64

65 (4) Some evidence also suggests relationships between dietary calcium and blood cholesterol, diabetes, and cancer. 65

66 Calcium & Obesity 許多的研究都證實奶製品中的鈣與體重減輕體重減輕之間有關聯, 最近的研究發現增加鈣對蛋白質的比例, 可以預測 BMI 的減少, 如果鈣對蛋白質的比例為 10 可預測 BMI 22.5, 而鈣對蛋白質的比例如果增加到 20 則預測 BMI 19.3 然而, 現今的建議比例只有 9, 僅達建議攝取量的 25%, 可以預測中年後約每年可以增加公斤如果提高鈣的攝取量, 肥胖的發生率可以減低也有研究發現鈣的攝取量和體脂肪含量成負相關, 結果顯示婦女攝取小於 600 毫克鈣質的有較高的體重 BMI 體脂肪百分比體脂肪百分比腰圍及腹部脂肪組織含量腰圍及腹部脂肪組織含量 66

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68 Calcium: In Summary Toxicity symptoms Constipation 便秘增加尿道結石的危險與腎臟功能不全 Increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction Interference with absorption of other minerals 鈣質會抑制鐵質的吸收 68

69 Calcium: In Summary Significant sources Milk and milk products Small fish (with bones) Tofu (bean curd), greens (broccoli, chard), legumes 69

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71 Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration Cortical bone Trabecular bone 皮質骨小樑骨 71

72 Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones 72

73 依全民健保資料民國 95 年,65 歲以上男性每年髖部骨折為 5000 例, 女性則約為例, 每年新增 5% 病例全球每年至少有 160 萬人髖部骨折, 2050 年將高達 626 萬人次 73

74 50 歲女人因髖部骨折而導致死亡的機率為 2.8%, 是子宮內膜癌死亡率的 4 倍, 與罹患乳癌而死亡的機率一樣高 74

75 髖部骨折後的第一年死亡率高達 %; 有 40% 的人因髖部骨折無法獨立行走,60 60% 的生活起居需要協助 75

76 脊椎骨折導致臥床天數增加臥床天數增加肺部功能降低因此降低自信心甚至導致因此降低自信心甚至導致憂鬱症憂鬱症 76

77 每年因骨鬆骨鬆導致婦女發生導致婦女發生骨折骨折的機率比心臟病中風中風以及乳癌以及乳癌的發生機率還高 77

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80 Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration Bone density 骨質密度骨質密度 80

81 Osteoporosis And Calcium Age and bone calcium Maximizing bone mass 81

82 Osteoporosis And Calcium 82

83 Osteoporosis And Calcium Minimizing bone loss Gender and hormones Genetics and ethnicity 83

84 Osteoporosis And Calcium Physical activity and body weight Smoking and alcohol 84

85 Osteoporosis And Calcium Dietary calcium is the key to prevention Other nutrients play a supporting role 維生素 D K 鎂鋅銅錳.. 85

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87 Osteoporosis And Calcium 危險因子

88 Osteoporosis And Calcium

89 Osteoporosis And Calcium A perspective on supplements Antacids 制酸劑 Bone meal Oyster shell 骨粉牡蠣殼珍珠貝 Dolomite (limestone) 白雲石 89

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92 Ca Summary 消化吸收吸收轉運影響吸收的因子調節鈣濃度的機制鈣的生理角色缺鈣可能會造成之疾病 92

93 謝謝大家 93

Microsoft PowerPoint - 13-食品化学_矿物质.ppt

Microsoft PowerPoint - 13-食品化学_矿物质.ppt 矿物质食品化学曲文娟江苏大学 11/12/2012 矿物质定义定义 : 除碳氢氧氮主要以有机化合物 (organic compounds) 存在外, 其余统称矿物质 ( 无机盐,minerals) 微量元素虽然在人体中需求量很低, 但其作用却非常大如 : 锰能刺激免